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Ulusötesi Hayatlar: Hollanda’da Yaşayan Türk Vatandaşlarının Sosyal Güvenliği

Year 2021, Issue: 72, 523 - 539, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.14222/Turkiyat4496

Abstract

Bu çalışma, göçmenlerin ulusötesi hayatları ile sosyal güvenlik alanındaki hakları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu ilişki, Hollanda sosyal güvenlik sistemi ve birinci nesil Türklerin ulusötesi hayatları bağlamında yasalar, politika belgeler ile Hollanda mahkemelerinin ve Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı’nın kararları üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Hollanda’da göçmen entegrasyonunda refah devleti politikalarından neo-liberal politikalara dönüşüm ile sosyal güvenlik mevzuatında da değişiklikler olmuştur. Bu değişikliklerin Hollanda’da yaşayan göçmenlerin ulusötesi yaşamlarına etkisi kaçınılmazdır. Makale dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde göçmenlerin ulusötesiciliği ile geri-dönüş göçünün kavramsal ve kuramsal çerçevesi aktarılmaktadır. İkinci olarak Türkiye’den Hollanda’ya göç, Türklerin durumu ve geri dönüş göçü eğilimleri ortaya konmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ise Hollanda’daki sosyal güvenlik mevzuatı, Hollanda yasaları ve uygulamaları bağlamında ele alınmakta ve birinci nesil Türklerin ulusötesi yaşamlarına etkisi incelenmektedir. Son bölümde ise Hollanda’da yaşayan birinci nesil Türklerin, sosyal güvenlik yardımlarının transferine getirilen kısıtlamalara karşı verdikleri hukuk mücadelesi ve mahkeme kararları tartışılmaktadır. Makalede, Hollanda’daki birinci nesil Türklerin ulusötesi yaşam pratiklerine ilişkin Hollanda’nın sosyal güvenlik politikaları bağlamında çelişkili davrandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Hollanda bir taraftan istihdama katılmayan birinci nesil Türkleri geri dönmeye teşvik ederken, diğer taraftan sosyal yardımların transferine kısıtlamalar getirerek geri dönüşü cazip olmaktadır.

References

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  • Ip, David vd. (1997). “Concepts of citizenship and identity among recent Asian immigrants in Australia”. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 6(3/4): 363–384
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  • Kolbaşı Muyan, Gizem. (2017). Interactions between Family Reunification and Integration: Marriages of Second-Generation Turkish Dutch from Turkey. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara: ODTÜ.
  • Kolbaşı Muyan, Gizem. (2018). Avrupa’da Göçmen Politikaları: Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa Özelinde Göçmen Politikalarının Karşılaştırması. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
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  • Kolbaşı Muyan, Gizem. (2020) “Alienation of ‘Second Generation Turkish Dutch’ in the Name of ‘Integration.” Jesse Moritz (ed.) European Societies, Migration, and the Law: The “Others” amongst “Us”. 152-172. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Transnational Lives: Social Security of Turkish Citizens Living in The Netherlands

Year 2021, Issue: 72, 523 - 539, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.14222/Turkiyat4496

Abstract

This study elaborates the relationship between transnational lives of migrants and social security. In this regard, the social security scheme of the Netherlands and transnational lives of first-generation Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands will be discussed by employing legal and policy documents and case law of Dutch courts and European Court of Justice. The first part of the article points out the conceptual and theoretical background by highlighting the relationship between transnationalism, return migration and social security. Second part analyses the migration between Turkey and the Netherlands and Turks in the Netherlands. Third, the shift in the Dutch social security scheme and its impact on the transnational lives of Turkish immigrants are elaborated. The last part discusses the restrictive regulations on the export of social benefits and rights of Turkish citizens for pursuing their transnational lives by highlighting the case law. The article finds out that despite of the support of the Netherlands for the return of the unemployed first-generation Turkish immigrant, the restrictions on the transfer of the social benefits makes return less attractive. This could be interpreted as the outcome of conflicting nature of the migration and social security policy perspectives.

