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Validity and Reliability Studies of Helicopter Parenting Scales (HPS) For Adolescents and Parents

Year 2025, Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 437 - 490, 16.08.2025

Abstract

In this study, two instruments were developed to determine the perceived helicopter parenting levels of adolescents and parents. The study group consisted of 564 adolescents (343 female, 216 male) and 521 parents (306 mothers and 215 fathers) attending high schools in the central districts of Ankara. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis conducted on the adolescent and parent scales, which consisted of 42 items each as a pre-test form, a two-factor structure with 26 items in the adolescent scale and a two-factor structure with 24 items in the parent scale was obtained. As a result of the confirmatory factor analyses conducted on the obtained constructs, the factor structures for each version were statistically confirmed. Analyses conducted on the convergent validity and criterion-related validity of the scales revealed that the helicopter parenting construct to be measured with the adolescent and parent scales had a valid structure with a separate scope. It was concluded that the internal consistency of the scales in the sub-factors and total score was quite high. Finally, since helicopter parenting is a parenting practice in which normally exhibited parenting behaviors are applied excessively and frequently, a standardisation analysis was conducted on both scale data and cut-off points were calculated for the scales. It has been established that the Adolescent and Parent Versions of Helicopter Parenting Scale (HPS) are reliable and valid instruments that can be utilized in school and family counseling research and practices.

Ethical Statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Ankara University Ethics Committee. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants.

Supporting Institution

The author(s) declare that they have not received any financial support for research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Thanks

The author(s) declare that no acknowledgments are included in the study.

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Anababa ve Ergenlere Yönelik Helikopter Anababalık Ölçeklerinin (HABÖ) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları

Year 2025, Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 437 - 490, 16.08.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışmada ergenlerin ve anababaların algıladıkları helikopter anababalık düzeylerini belirlemeye olanak tanıyan iki ölçme aracı geliştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Ankara’nın merkez ilçelerindeki lise düzeyinde okullarda öğrenim gören 564 ergen (343 kız, 216 erkek) ve 521 anababa (306 anne ve 215 baba) oluşturmaktadır. Ön deneme formu olarak 42’şer maddeden oluşan ergen ve anababa sürümleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilen açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ergen sürümünde 26 maddelik iki faktörlü bir yapı ve anababa sürümünde 24 maddelik iki faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen yapılar üzerinde yürütülen doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri sonucunda ise her sürüme ilişkin faktör yapıları istatistiksel olarak doğrulanmıştır. Ölçeklerin benzer ölçek ve ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliğine ilişkin yürütülen analizler ergen ve anababa sürümleriyle ölçülmek istenen helikopter anababalık yapısının ayrı bir kapsama sahip geçerli yapıya sahip olduklarını ortaya koymuştur. Ölçeklerin alt faktörlerde ve toplam puanda iç tutarlıklarının oldukça yüksek değere sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak, helikopter anababalığın normalde sergilenen anababalık davranışlarının aşırı ve sıklıkla uygulandığı bir anababalık uygulaması olması nedeniyle her iki ölçek verisi üzerinden standart belirleme çalışması yürütülerek ölçekler için kesme puanlar hesaplanmıştır. Helikopter Anababalık Ölçeği (HABÖ) olarak adlandırılan ölçme araçlarının Ergen ve Anababa Sürümlerinin okul ve aile danışmanlığı alanındaki araştırma ve uygulamalarda kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir araçlar olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

