Research Article
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Private Returns to Levels of Education in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data

Year 2020, Volume: 53 Issue: 1, 87 - 116, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.531243

Abstract

Along with the emergence of the concept of human capital, there
has been an increase in research on the economic contribution of education. One
of the most important reasons to invest in education is wage differentials. But
there are many direct and indirect, private and social contributions of
education. Because of these reasons demand for education has been increasing.
There are different stages of education from primary education to higher
education and each education level has a different economic return. Therefore,
the main purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a positive
relationship between education and wage income and whether the rate of return
to education vary for different levels of education. This study uses Income and
Living Conditions Survey Panel Dataset provided by the Turkish Statistical
Institute covering from years 2008-2011 and 2012-2015 and employs panel
econometric methods, considering the endogeneity problem, to estimate both
private returns to education and each level of education. The study concludes
that increases in educational level affect the income levels in the same
direction but at different rates. 

References

  • Bakış, O. (2012). Türkiye'de Eğitimin Bireysel Getirisi: 1988-2008. TÜSİAD Sabancı Üniversitesi Notlar, No.2012-1.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (3b.). New Delhi, India: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital A Theoretical and Emprical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Bhatti, S. H., Bourdon, J., ve Aslam, M. (2013). Economic Returns to Education in France: OLS and Instrumental Variable Estimations. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 18(2), 51-63.
  • Brotherhood, L. M., Ferreira , P., ve Santos, C. (2016). Returns to Schooling and Quality of Education in Returns to Schooling and Quality of Education in. Mayıs 28, 2018 tarihinde https://www.anpec.org.br/encontro/2016/submissao/files_I/i13-d81e3fcbec7492896a45e2c5c6788db7.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2007). Eğitimin Getirisi (Uşak İli Örneği). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 235-252.
  • De Meulemeester, J.L., ve Rochat, D. (2017). Returning to returns: Revisiting the British education evidence. Working Papers CEB 17-023, Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
  • Dolton, P., Sandi, M. (2017). Returning to returns: Revisiting the British education evidence. Labour Economics, 48, 87-104.
  • Gölpek, F. (2012). Eğitim Getirilerinin Özel ve Sosyal Açıdan İncelenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(1), 43-53.
  • Gölpek, F. (2015). Türkiye’de Dört Yıllık Eğitimin Sonunda Kim Kazanır: Toplum mu Birey mi? Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(177), 19-30.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2016). Örneklerle Ekonometri (1 b.). (N. Bolatoğlu, Çev.) Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Gür, B. S., Çelik, Z., Kurt, T., ve Yurdakul, S. (2017). Yükseköğretime Bakış 2017: İzleme ve değerlendirme raporu. Ankara: Eğitim-Bir-Sen Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
  • Hausman, A. J., & Taylor, E. W. (1981). Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1377-1398.
  • Himaz, R., ve Aturupane, H. (2016). Returns to education in Sri Lanka: a pseudo-panel approach. Education Economics, 24, 3, 300-311.
  • Jamal, H. (2015). Private Returns to Education in Pakistan: A Statistical Investigation. Almanya: MPRA Paper No. 70640.
  • Kırdar, M. G., ve Aydemir, A. (2017). Low Wage Returns to Schooling in a Developing Country: Evidence from a Major Policy Reform in Turkey. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 79(6), 1046-1086.
  • Kurt, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Yükseköğretimin Getirileri ve Eğitim Politikalarına Yansımaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Lee, J.-W., ve Wie, D. (2017). Returns to Education and Skills in the Labor Market: Evidence from Japan and Korea. Asian Economic Policy Review, 12, 139-160.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1974). The Human Capital Earnings Function. Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (s. 83-96). içinde NBER.OECD. (2016). Education at a Glance 2016. Paris: OECD Publications.
  • Oancea, B., Pospisil, R. ve Dragoescu, R. (2017). The Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Romania. Romania, Forthcoming in: Proceedings of the Knowledge for Market Use Conference.
  • Peet, E. D., Fink, G., ve Fawzi, W. (2015). Returns to education in developing countries: Evidence from the living standards and measurement study surveys. Economics of Education Review, 49, 69-90.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1973). Returns to Education: An International Comparison. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1985). Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications. Journal of Human Resources, 20(4), 583-604.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: a global update. World Development, 9(22), 1325–1343.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 50(1), 1-17.
  • Staneva, A. V., ve Abdel-Latif, H. (2016). From Soviet to Europe: Returns to Education Puzzle in Bulgaria. Labour, 30(3), 347-367.
  • Tansel, A. (1994). Wage Employment and Earnings and Returns to Schooling for Men and Women in Turkey. Economics of Education Review(13), 305-320.
  • Tansel, A. (2002). Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors. Economics of Education Review, 5(21), 455-470.
  • Tansel, A., ve Bodur, F. B. (2012). Wage Inequality and Returns to Education in Turkey: A Quantile Regression Analysis. Review of Development Economics, 16, 107-121.
  • Tansel, A., ve Daoud, Y. (2011). Comparative Essays on Returns to Education in Palestine and Turkey. Türkiye: ERC Working Papers in Economics 11/02.
  • Tarı, R. (2011). Ekonometri (7b.). İzmit-Kocaeli: Umuttepe Kitabevi.
  • Tuaner, M. B., ve Gülcan, Y. (2006). Measuring Returns to Education in Turkey. İzmir: International Conference on Human and Economic Resources.
  • Vural, B. M., ve Gülcan, Y. (2008). Impact of Education on Individual Earnings in Turkey. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2(3), 124-132.

