Balıkesir Üniversitesi Çağış Yerleşkesi’nde Botanik Bahçe Odaklı Mavi Altyapı Stratejileri

Abstract

Bu çalışma, mavi altyapının ekosistem direncini ve iklim adaptasyonunu artırmak için doğal su döngüsünü nasıl desteklediğini araştırarak, mekansal analizler, ekolojik tasarım stratejileri ve sürdürülebilir kampüs planlaması için bütünsel bir model önermektedir. Seçilen araştırma alanı Balıkesir Üniversitesi Botanik Bahçesi'dir. Araştırma, dört aşamalı bir metodolojik yaklaşıma dayanmaktadır. İlk aşamada, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi ortamında iklimsel, topografik ve jeolojik veriler oluşturulmuştur. Ardından, 1993 ve 2024 yıllarına ait Landsat verileri, kontrollü sınıflandırma yöntemi kullanılarak işlenerek arazi kullanımı/örtüsü haritaları elde edilmiştir. Yöntemin son aşamasında, tüm analizlerin sonuçları kullanılarak botanik bahçesi sınırları içindeki mavi altyapı için tasarım önerileri yapılmıştır. Tüm analizlerin sonuçları kullanılarak, botanik bahçesi sınırları içindeki mavi altyapı ile ilgili tasarım önerileri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Botanik Bahçesi'nde sürdürülebilir mavi altyapı tasarımlarının uygulanmasına katkıda bulunarak iklim değişikliğinin etkilerini azaltması ve yağmur suyunun verimli kullanımını artırması beklenmektedir.

Keywords

• Sustainable landscape planning
• blue infrastructure
• nature-based solutions
• Geographic Information Systems

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK 2209/A Üniversite Öğrencileri Yurtiçi Araştırma Projeleri Destek Programı, Proje No: 1919B012417126 tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

This study was supported by the TÜBİTAK 2209/A Domestic Research Projects Support Program for University Students, Project No: 1919B012417126.

Ethical Statement

Ethics Committee Approval was not required for the study

Botanical Garden-Focused Blue Infrastructure Strategies at Balıkesir University's Çağış Campus

Abstract

This study investigates how blue infrastructure supports the natural water cycle to enhance ecosystem resilience and climate adaptation, proposing spatial analyses, ecological design strategies, and a holistic model for sustainable campus planning. The research area selected is the Botanical Garden of Balıkesir University's. The research is based on a four-stage methodological approach. In the first stage, climatic, topographic, and geological data were generated in ENVI-met simulation model and Geographic Information System environment. Subsequently, Landsat data from 1993 and 2024 were processed using the controlled classification method to obtain land use/cover maps. In the final stage of the method, design proposals for the blue infrastructure within the botanical garden boundaries were made, utilising the results of all analyses. In addition, the results of all analyses, design proposals related to the blue infrastructure within the botanical garden boundaries were made. It is anticipated that this study will contribute to the implementation of sustainable blue infrastructure designs at the Balıkesir University Botanical Garden, thereby mitigating the effects of climate change and enhancing the efficient use of rainwater.

Keywords

• Sustainable landscape planning
• blue infrastructure
• nature-based solutions
• Geographic Information Systems

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the TÜBİTAK 2209/A Domestic Research Projects Support Program for University Students, Project No: 1919B012417126.

Project Number

This study was supported by the TÜBİTAK 2209/A Domestic Research Projects Support Program for University Students, Project No: 1919B012417126.

Ethical Statement

Ethics Committee Approval was not required for the study

References

1. Altıner, F. (2022). Alansal değişime etki eden parametrelerin Ayvalık ilçesi örneğinde incelenmesi. (Doktora tezi). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Çanakkale. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://acikerisim.comu.edu.tr/items/8dd4eba9-aabc-4f3c-91fb-1f344798d157
2. Alyaseri, I., Zhou, J., Morgan, S. M., & Bartlett, A. (2017). Initial impacts of rain gardens’ application on water quality and quantity in combined sewer: Field-scale experiment. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(4), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0988-5
3. Ardalı, Y., & Köksal, Ö. (2022). Yeşil ölçüm göstergeleri kapsamında sürdürülebilir üniversite modelinin performans değerlendirmesi. OMÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Dergisi, 2(1), 49–66. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from. https://ojs.omu.edu.tr/index.php/jest/article/view/49/6
4. Avcı, C., Budak, M., Yağmur, N., & Balçık, F. (2023). Comparison between random forest and support vector machine algorithms for LULC classification. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 8(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.987605
5. Avdan, U., & Jovanovska, G. (2016). Algorithm for automated mapping of land surface temperature using LANDSAT 8 satellite data. Journal of sensors, (1), 1480307. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1480307
6. Ayanoğlu, Z. & Demirel, K. (2023). Kurakçıl peyzaj ile klasik peyzaj tasarımının kıyaslanması: konut bahçesi örneği. Türkiye Peyzaj Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 156-176. https://doi.org/10.51552/peyad.1390272
7. Bąk, J., & Barjenbruch, M. (2022). Benefits, inconveniences, and facilities of the application of rain gardens in urban spaces from the perspective of climate change—A review. Water, 14(7), 1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071153
8. Bikis, A., Engdaw, M., Pandey, D., & Pandey, B. K. (2025). The impact of urbanization on land use land cover change using geographic information system and remote sensing: a case of Mizan Aman City Southwest Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 12014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94189-6

