Kesim Hayvanlarında Ultrason Kullanımı / Usage of Ultrasound for Slaughter Animals

Abstract

ÖZET: Ultrason, teşhis ve tedavi amacıyla insan ve hayvan kliniklerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca, 1950’li yıllardan
beri bu cihazla canlı hayvanın karkas özeliklerinin değerlendirilmesi çalışmaları yapılmaktadır. Bu çabalar, genetik ıslah
programları, et üretimi ve yetiştiricilik konularında ilerleme sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışmada, et üretimi için yetiştirilen
hayvanlarda, ultrasonik görüntüleme ile ilgili bazı güncel araştırma sonuçları derlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ultrason, kesim hayvanları, karkas özellikleri.

 

ABSTRACT: Ultrasound equipment is widely used for diagnostic and therapic aims in human and veterinary clinics. Also, with
this equipment, some researches have been practised to evaluate carcass traits of live animals, since 1950s. These efforts have been
aimed to get progress in genetic improvement programmes, meat production and breeding subjects. In this study, results of some
current researches concerned about ultrasonic imaging in livestocks, raised for meat production, were reviewed.
Key Words: Ultrasound, slaughter animals, carcass traits.

 

Keywords

• Ultrason, kesim hayvanları, karkas özellikleri

References

1. Altmann, M., Sauerwein, H., von Borell, E., 2005. Relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and carcass composition in fattening mutton: a comparison with ultrasound results. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 89 (9-10): 326-330.
2. Benyshek, L.L., 1981. Heritabilities for growth and carcass traits estimated from data on Herefords under commercial conditions. Journal of Animal Science, 53:.49–56.
3. Berg, E.P., Neary, M.K., Forrest, J.C., Thomas, D.L., Kauffman, R.G., 1996. Assessment of lamb carcass composition from live animal measurement of bioelectrical impedance or ultrasonic tissue depths. Journal of Animal Science, 74 (11): 2672-2678.
4. Bergen, R., Miller, S.P., Mandell, I.B., Robertson, W.M., 2005. Use of live ultrasound, weight and linear measurements to predict carcass composition of young beef bulls. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 85 (1): 23-35.
5. Bertrand, J.K., Moser, D.W., Herring, W.O., 2000. Beef genetic evaluation programs for carcass traits: current situation and future possibilities. Journal of Animal Science, 78 (1): 57.
6. Brethour, J.R., 1992. The repeatability and accuracy of ultrasound in measuring backfat in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 70: 1039–1044.
7. Brethour, J.R., 1994. Estimating marbling score in live cattle from ultrasound images using pattern recognition and neural network procedures. Journal of Animal Science 72: 1425– 1432.
8. Brethour, J.R., 2000. Using serial ultrasound measures to generate models of marbling and backfat thickness changes in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 78: 2055–2061.