Türkiye’de Eğitim Kademelerinin Bireysel Getirileri: Panel Veri Setinden Kanıtlar

Year 2020, Volume: 53 Issue: 1, 87 - 116, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.531243

Abstract

Beşerî sermaye kavramının ortaya çıkması ile birlikte eğitimin
ekonomik katkıları üzerine araştırmalarda artış gözlenmektedir. Bireylerin
beşerî sermaye yatırımı olarak eğitim yatırımlarını tercih etmelerinde onların
gelir düzeylerinin artacağı beklentisi önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra
eğitimin bireylere doğrudan ve dolaylı birçok bireysel ve sosyal katkı
sağlaması, eğitime olan talebin artmasına yol açmaktadır. Eğitimin,
ilköğretimden yükseköğretim kademesine kadar farklı düzeyleri bulunmakta ve her
düzeyin bireye ekonomik katkıları ya da getirileri farklılaşmaktadır. Bu
doğrultuda araştırmanın amacı bireylerin eğitim düzeyinin onların ücret
düzeyine olan katkısının çözümlenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada
ayrıca eğitim düzeyindeki artışın da ücret geliri üzerindeki etkileri ele
alınmıştır. Bu araştırmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun Türkiye’nin 2008-2011
ve 2012-2015 yıllarını içeren Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması hane halkı
panel mikro veri seti kullanılmıştır. İçsellik sorunu göz önünde bulundurularak
panel ekonometrisi yöntemleri kullanılarak genel eğitimin ve her eğitim
kademesinin bireysel getirileri tahmin edilmiştir.  Çalışmada eğitim düzeyinde artışların gelir
düzeyini de aynı yönde ancak farklı oranlarda etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. 