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  • Coşkun, B., ve Katıtaş, S. (2021). Kantarın topuzunu kaçırmak: helikopter ebeveynlik ve eğitsel değişkenlerle ilişkisi üzerine bir tarama. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(3), 1053-1069.
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  • Cui, M., Janhonen-Abruquah, H., Darling, C. A., Chavez, F. L. C. ve Palojoki, P. (2018). Helicopter parenting and young adults’ well-being: a comparison between united states and finland. Cross - Cultural Research, 11- 8. doi: 10.1177/1069397118802253
  • Çetin-Avcı, S., ve Güleç, D. (2020). Yeni bir kavram: Helikopter ebeveynlik. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 163-168.
  • Çok, F., Güçlü, C. H., Özdoğan, H. K., ve Topuz, S. (2022). Helikopter anababalık ve özerklik destekleyici davranışlar ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 55(2), 339-360.
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  • Darlow, V., Norvilitis, J. M. ve Schuetze, P. (2017). The relationship between helicopter parenting and adjustment to college. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2291 – 2298. doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0751-3.
  • Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
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  • Demir, Y., ve Kumcağız, H. (2020). Ergenlerde yeme tutum bozuklukluğunun öznel iyi oluş, depresyon, anksiyete ve stres üzerine etkisi. International Journal of Field Education, 6(1), 24-36.
  • Doepke, M. ve Zilibotti, F. (2014). Tiger moms and helicopter parents: The economics of parenting style. doi: 10.5167/uzh-106852. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/tiger-moms-and-helicopter-parents-economics-parenting-style
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  • Erkuş, A. (2016). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F. ve Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 880-896. doi: 10.1111/j.17413737.2012.00987.x.
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  • Garst, B. A. ve Gagnon, R. J. (2015). Exploring overparenting within the context of youth development programs. Journal of Youth Development, 10(1). doi: 10.5195/jyd.2015.416.
  • Givertz, M. ve Segrin, C. (2012). The association between overinvolved parenting and young adults’ self-efficacy, psychological entitlement, and family communication. Communication Research. doi: 10.1177/0093650212456392
  • Güçlü, C. H., & Çok, F. (2021). Helikopter anababalık ve gençler üzerindeki gelişimsel etkileri. Çocuk ve Gelişim Dergisi, 4(8), 134-150.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. ve Anderson, R.E. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.
  • Hong, P. ve Cui, M. (2020). Helicopter parenting and college students’ psychological maladjustment: the role of self-control and living arrangement. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 338–347. doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01541-2
  • Hong, J., Hwang, M., Kuo, Y. ve Hsu, W. (2015). Parental monitoring and helicopter parenting relevant to vocational student’s procrastination and self-regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 139 - 146. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.003
  • Kouros, C. D., Pruitt, M. M., Ekas, N. V., Kiriaki, R. ve Sunderland, M.(2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and college students’ mental health and well-being: the moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 939–49. doi: 10.1007/s10826-016-0614-3
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd Edition). The Guilford Press
  • LeMoyne, T. ve Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399-418. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.010
  • Lester, P. E., Inman, D., & Bishop, L. K. (2014). Handbook of tests and measurement in education and the social sciences. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Locke, J., Campbell, M. ve Kavanagh, D. (2012). Can a parent do too much for their child? an examination by parenting professionals of the concept of overparenting. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22(2), 249-265. doi: 10.1017/jgc.2012.29
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343.
  • McGartland, R. D., Berg-Weger, M., Tebb, S., Lee, E. S., ve Rauch, S. (2003). “Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research”. Social Work Research, 27(2), 94 - 104.
  • McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological methods, 23(3), 412.
  • Miho, A. ve O. Thévenon (2020). Treating all children equally?: why policies should adapt to evolving family living arrangements. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, 240, 1-43. doi: 10.1787/83307d97-en
  • Nomaguchi, K. ve Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well‐being: a decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82, 198-223. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12646
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M. ve Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177-1190. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Scale Development, Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Esma Daşcı 0000-0003-2961-5976

İlhan Yalçın 0000-0002-6407-9606

Publication Date August 16, 2025
Submission Date July 16, 2024
Acceptance Date January 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 58 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Daşcı, E., & Yalçın, İ. (2025). Validity and Reliability Studies of Helicopter Parenting Scales (HPS) For Adolescents and Parents. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 58(2), 437-490. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.1510132

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