9. Brethour, J.R., 2004. The relationship of average backfat thickness of feedlot steers to performance and relative efficiency of fat and protein retention. Journal of Animal Science, 82 (11): 3366-3372.
10. Bugiwati, T.D.S.R.A., Harada, H., Fukuhara, R., 1999. Effects of genetic and environmental factors on ultrasonic estimates of carcass traits of Japanese Brown cows. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 12 (4): 506-510.
11. Cemal, İ., Karaca, O., Altın, T., Gökdal, Ö., Yılmaz, M., Yılmaz, O., 2004. Kıvırcık ve Sakız x Kıvırcık melezi kuzularda gözkası ultrasonik ölçüm parametreleri. 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, Cilt: 2: 113-118., 01-03. Eylül, Isparta.
12. Crews, Jr, D.H., Kemp, R.A., 1999. Contributions of preweaning growth information and maternal effects for prediction of carcass trait breeding values among crossbred beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 79: 17–25.
13. Crews, Jr, D.H., Kemp, R.A., 2002. Genetic evaluation of carcass yield using ultrasound measures on young replacement beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 1809-1818.
14. Crews, D.H., Shannon, N.H., Crews, R.E., Kemp, R.A., 2002. Weaning, yearling, and preharvest ultrasound measures of fat and muscle area in steers, bulls, and heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 80 (11): 2817-2824.
15. Crews, D.H., Pollak, E.J., Weaber, R.L., Quaas, R.L., Lipsey, R.J., 2003. Genetic parameters for carcass traits and their live animal indicators in Simmental cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 81 (6): 1427-1433.
16. Gee, E.K., Fennessy, P.F., Morel, P.C.H., Grace, N.D., Firth, E.C., Mogg, T.D., 2003. Chemical body composition of 20 thoroughbred foals at 160 days of age, and preliminary investigation of techniques used to predict body fatness. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 51 (3): 125-131.
17. Gökdal, Ö., Ülker, H., Karakuş, F., Temur, C., Handil, H., 2004. Erkek kuzularda karkas kompozisyonunun tahmininde ultrason kullanımı: yaş ve genotip etkileri. 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, Cilt: 2: 1-10, 01-03. Eylül, Isparta.
18. Greiner, S.P., Rouse, G.H., Wilson, D.E., Cundiff, L.V., Wheeler, T.L., 2003a. The relationship between ultrasound measurements and carcass fat thickness and longissimus muscle area in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 81: 676-682.
19. Greiner, S.P., Rouse, G.H., Wilson, D.E., Cundiff, L.V., Wheeler, T.L., 2003b. Prediction of retail product weight and percentage using ultrasound and carcass measurements in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 81 (7): 1736-1742.
20. Hermesch, S., Luxford, B.G., Graser, H.U., 2000. Genetic parameters for lean meat yield, meat quality, reproduction and feed efficiency traits for Australian pigs 1. Description of traits and heritability estimates. Livestock Production Science, 65 (3): 239-248.
21. Herring, W.O., Miller, D.C., Bertrand, J.K., Benyshek, L.L., 1994a. Evaluation of machine, technician, and interpreter effects on ultrasonic measures of backfat and longissimus muscle area in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 72: 2216–2226.
22. Herring, W.O., Williams, S.E., Bertrand, J.K., Benyshek, L.L., Miller, D.C., 1994b. Comparison of live and carcass equations predicting percentage of cutability, retail product weight, and trimmable fat in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 72: 1107–1111.
23. Houghton, P.L., Turlington, L.M., 1992. Application of ultrasound for feeding and finishing animals: A review. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 930–941.
24. Janos, T., Zoltan, D., Marton, B., Wolcott, M.L., 2005. Estimation of longissimus muscle area and fat depth of rump by real- time ultrasound machine in horned and polled Charolais sire candidates. Magyar allatorvosok Lapja, 127 (3): 131-138.
25. Johnston, D.J., Reverter, A., Burrow, H.M., Oddy, V.H., Robinson, D.L., 2003. characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds. 1. Animal measures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54 (2): 107-118.
26. Genetic and phenotypic
27. Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R., Valcour, J.E., Milton, R.L., 2004. Ultrasonic imaging of marbling at feedlot entry as a predictor of carcass quality grade. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 84 (2): 165-170.
28. Koots, K.R., Gibson, J.P., Wilton, J.W., 1994. Analyses of published genetic parameter estimates for beef production traits. 2. Phenotypic and genetic correlations. Animal Breeding Abstracts, 62: 825–853.
29. Kiyanzad, M.R., 2004. Using linear body measurements of live sheep to predict carcass characteristics for two Iranian fat- tailed sheep breeds. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 17 (5): 693-699.
30. Lamb, M.A., Robinson, O.W., Tess, M.W., 1990. Genetic parameters for carcass traits in Hereford bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 68: 64–69.
31. Lee, D.H., Kim, H.C., 2004. Genetic relationship between ultrasonic and carcass measurements for meat qualities in Korean steers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 17 (1): 7-12.
32. Miller, M.F., Cross, H.R., Baker, J.F., Byers, F.M., 1988. Evaluation of live and carcass techniques for predicting beef carcass composition. Meat Science, 23: 111–129.
33. Newcom, D.W., Baas, T.J., Lampe, J.F., 2002. Prediction of intramuscular fat percentage in live swine using real-time ultrasound. Journal of Animal Science, 80 (12): 3046-3052.
