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Death Wish in Poems of Anne Sexton and Stevie Smith

Year 2021, Volume: 25 Issue: 4, 1626 - 1640, 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53487/ataunisosbil.945378

Abstract

This study aims at analyzing Anne Sexton and Stevie Smith’s obsession with death as established in their poetry, concentrating mainly on Freud’s psychoanalysis of the death drive. Examining the writers’ personal life and psychological state of mind, revealing the main reason behind their desire to die, and describing the way they reflected this death wish in their poems are the major concerns of this study. The first part presents a brief introduction to the concept of death, explaining Freud’s theory of death drive and presenting the main reasons for wishing to die and how the unconscious mind develops this desire. The second part discusses the American confessional poetess Anne Sexton and how she confesses her death wish in her poems. Evidently, revealing her personal experience enables the reader to discover the inner reason behind this lust for death. The third part deals with the English Poet Stevie Smith who successfully admits her death wish in her poems. She reveals her struggles in life and views death as a god who can save her. In short, it could be asserted that death became Sexton and Smith’s greatest muse; they depict death as a welcome release and a gift for man which provides a peaceful end to life. The psychoanalysis acts as a mean of self-analysis, where both writers confess their desire to ‘return to an earlier state’, thus presenting death as a kinder and desired friend to be with. Finally, the study concludes that both poets desire death because they want peace and relief from their miserable life.

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References

  • Adrian, F. (2017). Psychosexual Stages: Freud’s Theory of Personality. https://www. Psychologytoday.com/blog/sideways-view/201702/psychosexual-stages-freud-s-theory-personality. Feb 14, 2017.
  • Barbera, J. & McBrien, W. (1985). Stevie: A Biography of Stevie Smith, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Bennett, A. (2017). Suicide century: literature and suicide from James Joyce to David Foster Wallace. Cambridge University Press.
  • Dick, K. ed. (1970). Ivy and Stevie. Gerald Duckworth, London.
  • Dick, K. (1983). Ivy and Stevie: Conversations with Ivy Compton-Burnett and Stevie Smith, Alison and Busby, London.
  • Freud, S. (1915). Thoughts for The Times On War and Death. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIV (1914-1916): On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Metapsychology and Other Works, 273-300.
  • Freud S (1917). Mourning and melancholia. In J Strachey (ed. and trans.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 10. Hogarth Press, London.
  • Freud, S. (1955). Beyond the Pleasure Principle. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18, pp. 1–64). London: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1961). Beyond the pleasure principle. (J. Strachey, Ed.). W W Norton & Co. New York.
  • Gill, J. (Ed.). (2006). Modern Confessional Writing: New Critical Essays (Vol. 2). Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, New York. Joseph, S. (2012). What is trauma? Is it time to dump the diagnosis of PTSD. Psychology Today online.
  • Lapsley, D. K., & Stey, P. C. (2011). Id, ego, and superego. Encyclopedia of human behavior, 1-9
  • May, W. (2010). Stevie Smith and Authorship. Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • McLeod, S. A. (2015, January 14). Psychological theories of depression. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/depression.html
  • Middlebrook, D. W. (1991). Anne Sexton: A Biography. London: Virago Press.
  • Mills, J. (2006). Reflection on the death drive. ResearchGate. The American Psychological Association: Vol. 23, No. 2, 373–382.
  • Mokhtari, T (2010). Representations of death in the poetry of Stevie Smith. (Doctoral dissertation), School of media and communications, creative media portfolio, RMIT University.
  • Pollard, C. (2006). Her kind: Anne Sexton, the Cold War and the idea of the housewife. Critical Quarterly, 48(3), 1-24. Seligman, M. E. (1973). Fall into helplessness. Psychology today, 7(1), 43-48.
  • Sexton, A. (1981) The Complete Poems, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Shelley, P. B. (1961). "Death," The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson, 1905. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, S. (1978). Selected Poems. MacGibbon, J. (ed). Penguin, Middlesex.
  • Spalding, F. (1988). Stevie Smith: A Critical Biography. Faber& Faber, London.
  • Teixeira, M. A. (1992). Psychoanalytic theory and therapy in the treatment of manic-depressive disorders. Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, 10(2), 162–177.