References

  • Bakış, O. (2012). Türkiye'de Eğitimin Bireysel Getirisi: 1988-2008. TÜSİAD Sabancı Üniversitesi Notlar, No.2012-1.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (3b.). New Delhi, India: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital A Theoretical and Emprical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Bhatti, S. H., Bourdon, J., ve Aslam, M. (2013). Economic Returns to Education in France: OLS and Instrumental Variable Estimations. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 18(2), 51-63.
  • Brotherhood, L. M., Ferreira , P., ve Santos, C. (2016). Returns to Schooling and Quality of Education in Returns to Schooling and Quality of Education in. Mayıs 28, 2018 tarihinde https://www.anpec.org.br/encontro/2016/submissao/files_I/i13-d81e3fcbec7492896a45e2c5c6788db7.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2007). Eğitimin Getirisi (Uşak İli Örneği). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 235-252.
  • De Meulemeester, J.L., ve Rochat, D. (2017). Returning to returns: Revisiting the British education evidence. Working Papers CEB 17-023, Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
  • Dolton, P., Sandi, M. (2017). Returning to returns: Revisiting the British education evidence. Labour Economics, 48, 87-104.
  • Gölpek, F. (2012). Eğitim Getirilerinin Özel ve Sosyal Açıdan İncelenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(1), 43-53.
  • Gölpek, F. (2015). Türkiye’de Dört Yıllık Eğitimin Sonunda Kim Kazanır: Toplum mu Birey mi? Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(177), 19-30.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2016). Örneklerle Ekonometri (1 b.). (N. Bolatoğlu, Çev.) Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Gür, B. S., Çelik, Z., Kurt, T., ve Yurdakul, S. (2017). Yükseköğretime Bakış 2017: İzleme ve değerlendirme raporu. Ankara: Eğitim-Bir-Sen Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
  • Hausman, A. J., & Taylor, E. W. (1981). Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1377-1398.
  • Himaz, R., ve Aturupane, H. (2016). Returns to education in Sri Lanka: a pseudo-panel approach. Education Economics, 24, 3, 300-311.
  • Jamal, H. (2015). Private Returns to Education in Pakistan: A Statistical Investigation. Almanya: MPRA Paper No. 70640.
  • Kırdar, M. G., ve Aydemir, A. (2017). Low Wage Returns to Schooling in a Developing Country: Evidence from a Major Policy Reform in Turkey. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 79(6), 1046-1086.
  • Kurt, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Yükseköğretimin Getirileri ve Eğitim Politikalarına Yansımaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Lee, J.-W., ve Wie, D. (2017). Returns to Education and Skills in the Labor Market: Evidence from Japan and Korea. Asian Economic Policy Review, 12, 139-160.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1974). The Human Capital Earnings Function. Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (s. 83-96). içinde NBER.OECD. (2016). Education at a Glance 2016. Paris: OECD Publications.
  • Oancea, B., Pospisil, R. ve Dragoescu, R. (2017). The Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Romania. Romania, Forthcoming in: Proceedings of the Knowledge for Market Use Conference.
  • Peet, E. D., Fink, G., ve Fawzi, W. (2015). Returns to education in developing countries: Evidence from the living standards and measurement study surveys. Economics of Education Review, 49, 69-90.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1973). Returns to Education: An International Comparison. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1985). Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications. Journal of Human Resources, 20(4), 583-604.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: a global update. World Development, 9(22), 1325–1343.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 50(1), 1-17.
  • Staneva, A. V., ve Abdel-Latif, H. (2016). From Soviet to Europe: Returns to Education Puzzle in Bulgaria. Labour, 30(3), 347-367.
  • Tansel, A. (1994). Wage Employment and Earnings and Returns to Schooling for Men and Women in Turkey. Economics of Education Review(13), 305-320.
  • Tansel, A. (2002). Determinants of school attainment of boys and girls in Turkey: individual, household and community factors. Economics of Education Review, 5(21), 455-470.
  • Tansel, A., ve Bodur, F. B. (2012). Wage Inequality and Returns to Education in Turkey: A Quantile Regression Analysis. Review of Development Economics, 16, 107-121.
  • Tansel, A., ve Daoud, Y. (2011). Comparative Essays on Returns to Education in Palestine and Turkey. Türkiye: ERC Working Papers in Economics 11/02.
  • Tarı, R. (2011). Ekonometri (7b.). İzmit-Kocaeli: Umuttepe Kitabevi.
  • Tuaner, M. B., ve Gülcan, Y. (2006). Measuring Returns to Education in Turkey. İzmir: International Conference on Human and Economic Resources.
  • Vural, B. M., ve Gülcan, Y. (2008). Impact of Education on Individual Earnings in Turkey. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2(3), 124-132.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Merve Kurt 0000-0002-3903-5505

Erdal Gümüş 0000-0002-8593-9265

Publication Date April 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 53 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kurt, M., & Gümüş, E. (2020). Private Returns to Levels of Education in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 53(1), 87-116. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.531243

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