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Imperial Character and Balance of Power in Central Asian Turkic Nomadic Peoples

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 5, 1586 - 1606, 03.11.2023

Öz

When discussing the existence or non-existence of the state in ancient Central Asia, or whether it had the character of an empire, it should be kept in mind that the administrative systems of the Turkic nomadic peoples were too complex and multifaceted to be explained by simple definitions. Since the known features of the political organization among the nomadic empires of Central Asia do not fully meet the accepted criteria of state power (developed legal and judicial system, specialized bureaucracy in the central and provincial administrative apparatus, financial system, etc.), Western researchers have made vague and ambiguous interpretations of the political organization of these communities. The imperial character of the Turkic peoples living in the steppe was in fact a structural crisis that emerged within the nomadic community. In order to overcome this crisis, the steppe Turkic communities became militarized by establishing a military-hierarchical structure. This study aims to draw attention to the multicomponent power structure of nomadic empires and to draw attention to the fact that institutions at different levels in political formations may have been adapted to and interacted with clan and tribal structures, supra-tribal confederations, imperial and/or early state hierarchies to varying degrees in different historical periods. It will also address how the internal differentiation in the administrative activities of the Turkic nomadic empires in Central Asia was reflected in the components of political culture and how a balance of power was established.

Kaynakça

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Orta Asya Türk Göçebe Halklarında İmparatorluk Karakteri ve Güç Dengesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 5, 1586 - 1606, 03.11.2023

Öz

Eski Çağ Orta Asya’sında devletin varlığı ya da yokluğu ya da imparatorluk karakterinde olup olmadığı tartışması yapılırken Türk göçebe halklarının yönetim sistemlerinin basit tanımlarla açıklanamayacak kadar karmaşık ve çok yönlü olgular içerdiği unutulmamalıdır. Orta Asya’nın göçebe imparatorlukları arasındaki siyasî örgütlenmenin bilinen özellikleri, devlet iktidarının kabul edilen kriterlerini (gelişmiş hukuk ve yargı sistemi, merkez ve taşra yönetim aygıtında uzmanlaşmış bürokrasi, malî sistem, vb) tam olarak karşılamadığından, batılı araştırmacılar bu toplulukların siyasî teşkilatlanmaları adına muğlak ve belirsiz yorumlarda bulunmuşlardır. Bozkırda yaşayan Türk halklarının imparatorluk karakterine ulaşmaları aslında göçebeler topluluğu içindeki ortaya çıkan yapısal bir krizdir. Bu krizin üstesinden gelmek adına bozkır Türk toplulukları askerî-hiyerarşik bir yapı kurarak militanlaşmaya gitmişlerdir. Bu çalışma göçebe imparatorlukların çok bileşenli güç yapısını da dikkat çekerek, siyasî oluşumlarda, farklı düzeylerdeki kurumlar klan ve kabile yapısına, kabile-üstü konfederasyonlara, imparatorluk ve/veya erken devlet hiyerarşisine farklı tarihsel dönemlerde değişen oranlarda uyarlanmış ve bunlarla etkileşim halinde olarak oluşmuş olabileceği konusuna dikkat çekmek amacını taşımaktadır. Aynı zamanda Orta Asya’daki Türk göçebe imparatorlukların yönetim faaliyetlerindeki içsel farklılaşmaların siyasî kültür bileşenlerine nasıl yansıdığı ve tam anlamıyla bir güç dengesinin nasıl kurulduğu konusuna da değinilecektir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın, hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere bu aşamalarda bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uyduğumu; çalışmanın özgün olduğunu ayrıca çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterildiğini ve bu kaynakların kaynakçada yer aldığını; bu verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı kabul eder, tüm koşullarını riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durum saptanırsa, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.