9. Bowler, D. E., Callaghan, C. T., Felappi, J. F., Mason, B. M., Hutchinson, R., Kumar, P. & Jones, L. (2025). Evidence-base for urban green-blue infrastructure to support insect diversity. Urban Ecosystems, 28(1), 54. https:/doi.org/10.1007/s11252-024-01649-4
10. Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2016). The nature and properties of soils. Columbus. EUA Pearson Education.
11. Brown, I., & Berry, P. (2022). National Climate Change Risk Assessments to inform adaptation policy priorities and environmental sustainability outcomes: a knowledge systems perspective. Climate Change, 175 (3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-022-03464-2
12. Büyükkayraktar, N., Özyavuz, M., & Çelik Aslan, F. (2022). Yeni bir kentsel altyapı yaklaşımı: Yeşil-gri (hibrit) altyapı sistemleri. In G. Bayrak (Ed.), Yeşil Altyapı (Bölüm 4, ss. 83–108). İKSAD Publishing House.
13. Das, S., & Angadi, D. P. (2022). Land use land cover change detection and monitoring of urban growth using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A micro-level study. GeoJournal, 87(3), 2101-2123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10359-1
14. Demiroğlu, D., Cengiz, A., & Karadağ, A. (2017). Evaluation of the green campus approach on the campuses in Turkey. Eurasian journal of civil engineering and architecture, 1(1), 53-65. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejcar/article/1053736
15. DeNicola, E., Aburizaiza, O.S., Siddique, A., Khwaja, H., & Carpenter, D.O. (2015). Climate change and water scarcity: the case of Saudi Arabia. Ann. Glob. Health 81(3),342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.005
16. Dushkova, D., Taherkhani, M., Konstantinova, A., Vasenev, V. I., & Dovletyarova, E. A. (2025). Understanding factors affecting the use of urban parks through the lens of ecosystem services and blue–green ınfrastructure: The Case of Gorky Park, Moscow, Russia. Land, 14(2), 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020237
17. Dylewski, K. L., Brown, J. T. R., LeBleu, C. M. B. E., & Brantley, E. F. (2014). Low impact development handbook for the state of Alabama. Alabama Department of Environmental Management: Montgomery, AL, USA.
18. FAO (2015). World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://www.fao.org/home/en/.
19. Farhadpour, S., Warner, T. A., & Maxwell, A. E. (2024). Selecting and interpreting multiclass loss and accuracy assessment metrics for classifications with class imbalance: Guidance and best practices. Remote Sensing, 16(3), 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030533
20. Güzel, M., & Yeşil, P. (2025). Arazi örtüsü ile kentsel ısı adası etkisi arasındaki ilişki: Ordu kent merkezi (Türkiye) örneği. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 15(1), 35-55. https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1580231
21. Hassan, W.H., Mahdi, K., & Kadhim, Z.K. GIS-based multi-criteria decision making for identifying rainwater harvesting sites. Appl Water Sci 15, 45 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02378-5
22. Hu, Y., Yuan, J., Wen, C., Lu, X., Liu, Y., & Li, X. (2025). Rsgpt: A remote sensing vision language model and benchmark. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 224, 272-286.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2025.03.028
23. Kamer, A. O., & Arslan, E. S. (2022). Kentlerde iklim değişikliğinin olası etkilerinin azaltılmasında yeşil altyapı ve ekosistem hizmetlerinin rolü. İnsan ve İnsan, 9(33), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.1104391
24. Karlı, R. G. Ö., & Artar, M. (2021). Kentsel su yönetiminde araç olarak su ayak izi ve mavi-yeşil altyapı. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 58(1), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.851375
25. Karaşah, B., & Var, M. (2016). Botanik bahçelerinde ziyaretçi tercihlerinin belirlenmesi ‘Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi örneği’. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.03116
26. Konaklı, S. Ö. N., & Önder, S. (2011). Konya’da botanik bahçesi planlama ilkelerinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 1-11. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jotaf/article/201397
27. Kumar, S. S., Pandey, M., & Shukla, A. K. (2024). Spatio-temporal analysis of riverbank changes using remote sensing and geographic information system. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 136, 103692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2024.103692
28. Kutay, M.E., & Oğuz, D. (2020). Okul bahçeleri tasarım standartlarının yeşil altyapı araçları açısından değerlendirilmesi. Peyzaj, 2(1), 12 21. Retrieved January 30, 2026, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1178490
29. Lehner, B., & Döll, P. (2001). Europe’s droughts today and in the future. EuroWasser—model-based assessment of European water resources and hydrology in the face of global change, Kassel World Water Series, 7-1. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://www.pikpotsdam.de/avec/peyresq2003/talks/0921/vassolo/background_literature/ew_droughts.pdf
30. Liu, K., Shi, W., & Zhang, H. (2011). A fuzzy topology-based maximum likelihood classification. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry And Remote Sensing, 66(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2010.09.007
31. Malaviya, P., Sharma, R., & Sharma, P. K. (2019). Rain gardens as stormwater management tool. Sustainable Green Technologies for Environmental Management, 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2772-8_7