34. Polak, P., Sloniewski, K., Sakowski, T., Roa, E.N.B., Huba, J., Krupa, E., 2001. In vivo estimates of slaughter value of bulls using ultrasound and body dimensions. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 46 (4): 159-164.
35. Puntila, M.L., Maki, K., Rintala, O., 2002. Assessment of carcass composition based on ultrasonic measurements and EUROP conformation class of live lambs. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 119 (6): 367-378.
36. Reverter, A., Johnston, D.J., Ferguson, D.M., Perry, D., Goddard, M.E., Burrow H.M., Oddy, V.H,, Thompson, J.M., Bindon, B.M., 2003. Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds. 4. Correlations among animal, carcass, and meat quality traits. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54 (2): 149-158.
37. Robinson, D.L., McDonald, C.A., Hammond. K., Turner, J.W., 1992. Live animal measurement of carcass traits by ultrasound: Assessment and accuracy of sonographers. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 1667-1676.
38. Schwörer, D.A., Rebsamen, A., Lorenz, D., 1995. Selection of intramuscular fat in Swiss pig breeds and the importance of fatty tissue quality. Proc. 2nd Dummerstorf Muscle Workshop on Growth and Meat Quality, Rostock.
39. Silva, S.D.E., Leme, P.R., Pereira, A.S.C., Putrino, S.M., 2003a. Correlations among carcass characteristics taken by ultrasound and after slaughter in Nellore steers fed high concentrate diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 32 (5): 1236-1242.
40. Silva, S.D.E., Leme, P.R., Putrino, S.M., Martello, L.S., de Lima, C.G., Lanna, D.P.D., 2003b. Prediction of carcass weight and dressing percentage in Nellore and Brangus young bulls, by ultrasound measurements. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia- Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 32 (5): 1227-1235.
41. Silva, S.D.E., Titto, E.A.L., Leme, P.R., Martello, L.S., Pereira, A.S.C., Titto, R.M., Filho, J.C.M.N., Filho, A.L., 2005. Days on feed and sex effects on live weight and carcass traits measured by ultrasound. Scientia Agricola, 62 (5): 423-426.
42. Smith, M.T., Oltjen, J.W., Dolezal, H.G., Gill, D.R., Behrens, B.D., 1992. Evaluation of ultrasound for prediction of carcass fat thickness and longissimus muscle area in feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 29-37.
43. Stelzleni, A.M., Perkins, T.L., Brown, Jr, A.H., Pohlman, F.W., Johnson, Z.B., Sandelin, B.A., 2002. Genetic parameter estimates of yearling live animal ultrasonic measurements in Brangus cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 80:3150-3153.
44. Stouffer, J.R., Westervelt, J.R., 1977. A Review of Ultrasonic Applications in Animal Sciences. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 5: 124.
45. Turner, J.W., Pelton, L.S., Cross, H.R., 1990. Using live animal ultrasound measures of ribeye area and fat thickness in yearling Hereford bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 68: 3502–3506.
46. Walburger, A.M., Crews, D.H., 2004. Improving market selection for fed beef cattle: The value of real-time ultrasound and relations data. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics- Revue Canadienne D Agroeconomie, 52 (1): 1-16.
47. Waldner, D.N., Dikeman, M.E., Schalles, R.R., Olson, W.G., Houghton, P.L., Unruh, J.A., Corah, L.R., 1992. Validation of real-time ultrasound technology for predicting fat thickness, longissimus muscle areas, and composition of Brangus bulls from 4 months to 2 years of age. Journal of Animal Science 70: 3044–3054.
48. Wall, P.B., Rouse, G.H., Wilson, D.E., Tait, Jr, R.G., Busby, W.D., 2004. Use of ultrasound to predict body composition changes in steers at 100 and 65 days before slaughter. Journal of Animal Science, 82: 1621-1629.
49. Wallace, M.A., Stouffer, J.R., Westervelt, R.G., 1977. Relationships of ultrasonic and carcass measurements with retail yield in beef cattle. Livestock Production Science 4: 153–164.
50. Wild, J.J., 1950. The use of ultrasonic pulses for the measuremant of biological tissues and detection of tissue density changes. Surgery, 27: 183.
51. Williams, R.E., Bertrand, J.K, Williams, S.E., Benyshek, L.L.,1997. Biceps femoris and rump fat as additional ultrasound measurements for predicting retail product and trimmable fat in beef carcasses. Journal of Animal Science, 75: 7–13.
52. Wilson, D.E., 1992. Application of ultrasound for genetic improvement. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 973-983.
53. Wolcott, M.L., Thompson, J.M., Perry, D., 2001. The prediction of retail beef yield from real time ultrasound measurements on live animals at three stages through growout and finishing. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 41 (7): 1005-1011.
54. Yaralı, E., Karaca, O., 2004. Kıvırcık koyunları farklı senkronizasyon uygulamalarında kuzu üretimi ile kuzuların canlı ağırlık ve belgözü ultrasonik ölçüm parametreleri. 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, Cilt: 1: 137-142, 01-03. Eylül, Isparta.
55. Yardımcı, M., Özbeyaz, C., 1999. Canlı hayvanlarda karkas değerlendirmede ultrason kullanımı. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Derg., 39 (2): 69-82.
56. Youssao, I.A.K, Verleyen, V., Michaux, C., Leroy, P.L., 2002. A comparison of the fat lean meter (CGM), the ultrasonic device Pie Medical 200 and the Piglog 105 for estimation of the lean meat proportion in Piétrain carcasses. Livestock Production, 78 (2): 107-114.