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Toplumsal Alan Kuramına Göre Türkiye’de Orta Çocukluk Dönemindeki Ahlaki Gelişim

Year 2020, Volume: 53 Issue: 3, 1051 - 1074, 01.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.555606

Abstract

Ahlaki gelişim toplumdan topluma değişim gösteren bir kavramdır. Her
toplumun kendi ahlaki normları vardır ve bu normlara uyulmaması durumunda
uymayan kişiye karşı toplumsal bir tepki geliştirilir. Ahlaki gelişim
çalışmalarında Kohlberg’in çalışmalarına literatürde geniş yer verilmektedir.
Ancak Kohlberg ahlakın toplumdan topluma değişen değer yargıları olduğundan
bahsetmemektedir. Toplumsal alan kuramına göre Ahlaki gelişim çalışmaları
literatürde kendine yeni yeni yer bulmaya başlamıştır. Bu durum çalışmasının
amacı, ilkokula devam eden, orta çocukluk dönemindeki öğrencilerin Toplumsal
Alan Kuramına göre ahlak gelişimlerini anlamaktır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu
2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında ilkokulda eğitimine devam eden 1,2,3,4.
Sınıftan 60 çocuktur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı
tarafından geliştirilen 6 varsayımsal hikaye oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan içerik
analizi sonucunda, çocukların büyük kural ihlali yerine küçük kural ihlalini
tercih ettiği; çocukların kardeşini kurtarmak için bile hırsızlığın doğru bir
davranış olmadığını belirttikleri, adaletli seçimler yapmanın doğru bir
davranış olduğunu, çocukların istedikleri oyuncakla oynayabilmesi gerektiğini
ve oyuncak seçimine saygı duyulması gerektiğini, ebeveynlerin müdahalesinin doğru
bir davranış olamadığını, son olarak çocukların, kuralların her zaman geçerli
olduğunu, her durumda uyulması gerektiğini belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Arı, R. (2003). Gelişim ve öğrenme. Atlas Kitabevi.
  • Austrian, S. G. (2008). Developmental theories through the life cycle. . Columbia .
  • Bee, H. (2000). The Developing Child. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Buchanan‐Barrow, E. &. (1998). Individual differences in children’s understanding of the school. Social Development, 7(2), 250-268.
  • Buchanan-Barrow, E., & Barret, M. (1998). Children’s rule discrimation within the context of the school. British Journal Of Developmental Psychlogy, 16,539-551.
  • Bussey, K. (1999). Children's categorization and evaluation of different types of lies and truths. Child Development, 70(6), 1338-1347.
  • Cresswell, J. W. (2013). Araştırma Deseni: Nitel, Nicel, Karma. Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Çiftçi, N. (2003). Kohlberg'in Bilişsel Ahlak Gelişimi Teorisi: Ahlak ve Demokrasi Eğitimi. . Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 1(1), 43-77.
  • Çileli, M. (1987). Ergenlikte Ahlak Gelişimi”. Ergenlik Psikolojisi. Derleyen: Bekir Onur. Ankaya: Tas Kitapçılık.
  • Edelstein, W., Nunner-Winkler, G., & Noam, G. G. (1993). Moral und Person. Suhrkamp.
  • Flavell, J. H. (1970). Developmental Studies of Mediated Memory1. In Advances in child development and behavior. JAI, Sayı: 5;181-211.
  • Friedman, W. J., Robinson, A. B., & Friedman, B. L. (1987). Sex differences in moral judgements? A test of Gilligan's theory. Psychology of Eomen Quarterly, 11(1), 37-46.
  • Gander, M. J., & Harry, W. G. (1993). Çocuk ve Ergen Gelişimi. (Yay. Haz.: B. Onur) . İstanbul: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Geçtan, E. (1998). Psikanaliz ve Sonrası. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Hetherington, E. M., & Parke, R. (1993). Child Psychology; A Contemporary Viewpoint . McGraw-Hill.
  • Hotelling, K., & Forrest, L. (1985). Gilligan's theory of sex‐role development: A perspective for counseling. Journal of Counseling&Development, 64(3), 183-186.
  • İnanç, B., Bilgin, B., & Atıcı, M. (2012). “Ahlak Gelişimi”.Gelişim Psikolojisi. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Kabaday, A., & Aladağ, K. S. (2010). Farklı ilköğretim kurumlarına devam eden öğrencilerin ahlaki gelişimlerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 878-898.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1979). İnsan ve İnsanlar. İstanbul: Cem Basımevi.