References

  • ABAD. (1997). C-20/96 Snares ECR I 6057 ; ABAD. (1998). C-297/96 Partridge ECR I 3467
  • ABAD. (1999). C-90/97, Swaddling ECR I 1075; ABAD. (2011). C-485/07 Akdaş and others ECR I-4499.
  • ABAD. (2015). C-171/13 Demirci and others, 14 Ocak 2015 EU: C: 2015: 8; ABAD. (2019). C-677/17 Çoban, 15 Mayıs 2019 EU: C: 2019: 408
  • ABAD. (2020). C-258/18 Solak, 13 Şubat 2020, EU: C: 2020: 98
  • Abadan Unat, Nermin. (2002). Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus-ötesi Yurttaşlığa. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Dış İlişkiler Genel Müdürlüğü https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/digm/contents/sosyalguvenlikulkekunyeleri/hollanda/ (Son erişim tarihi 05.02.2021)
  • Balkır Canan ve Anita Böcker. (2012). Migration in Later Life: Residence, Social Security and Citizenship Strategies of Turkish Return Migrants and Dutch Retirement Migrants in Turkey. İstanbul: Mirekoç Koç University.
  • Bilecen Başak vd. (2019). “Gendered Dynamics of Transnational Social Protection”. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 47, 1-14. Doi: 10.1186/s40878-019-0161-3
  • Böcker, Anita. (2000). “Paving the way to a better future”. Vermeulen Hans ve Penninx Rinus (ed.), Immigrant Integration: Dutch case. 153-177. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
  • Böcker, Anita ve Dietrich Thränhardt. (2007). “The Institutional setting of Naturalization and multiple Citizenship. A Comparison of German and Dutch Policies”. Ozcurumez, Saime ve Oliver Schmidtke (ed.), Of states, rights and social closure: Governing migration and citizenship. 135-156. New York: Palgrave
  • Caglayankaya, Hatice. (2016). Mogelijkheden voor betere coördinatie van socialezekerheidsrechten voor naar de EU gemigreerde en vanuit de EU gemigreerde derdelandonderdanen: Een onderzoek aan de hand van case study Turkije. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Utrecht: Utrecht University).
  • Canatan Kadir vd. (2015). 2014 yılı Hollanda İnsan Hakları Raporu: İslamofobi ve Entegrasyon Arasıdna Azınlıklar. İstanbul: İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi. Canatan Kadir. (2013). Avrupa’da Ulusal Azınlıklar: Hollanda-Friesland Örneği. İstanbul: Yarın.
  • Can-Engin, Hatice ve Murat Can. (2003). Siyah Lale: Göçün 40. Yılında Hollanda’da Türkler (genişletilmiş 2. Baskı). Rilje: Dizayn Basımevi.
  • Carling, Jørgen ve Silje Vatne Pettersen. (2014). “Return Migration Intentions in the Integration Transnationalism Matrix”. International Migration, 52 (6).
  • Carling, Jørgen ve Marta Bivand Erdal. (2014). “Return Migration and Transnationalism: How Are the Two Connected?”. International Migration, 52 (6).
  • De Hear, Jan Coen. (2004). The Concept of Integration in Converging Dutch Minority and Migration Policies. IMIS-Beiträge: 177-188
  • Faist, Thomas. (2000). The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Faist, Thomas. (2010). Diaspora and Transnationalism: What Kind of Dance Partners” Bauböck Rainer ve Thomas Faist (ed.), Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods, 9-34. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 11
  • Faist, Thomas vd. (2015). “Transnational social protection: Migrants’ strategies and patterns of inequalities”. Population, Space and Place, 21(3): 193–202
  • Fokkema, Tineke vd. (2016). "Pendular Migration of the Older First Generations in Europe: Misconceptions and Nuances". Horn, Vincent ve Cornellia Schweppe (ed.), Transnational Aging: Current Insights and Future Challenges, 141-161. New York: Routledge
  • Gehring, Anoeshka. (2016). “Dutch retirement migration to Spain and Turkey: Seeking access to healthcare across borders”. Transnational Social Review, 6: 3, 326-343.
  • Gehring, Anoeshka. (2019). Pensions on the Move: A Socio-legal Study on Retirement Migration from the Netherlands to Spain and Tukey. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Nijmegen: Radbound University
  • Guild Elspeth vd. (2013). Social Benefits and Migration A Contested Relationship and Policy Challenge In The EU. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies
  • Glick-Schiller, Nina vd. (1995). “From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing Transnational Migration”. Anthropological Quarterly, 68 (1): 48–63.
  • Glick-Schiller, Nina vd. (1992). “Transnationalism: A New Analytical Framework for Understanding Migration”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 645 (1): 1-24.
  • Hagen-Zanker Jessica. (2017). Social protection, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Briefing). Bern: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11583.pdf (Son erişim tarihi: 04.02.2021)
  • Hollanda Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi. (2014a). 21 Mart 2014 ECLI: NL: CRVB: 2014: 485
  • Hollanda Amsterdam Bölge Mahkemesi. (2013). 22 Ağustos 2013, ECLI: NL: RBAMS: 2013: 5315.
  • Hollanda Amsterdam Bölge Mahkemesi. (2014). 10 Ocak 2014 ECLI: NL: RBAMS: 2014: 50
  • Hollanda Göç ve Vatandaşlık Kurumu, https://ind.nl/en/Pages/main-residence.aspx (Son erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021)
  • Hollanda İstatistik Kurumu https://opendata.cbs.nl (Son erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021)