Kaynakça

  • Bacon, E. (1958). Obok. A Study of Social Structure of Eurasia. Wenner-Gren Foundation.
  • Barfield, T. (1981). The Hsiung-nu Imperial. Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy. Journal of Asian Studies, 41 (1), 45-61.
  • Barfield, T. (1989). The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, 221 BC to AD 1757. Blackwell.
  • Barfield, T. (2000). The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation along the Chinese Nomad Frontier. In Sinopoli, C., D'Altroy, T., Morrision, K., and Alcock, S. (eds.), Empires (pp. 10-41). Cambridge University Press.
  • Barfield, T. (2011). Something New Under the Sun: The Mongol Empire's Innovations in Steppe Political Organisations and Military Strategy. In Enkhtuvshin, B. (eds.), Nomadic Civilizations in Cross Cultural Dialogue (pp. 93-104). Ulaanbaatar: International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations.
  • Berent, M. (2000). The Stateless Polis: The Early State and the Ancient Greek Commu-nity. In Kradin, N. N., Korotayev, A. V., Bondarenko, D. M., de Munck, V., and Wason, P. (eds.), Alternatives of Social Evolution (pp. 225-241). Vladi-vostok: Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
  • Bichurin, N. (1950a). Sobranie svedenii o narodakh, obitavshikh v Srednei Asii v drevnie vremena (Eski Zamanlarda İç Asya Halkları Hakkında Toplanan Bilgiler). Cilt 1. SSCB Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları.
  • Biran, M. (2015). Nomads as Agent of Cultural Change: The Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors. University of Hawai'i Press.
  • Bondarenko, D. M. (2001). Pre-Imperial Benin. Formation and Evolution of the System of Social and Political Institutions. Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Centre for Civilisational and Regional Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Original in Russian (Бондаренко, Д. М. Доимперский Бенин. Формирование и эволюция системы социально-политических институтов. Москва: Институт Африки РАН; Центр цивилизационных и региональных исследований РАН).
  • Bondarenko, D. M., and Korotayev, A. V. (2003). ‘Early State’ in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Statistical Re-Analysis of Henri J. M. Claessen's Database. Cross-Cultural Research. The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 37 (1), 105-132.
  • Carrier, J. G. (2005). A Handbook of Economic Anthropology. Edwar Elgar.
  • Chibnik, M. (2011). Anthropology, Economics and Choice. University of Texas Press.
  • Claessen, H. J. M., and Skalník, P. (1978). The Early State. The Hague: Mouton.
  • Claessen, H. J. M., and Skalnik, P. (1981). The Study of the State. The Hague: Mouton.
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  • Korotayev, A. V., Malkov, A. S., and Khalturina, D. A. (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millenial Trends. KomKniga.
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  • Kradin, N. N. (2007). Structure of Power in Nomadic Empires of Inner Asia: Anthropological Approach. In Grinin, L. E., Belyaev D. D., and Korotayev, A. V. (eds.), Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations: Ancient and Medieval Cultures (pp. 98-124). URSS.
  • Kradin, N. N. (2010). Structure of Society and Power in the Ancient Inner Asian Nomadic Empires: Xiongnu and Xianbei. In Hamayon, R., Charleux, I., Delaplace, G., and Pearce, S. (eds.), Representing Power in Ancient Inner Asia: Legitimacy, Transmission and the Sacred (pp. 307-341). Western Washington University Press.
  • Kradin, N. N. (2015). Nomadic Empires in Inner Asia. In Bemmann, J., Schmauder, M., Brosseder, U., Reichert, S., and Stickler, T. (eds.), Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE (pp. 11-48) (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 7). Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
  • Küçükkalay, A. M. (2010). İktisadi Düşünce Tarihi. Beta Basım A.Ş.
  • Kürsat-Ahlers, E. (1994). Zur frühen Staatenbildung von Steppenvölkern: Über die Socio- und Psychogenese der eurasischen Momadenreiche am Beispiel der Hsiung-Nu und Göktürken mit einen Exkurs über die Skythen. Duncker en Humbolot (Socialwissenschaftlischen Schriften, Heft 28).
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  • Maсkerras, C. (2000). Uygur-Tang relations, 744–840. Central Asian Survey, 19 (2), 223-234.
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  • Mann, M. (1987). The Sources of Social Power. Vol. 1. A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press.