  • Kim, J., & Turiell, E. (1996). Korean Children’s consepts of adult and peer authority. . Social Development, 5, 310-329.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1963). Moral development and identification. In H. W. Stevenson (Ed.), Child Psychology. Chicago : Chicago Univ. Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive–developmental approach to socialization. In D.A. Goslin(Editör). Handbook of socialization theory and research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1985). The just community approach to moral education in theory and practice. . M. B. (Ed) içinde, Moral Education: theory and application (s. 27-87). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Merriam, S. (2013). Nitel Araştırma. . Ankara: Nobel.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2015). Nitel veri analizi (S. Akbaba Akgül ve A. Ersoy, Çev.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Murray, C., & Turiel, E. (2012). Jimmy’s Baby Doll and Jenny’s Truck: Young Children’s Reasoning About Gender Norms. Child Development, Sayı 83, No:1 Ss:146-158.
  • Murray, C., MinKimb, J., & Turiel, E. (. (2015). Judgments of gender norm violations in children from United States And Korea. Cognitive Development, 122-136.Nucci, L. (2001). Education in the Moral Domain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nucci, L. (2005). Adolescent-parent conflict: Resistance and subversion as developmental process. In conflict, contradiction and contrarian elements in moral development and education. Psychology Press.
  • Nucci, L. P., & Turiel, E. (1978). Social interactions and the development of social concepts in preschool childrens. Child Development, 400-407.
  • Senemoğlu, N. (1997). Gelişim, Öğrenme ve Öğretim. Kuramdan Uygulamaya. Ankara: Spor Matbaacılık.
  • Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66(2),299-314.
  • Smetana, J. G. (2003). Moral development during adolescence. G. R. Adams, & M. Berzonsky içinde, Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence (s. 247-268). UK: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Smetana, J. G. (2011). Adolescents, families, and social development: How teens construct their worlds. Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Tisak, M. (1995). Domains of social reasoning and beyond. . Annals of child development, 11(1), 95-130.
  • Tisak, M. S., & Turiel, E. (1984). Children's conceptions of moral and prudential rules. Child Development, 1030-1039.
  • Tisak, M. S., & Turiel, E. (1988). Variation in seriousness of transgressions and children’s moral and conventional consepts. Developmental Psychology, 24,352-357.
  • Turiel, E. (1978). Social regulations and domains of social concepts. . New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (1),45-74.
  • Turiel, E. (2002). The culture of morality: Social development, context, and conflict. . Cambridge University Press.
  • Turiel, E. (2008). The development of children’s orientations toward moral, social, and personel orders: More than a sequence in development. Human Development, 51(1),21-39.
  • Turiel, E. (2008). Thought about actions in social domains: Morality, social conventions, and social interactions. Cognitive Development, 23(1), 136-154.
  • Turiel, E. (2008). The development of morality. Child and adolescent development: An advanced course. s. 473-514.
  • Wainryb, C., & Ford, S. (1998). Young Children’s evaluations of acts based on beliefs different from their own. Merill-Palmer Quarterly, 44,484-503.
  • Weston Donna, R., & Turiel, T. (1980). Act-Rule Relations: Children's Concepts of Social Rules. Developmental Psychology, 16(5),417-424.
  • Wright, D., & Croxen, M. (1989). Ahlak yargısının gelişimi (çev. D. Öngen). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1),289-310.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.