32. Mat, S., Sopian, K., Mokhtar, M., Ali B., Hashim, H., Rashid, A., & Abdullah, N. G. (2009). Managing sustainable campus in malaysia–organisational approach and measures. European Journal of Social Sciences 8, 2.Managing Sustainable Campus in Malaysia - Organisational Approach and Measures | Request PDF
33. Mengel, K., & Kirkby, E. A. (1987). Principles of plant nutrition. International Potash Institute. No. Ed. 4, p. 687pp.
34. Mengü, G. P., & Akkuzu, E. (2008). Küresel su krizi ve su hasadı teknikleri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 75-85. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/aduziraat/article/278263
35. Mutlu, B. E., & Yılmaz, S. (2024). Analysis of the impact of urban building blocks orientation on outdoor thermal comfort in winter cities using ENVI-met. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9(2), 737-755. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1530027
36. Ortaçeşme, V., & Altunbey, P. Z. (2022). İklim adaptasyonunun anahtarı olarak yeşil altyapı: kentsel doğa ve iklim değişikliği. Peyzaj-Eğitim, Bilim, Kültür ve Sanat Dergisi, 4(2), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.53784/peyzaj.1220747
37. Parlak, E., & Atik, M. (2020). Dünyadan ve ülkemizden mavi – yeşil altyapı uygulamaları. Peyzaj, 2(2), 86-100. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/peyzaj/issue/58728/772984
38. Polat, T. (2023). Türkiye’de ve dünyada iklim krizi ve küresel eğilimler. İklim Krizi ve Küresel Eğilimler, 13-36. Rawls, W. J., Brakensiek, D. L., & Saxtonn, K. E. (1982). Estimation of soil water properties. Transactions of the ASAE, 25(5), 1316-1320. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.33720
39. Sanusi, R. & Jalil, M. (2021). Blue-Green infrastructure determines the microclimate mitigation potential targeted for urban cooling. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 918 (1), 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012010
40. Sun, J., Yang, J., Zhang, C., Yun, W., & Qu, J. (2013). Automatic remotely sensed image classification in a grid environment based on the maximum likelihood method. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 58(3-4), 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.10.063
41. Suppakittpaisarn, P., Yaipimol, E., Rinchumphu, D., Ei, H. T. H., Htun, M. N., & Ayutthaya, T. K. N. (2025). Toward designing bioretention landscapes for tropical and wet equatorial climates: Asystematic literature review. World, 6(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/world6020056
42. Tanfer, M., & Yener, Ş. D. (2020). İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Orman Fakültesi Kampüs florası üzerine bir araştırma. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 726-737. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.768122
43. United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization. (2020). United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: Water and climate change. Retrieved December 25, 2025, from UN World Water Development Report 2020 | UN-Water
44. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Developmentns. (2025). Sustainable Development Goals Report. Retrieved December 25, 2025, from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2025
45. United Nations Türkiye Sustainable Development Goals. (2025). 6 Clean Water and Sanitation. Retrieved December 25, 2025, from. https://turkiye.un.org/tr/sdgs/6
46. United States Geological Survey Earth Explorer. (2025). Earth Explorer. Retrieved November 15, 2025, from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
47. Uy, N., & Tapnio, C. (2021). Turning blue, green and gray: opportunities for blue green ınfrastructure in the Philippines. In Ecosystem-Based Disaster and Climate Resilience 161-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4815-1_7
48. Ünal, U., & Akyüz, D. E. (2018). Yeşil altyapı uygulamaları kapsamında yağmur hendeklerinin önemi ve sürdürülebilir kent anlayışı ile değerlendirilmesi. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, 3(2), 55-63. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/idec/article/447570
49. Wang, X., Chen, Y., Fang, G., Li, Z., & Liu, Y. (2022). The growing water crisis in Central Asia and the driving forces behind it. Journal of Cleaner Production, 378, 134574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134574
50. Wu, C., Liu, W., & Deng, H. (2023). Urbanization and the emerging water crisis: identifying water scarcity and environmental risk with multiple applications in urban agglomerations in Western China. Sustainability, 15(17), 12977. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712977
51. Yeo, L. B., Ling, G. H. T., Tan, M. L., & Leng, P. C. (2021). Interrelationships between land use land cover (LULC) and human thermal comfort (HTC): A comparative analysis of different spatial settings. Sustainability, 13(1), 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010382
52. Yılmaz, E., & Alagöz, Z. (2008). Organik madde toprak suyu ilişkisi. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 1(2), 15-21. Retrieved December 30, 2025, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/417550
53. Zhang, B., Wu, Y., Zhao, B., Chanussot, J., Hong, D., Yao, J., & Gao, L. (2022). Progress and challenges in intelligent remote sensing satellite systems. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 15, 1814-1822. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3148139