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  • Rogers, D. (2007). The Contingencies of State Formation in Eastern Inner Asia. Asian Perspectives, 46 (2), 249-274.
  • Rogers, D. (2011). Inner Asian States and Empires: Theories and Synthesis. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20, 205-256.
  • Rogers, D. (2018). Strategies of Empire Expansion. In Dürinc, B. S., and Stek, T. D. (eds.), The Archaeology of Imperial Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Empires in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean World (pp. 301-323). Cambridge University Press.
  • Sinor, D. (1990). The Establishment and Dissolution of the Türk Empire. In Sinor, D. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (pp. 285-316). Cambridge University Press.
  • Skalník, P. (2004). Chiefdom: a Universal Political Formation?. Focaal, 43 (1), 76-98.
  • Skalnik, P. (2009). Early State Concept in Anthropological Theory. Social Evolution & History, 8 (1), 5-24.
  • Sneath, D. (2009). Tribe, Ethnos, Nation: Rethinking Evolutionist Social Theory and Representations of Nomadic Inner Asia. Ab Imperio, 4, 80-109.
  • Staerman, E. M. (1989). K probleme vozniknoveniia gosudarstva v Rime (On the Problem of the Formation of the State in Rome). Vestnik drevnei istorii, 2, 76-94.
  • Taneri, A. (1981). Türk Devlet Geleneği. 2. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Timothy, E. (2001). Devlete Doğru Şeflikler: İktidar, İktisat, İdeoloji. (Çev. Cahide Sarı), Ütopya Yayınevi.
  • Timothy, E. (2003). Şefler Nasıl İktidara Geldiler Tarih Öncesinde Politik Ekonomi. (Çev. Burak Gürel, Demir Demiröz), 1. Baskı, Versus Kitap.
  • Tolybekov, S. E. (1971). Kochevoe obshchestvo kazakhov v XVII - nachale XX veka. Politiko-ekonomicheskii analiz (17. yüzyıldan 20. yüzyılın başına kadar Kazakların Göçebe Toplumu. Politik-ekonomik bir analiz). Nauka.
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  • Vasyutin, S. A. (2010). The Main Models of Power Organization in Nomads of Central Asia in the Middle Ages (in Terms of the Multi-linearity Theory). Oriens 4, 20-34. Original in Russian (Васютин, С. А. Основные модели организации власти у кочевников Центральной Азии периода раннего средневековья (в свете теории многолинейности). Восток 4: 20-34).
  • Vasyutin, S. A. (2015a). Traditional and Innovative Mechanisms of Governing in Nomadic Societies of Central Asia in the Sixth - the Thirteenth centuries. Part 2. Vestnik Kemerovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 1, (61) vol. 3, 20-26. Original in Russian (Васютин, С. А. Традиционные и инновационные механизмы управления в кочевых обществах Центральной Азии VI–XIII вв. Ч. 2. Вестник Кемеровского государственного университета 1, (61) Т. 3, 20-26.
  • Vasyutin, S. А. (2015b). The Model of the Political Transformation of the Dao Liao as an Alternative to the Evolution of the Structures of Authority in the Early Medieval Pastoral Empires of Mongolia. In Bemmann, J., Schmauder M., Brosseder, U., Reichert, S., and Stickler, T. (eds.), Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE (pp. 391-437) (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 7). Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
  • Vasyutin, S. А. (2015с). Nomads Towns as a Factor of Social and Political Transformations. In Bazarov, B. V. (eds.), Actual Problems of Archaeology and Ethnology of Central Asia: Materials of the II International conference (UlanUde, 7–8th April, 2015) (pp. 223-231). Irkutsk: ‘Ottisk’. Original in Russian (Васютин, С.А. Города кочевников как фактор социально-политических трансформаций / под ред. Базарова, Б. В. Актуальные вопросы археологии и этнологии Центральной Азии: Материалы Международной научной конференции (Улан-Удэ, 7–8 апреля, 2015) (с. 223-231). Иркутск: «Оттиск»).
  • Webb, M. (1975). The Flag Follows the Trade. An Essay on the Necessary Interaction of Military and Commercial Factors in State Formation. In Sabloff, J., and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. (eds.), Ancient Civilization and Trade (pp. 155-209). Albuquerque.
  • Yunatov, A. A. (1946). Izuchenie rastitelnosti Mongolii za 25 let [The Study of Mongolian Flora during 25 years]. Trudy Komiteta nauk MNR. 2. Ulan-Bato.
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi, Orta Asya Tarihi, Türk Bozkır Kültürü
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayten Akcan 0000-0003-0974-5263

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Akcan, A. (2023). Orta Asya Türk Göçebe Halklarında İmparatorluk Karakteri ve Güç Dengesi. Akademik Tarih Ve Düşünce Dergisi, 10(5), 1586-1606.

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