Moral Development in Middle Childhood Period in Turkey According to Social Domain Theory

Year 2020, Volume: 53 Issue: 3, 1051 - 1074, 01.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.555606

Abstract

Moral development is a variable concept ranging from one society to the other one. Every society has its own moral norms, and It is arisen a social reaction to those people who violates these norms. Kohlberg’s studies are widely available in studies on moral development in the literature. However; Kohlberg doesn’t mention that moral is value judgment changing from one society to the other one. According to the Social Domain Theory, the studies on moral development have recently taken part in literature. The aim of the case study is to understand the moral development of students in middle childhood period, who go to a primary school, according to the Social Domain Theory. Study group of the research is 60 children as first, second, third and fourth grader at the primary school and continuing education in 2018/2019 academic year. 6 hypothetical stories which researcher set are used as data collection tool in the study. By using the content analysis, it is determined that children preferred to violate the “minor rule”, instead of “major rule”; they said that robbery is not moral/right behavior, in order to save even their siblings and they said that making fair choices is moral behavior, and children should play toys which they want, and it should be respected their toy choice, and intervention of their families is not right attitude, and, lastly, rules are always valid and should apply under all circumstances.

References

  • Arı, R. (2003). Gelişim ve öğrenme. Atlas Kitabevi.
  • Austrian, S. G. (2008). Developmental theories through the life cycle. . Columbia .
  • Bee, H. (2000). The Developing Child. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Buchanan‐Barrow, E. &. (1998). Individual differences in children’s understanding of the school. Social Development, 7(2), 250-268.
  • Buchanan-Barrow, E., & Barret, M. (1998). Children’s rule discrimation within the context of the school. British Journal Of Developmental Psychlogy, 16,539-551.
  • Bussey, K. (1999). Children's categorization and evaluation of different types of lies and truths. Child Development, 70(6), 1338-1347.
  • Cresswell, J. W. (2013). Araştırma Deseni: Nitel, Nicel, Karma. Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Çiftçi, N. (2003). Kohlberg'in Bilişsel Ahlak Gelişimi Teorisi: Ahlak ve Demokrasi Eğitimi. . Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 1(1), 43-77.
  • Çileli, M. (1987). Ergenlikte Ahlak Gelişimi”. Ergenlik Psikolojisi. Derleyen: Bekir Onur. Ankaya: Tas Kitapçılık.
  • Edelstein, W., Nunner-Winkler, G., & Noam, G. G. (1993). Moral und Person. Suhrkamp.
  • Flavell, J. H. (1970). Developmental Studies of Mediated Memory1. In Advances in child development and behavior. JAI, Sayı: 5;181-211.
  • Friedman, W. J., Robinson, A. B., & Friedman, B. L. (1987). Sex differences in moral judgements? A test of Gilligan's theory. Psychology of Eomen Quarterly, 11(1), 37-46.
  • Gander, M. J., & Harry, W. G. (1993). Çocuk ve Ergen Gelişimi. (Yay. Haz.: B. Onur) . İstanbul: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Geçtan, E. (1998). Psikanaliz ve Sonrası. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Hetherington, E. M., & Parke, R. (1993). Child Psychology; A Contemporary Viewpoint . McGraw-Hill.
  • Hotelling, K., & Forrest, L. (1985). Gilligan's theory of sex‐role development: A perspective for counseling. Journal of Counseling&Development, 64(3), 183-186.
  • İnanç, B., Bilgin, B., & Atıcı, M. (2012). “Ahlak Gelişimi”.Gelişim Psikolojisi. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Kabaday, A., & Aladağ, K. S. (2010). Farklı ilköğretim kurumlarına devam eden öğrencilerin ahlaki gelişimlerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 878-898.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1979). İnsan ve İnsanlar. İstanbul: Cem Basımevi.
  • Kim, J., & Turiell, E. (1996). Korean Children’s consepts of adult and peer authority. . Social Development, 5, 310-329.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1963). Moral development and identification. In H. W. Stevenson (Ed.), Child Psychology. Chicago : Chicago Univ. Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive–developmental approach to socialization. In D.A. Goslin(Editör). Handbook of socialization theory and research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1985). The just community approach to moral education in theory and practice. . M. B. (Ed) içinde, Moral Education: theory and application (s. 27-87). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Merriam, S. (2013). Nitel Araştırma. . Ankara: Nobel.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2015). Nitel veri analizi (S. Akbaba Akgül ve A. Ersoy, Çev.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Murray, C., & Turiel, E. (2012). Jimmy’s Baby Doll and Jenny’s Truck: Young Children’s Reasoning About Gender Norms. Child Development, Sayı 83, No:1 Ss:146-158.
  • Murray, C., MinKimb, J., & Turiel, E. (. (2015). Judgments of gender norm violations in children from United States And Korea. Cognitive Development, 122-136.Nucci, L. (2001). Education in the Moral Domain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nucci, L. (2005). Adolescent-parent conflict: Resistance and subversion as developmental process. In conflict, contradiction and contrarian elements in moral development and education. Psychology Press.
  • Nucci, L. P., & Turiel, E. (1978). Social interactions and the development of social concepts in preschool childrens. Child Development, 400-407.
  • Senemoğlu, N. (1997). Gelişim, Öğrenme ve Öğretim. Kuramdan Uygulamaya. Ankara: Spor Matbaacılık.
  • Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66(2),299-314.
  • Smetana, J. G. (2003). Moral development during adolescence. G. R. Adams, & M. Berzonsky içinde, Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence (s. 247-268). UK: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Smetana, J. G. (2011). Adolescents, families, and social development: How teens construct their worlds. Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Tisak, M. (1995). Domains of social reasoning and beyond. . Annals of child development, 11(1), 95-130.
  • Tisak, M. S., & Turiel, E. (1984). Children's conceptions of moral and prudential rules. Child Development, 1030-1039.
  • Tisak, M. S., & Turiel, E. (1988). Variation in seriousness of transgressions and children’s moral and conventional consepts. Developmental Psychology, 24,352-357.
  • Turiel, E. (1978). Social regulations and domains of social concepts. . New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (1),45-74.
  • Turiel, E. (2002). The culture of morality: Social development, context, and conflict. . Cambridge University Press.
  • Turiel, E. (2008). The development of children’s orientations toward moral, social, and personel orders: More than a sequence in development. Human Development, 51(1),21-39.
  • Turiel, E. (2008). Thought about actions in social domains: Morality, social conventions, and social interactions. Cognitive Development, 23(1), 136-154.
  • Turiel, E. (2008). The development of morality. Child and adolescent development: An advanced course. s. 473-514.
  • Wainryb, C., & Ford, S. (1998). Young Children’s evaluations of acts based on beliefs different from their own. Merill-Palmer Quarterly, 44,484-503.
  • Weston Donna, R., & Turiel, T. (1980). Act-Rule Relations: Children's Concepts of Social Rules. Developmental Psychology, 16(5),417-424.
  • Wright, D., & Croxen, M. (1989). Ahlak yargısının gelişimi (çev. D. Öngen). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1),289-310.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Elif Özsarı 0000-0003-4211-8229

Ayşe Dilek Öğretir Özçelik 0000-0002-6380-4757

Publication Date December 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 53 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özsarı, E., & Öğretir Özçelik, A. D. (2020). Toplumsal Alan Kuramına Göre Türkiye’de Orta Çocukluk Dönemindeki Ahlaki Gelişim. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 53(3), 1051-1074. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.555606

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