  • Hollanda Sosyal Sigortalar Bankası, https://www.svb.nl/tr/geri-donus/ne-zaman-geri-donus-odenegi-alabilirsiniz/sartlar (Son erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021)
  • Hollanda Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi. (2014b) ECLI: NL: CRVB: 2014: 4182
  • Holzmann, Robert ve Jacques Wels. (2020). “The Cross-Border Portability of Social Security Benefit: Status and Progress?”. International Social Security, 73 (1): 65-97
  • Ip, David vd. (1997). “Concepts of citizenship and identity among recent Asian immigrants in Australia”. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 6(3/4): 363–384
  • Klinthäll, Martin. (2006). “Retirement Return Migration from Sweden”. International Migration, 4(2): 153-180
  • Kolbaşı Muyan, Gizem. (2017). Interactions between Family Reunification and Integration: Marriages of Second-Generation Turkish Dutch from Turkey. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara: ODTÜ.
  • Kolbaşı Muyan, Gizem. (2018). Avrupa’da Göçmen Politikaları: Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa Özelinde Göçmen Politikalarının Karşılaştırması. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Kolbaşı Muyan, Gizem. (2019). “Hollanda Göçmen Entegrasyonu Politikaları: Liberalizmden Neoliberalizme”. SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 9 (1), 177-192.
  • Kolbaşı Muyan, Gizem. (2020) “Alienation of ‘Second Generation Turkish Dutch’ in the Name of ‘Integration.” Jesse Moritz (ed.) European Societies, Migration, and the Law: The “Others” amongst “Us”. 152-172. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kunuroglu, Filiz vd. (2018). “Motives for Turkish Return Migration from Western Europe: Home, Sense of Belonging, Discrimination and Transnationalism”. Turkish Studies, 19(3): 422-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2017.1387479
  • Melin, Pauline. (2020). The External Dimension of EU Social Security Coordination: Towards a Common EU Approach. Leiden: Brill Nijhof.
  • Minderhoud, Paul. (2000). “The Dutch Linking Act and the Violation of Various International Non-Discrimination Clauses”. European Journal of Migration and Law, 2, 185-201
  • Minderhoud, Paul. (2015). “Decision No 3/80 of the EEC-EU Association Council: Significance and Developments”. Thym, Daniel ve Margarite Zoetewij-Turhan (ed.), Rights of Third-Country Nationals under EU Association Agreements: Degrees of Free Movement and Citizenship, 169-185. Leiden and Boston: Brill Nijhoff.
  • Minderhoud, Paul. (2016). “Social Security Rights under Decision No 3/80 of the EEC-Turkey Association Council: Developments in the EU and in the Netherlands”. European Journal of Social Security, 37 (2): 268-285.
  • Ozkul Derya. (2019). “Transnationalism”. Inglis, Christine vd., The SAGE Handbook of International Migration, 433-449. New York: Sage.
  • Portes, Alejandro vd. (1999). “The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2): 217–237.
  • Tezcan, Tolga. (2019). "What initiates, what postpones return migration intention? The case of Turkish immigrants residing in Germany". Population Space and Place, 25(6) doi: 10.1002/psp.2175.
  • Türkkol Nazmi. (2014). “Gönüllü Sigortalılık, Eşler için de Geçerli”. Gazeteci.
  • https://gazeteci.nl/gonullu-sigortanin-esler-icin-de-gecerli-sayilmasi/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2021)
  • van Amersfoort Hans ve Jeroen Doomernik. (2002). "Emergent Diaspora or Immigrant Communities? Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands". Kennedy Paul and Roudometof Victor (ed.), Communities Across Borders New Immigrants and Transnational Cultures. 55-67. Londra ve New York: Routledge.
  • van Amersfoort, Hans ve Boudewijn Surie. (1987). “Reluctant Hosts: Immigration into Dutch Society 1970-1985”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 10 (2), 169-185
  • White, Paul. (2006). “Migration populations approaching old age: prospects in Europe”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32: 1283–1300.
  • Uluslararası Anlaşmalar: Avrupa Konseyi Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi, 14 Aralık 1972, Trb. 1976, 15
  • Ankara Anlaşması/Ortaklık Anlaşması: 12 Eylül 1963 tarihinde imzalanan Türkiye ile Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu arasında ortaklık kuran antlaşma, yürürlük tarihi 1 Aralık 1964, OJ L 217.
  • Avrupa Birliği’nin 1408/71 sayılı Tüzüğü: Regulation No. 1408/71 Council of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the Community, OJ L 149/2.
  • ILO no 118: Vatandaşlarla vatandaş olamayan kimselere sosyal güvenlik konusunda eşit muamele yapılması hakkındaki Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün 118 No’lu sözleşmesi, 28 Haziran 1962, Trb. 1962, 122.
  • Katma Protokol: 23 Kasım 1970 tarihinde imzalanan Ortaklık Anlaşmasına ekli Katma Protokol, yürürlüğe giriş tarihi 1 Ocak 1973, OJ L 293.
  • Konsey Kararı için Teklif COM (2012) 152 [2012] OJ L171/5
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Gizem Kolbaşı Muyan This is me 0000-0003-0403-5836

Publication Date September 5, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 72

Cite

APA Kolbaşı Muyan, G. (2021). Ulusötesi Hayatlar: Hollanda’da Yaşayan Türk Vatandaşlarının Sosyal Güvenliği. Journal of Turkish Research Institute(72), 523-539. https://doi.org/10.14222/Turkiyat4496