Desire to Die in Poems of Anne Sexton and Stevie Smith

Year 2021, Volume: 25 Issue: 4, 1626 - 1640, 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53487/ataunisosbil.945378

Abstract

Bu çalışma Anne Sexton ve Stevie Smith’in şiirlerinde yer almış olan Freudun pskoanalizindeki ölüm arzusunu temel alarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın başlıca konuları; yazarların kişisel hayatını ve zihnin psikolojik durumunu incelemek, ölüm arzusunun arkasındaki nedenini ortaya çıkarmak ve bu arzuyu şairlerin şiirlerinde nasıl yansıttıklarını göstermektir. İlk bölümde Freud’un ölüm arzusu teorisini açıklanmış, ölüm isteğinin ana sebeplerini ve bilinçdışı zihnin bu isteği nasıl geliştirdiğini ortaya koyarak ölüm kavramına kısa bir giriş sunmaktadır. İkinci bölümde ise Amerika’da bir akım olan ittiraf şiiri, Anne Sexton’ı ve Stevie Smith’in ölüm arzusunu, şiirlerinde nasıl itiraf ettiğini ele almaktadır. Ayrıca açık bir şekilde şairin kişisel deneyimlerini ortaya çıkarmak ve okuyucuya ölüme olan bu isteğin ardındaki içsel nedenini keşfetme olanağı vermektedir. Sexton, hayattaki mücadelelerini ortaya koyar ve ölümü kendisini kurtaracak bir tanrı olarak görmektedir. İkinci ve üçüncü bölümlerde ise şairlerin seçilmiş şiirleri, ölüm arzularının nedenlerini ortaya koymak için Freud’un pskoanalitik teorisi ışığında analiz edilmiştir. Kısacası Sexton ve Smith’in ölümün en büyük ilham perisi olduğu söylemektedirler. Onlar ölümün hoş karşılanan bir teslimiyet olduğunun yanında, insan hayatını sona ulaştıran huzurlu bir hediye olarak göstermişlerdir. Psikanaliz, her iki yazarın da “önceki duruma dönme” isteğini itiraf ettikleri kendi kendini analiz etme yöntemi olarak işlev görmektedir. Böylece onlar, ölümün kendileri için iyi bir arkadaş olduğunu tavsir etmektedirler. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, her iki şairin de sefil ve berbat giden bir yaşantıdan kurtulmanın, rahata ve huzura kavuşmanın tek yolunun ölüm olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Project Number

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References

  • Adrian, F. (2017). Psychosexual Stages: Freud’s Theory of Personality. https://www. Psychologytoday.com/blog/sideways-view/201702/psychosexual-stages-freud-s-theory-personality. Feb 14, 2017.
  • Barbera, J. & McBrien, W. (1985). Stevie: A Biography of Stevie Smith, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Bennett, A. (2017). Suicide century: literature and suicide from James Joyce to David Foster Wallace. Cambridge University Press.
  • Dick, K. ed. (1970). Ivy and Stevie. Gerald Duckworth, London.
  • Dick, K. (1983). Ivy and Stevie: Conversations with Ivy Compton-Burnett and Stevie Smith, Alison and Busby, London.
  • Freud, S. (1915). Thoughts for The Times On War and Death. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIV (1914-1916): On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Metapsychology and Other Works, 273-300.
  • Freud S (1917). Mourning and melancholia. In J Strachey (ed. and trans.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 10. Hogarth Press, London.
  • Freud, S. (1955). Beyond the Pleasure Principle. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18, pp. 1–64). London: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1961). Beyond the pleasure principle. (J. Strachey, Ed.). W W Norton & Co. New York.
  • Gill, J. (Ed.). (2006). Modern Confessional Writing: New Critical Essays (Vol. 2). Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, New York. Joseph, S. (2012). What is trauma? Is it time to dump the diagnosis of PTSD. Psychology Today online.
  • Lapsley, D. K., & Stey, P. C. (2011). Id, ego, and superego. Encyclopedia of human behavior, 1-9
  • May, W. (2010). Stevie Smith and Authorship. Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • McLeod, S. A. (2015, January 14). Psychological theories of depression. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/depression.html
  • Middlebrook, D. W. (1991). Anne Sexton: A Biography. London: Virago Press.
  • Mills, J. (2006). Reflection on the death drive. ResearchGate. The American Psychological Association: Vol. 23, No. 2, 373–382.
  • Mokhtari, T (2010). Representations of death in the poetry of Stevie Smith. (Doctoral dissertation), School of media and communications, creative media portfolio, RMIT University.
  • Pollard, C. (2006). Her kind: Anne Sexton, the Cold War and the idea of the housewife. Critical Quarterly, 48(3), 1-24. Seligman, M. E. (1973). Fall into helplessness. Psychology today, 7(1), 43-48.
  • Sexton, A. (1981) The Complete Poems, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Shelley, P. B. (1961). "Death," The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson, 1905. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, S. (1978). Selected Poems. MacGibbon, J. (ed). Penguin, Middlesex.
  • Spalding, F. (1988). Stevie Smith: A Critical Biography. Faber& Faber, London.
  • Teixeira, M. A. (1992). Psychoanalytic theory and therapy in the treatment of manic-depressive disorders. Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, 10(2), 162–177.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Nazila Heıdarzadegan 0000-0003-1238-7903

Sheyma Shareef 0000-0002-5457-6043

Project Number -
Publication Date December 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 25 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Heıdarzadegan, N., & Shareef, S. (2021). Death Wish in Poems of Anne Sexton and Stevie Smith. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(4), 1626-1640. https://doi.org/10.53487/ataunisosbil.945378

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