ULUSLARARASI HUKUK AÇISINDAN ÖZEL ASKERÎ ŞİRKETLER VE ŞİRKET ÇALIŞANLARININ STATÜSÜ

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş’ın ardından oluşan siyasî, askerî, iktisadî ve ideolojik şartların etkisiyle şekillenen özel askerî endüstri, çatışma bölgelerinde belirleyici bir aktör hâline gelmiştir. Ancak, özel askerî şirketlerin ve şirket çalışanlarının silâhlı çatışmalardaki statülerinin ve yükümlülüklerinin belirsizliği, hukukî ve siyasî açıdan pek çok sorunu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu makalede, özel askerî şirket çalışanları paralı asker, muharip, muharip olmayanlar, sivil ve silâhlı kuvvetlere refakat eden sivil başlıkları altında incelenmekte ve söz konusu belirsizliğin giderilmesine çalışılmaktadır

Keywords

• Özel askeri şirketler, özel askeri şirket çalışanları, paralı asker, muharipler, muharip olmayanlar, sivil, silâhlı kuvvetlere refakat eden sivil, düşmanca davranışlara doğrudan iştirak, hukuka aykırı muharip

The Status of the Private Military Companies and Their Employees in International Law

Abstract

As a result of political, military, economic and ideologicial changes in the aftermath of the Cold War, Private Military Companies (PMCs) have become decisive actors in conflict zones. However, the status and responsibilities of PMCs and their employees in armed conflicts yet to be clarified, which brings forward several legal and political issues. This article explains the laws on mercenaries, combatants, noncombatants, civilians and civilians accompanying the armed forces and explores when PMCs employees may fall into any of those categories

Keywords

• Private military companies, private military companies’ employees, mercenaries, combatants, noncombatants, civilian, civilians accompanying the armed forces, direct participation in hostilities, unlawful combatants

References

1. Barrie, Bernard O’Meara. (2004–2005). Private Military Firms and Mer- cenaries: Potential for Liability under International Law. Tilburg Foreign Law Review. 12(4), 324–347.
2. Bosch, Shannon. (2007). Private Security Contractors and International Humanitarian Law–A Skirmish for Recognition in International Armed Conflicts. African Security Review. 16(4), 34–52.
3. Cadieux, Jon. (2008). Regulating the United States Private Army: Milita- rizing Security Contractors. California Western International Law Journal. 39(1), 197–236.
4. Cameron, Lindsey. (2006). Private Military Companies: Their Status under International Humanitarian Law and its Impact on Their Regu- lation. International Review of the Red Cross. 88(863), 573–598.
5. Christensen, Eric. (2010). The Dilemma of Direct Participation in Hostili- ties. Journal of Transnational Law & Policy. 19(2), 281–309.
6. De Wolf, Antenor Hallo. (2006). Modern Condottieri in Iraq: Privatizing War from the Perspective of International and Human Rights Law. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 13(2), 315–356.
7. Doswald-Beck, Louise. (2007). Private Military Companies Under İnter- national Humanitarian Law”, in From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Edited by Si- mon Chesterman and Chia Lehnardt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 115–139.
8. Dörman, Knut. (2003). The Legal Situation of Unlawful/Unprivileged Combatants. International Review of the Red Cross. 85(849), 45–74.

9. Franklin, Sarah. (2008). South African and International Attempts to Regulate Mercenaries and Private Military Companies. Transna- tional Law & Contemporary Problems. (17), 239–261.
10. Frye, Ellen L. (2005). Private Military Firms in the New World Order: How Redefining Mercenary can Tame the Dogs of War. Fordham Law Review. 73(6), 2607–2664.
11. Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara. (2006). Business Goes to War: Private Mili- tary/Security Companies and International Humanitarian Law. Inter- national Review of the Red Cross. 88(863), 525–572.
12. Gray, Thomas. (2010). Government-Contractor Immunity--I’m Just Fol- lowing Orders: A Fair Standard of Immunity for Military Service Contractors. Western New England Law Review. 32(2), 373–415.
13. Heaton, J. Ricou. (2005). Civilians at War: Reexamining the Status of Civilians Accompanying the Armed Forces. Air Force Law Review. 57, 155–208.
14. Henckaerts, Jean-Marie ve Doswald-Beck, Louise. (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres.
15. Jones, Oliver R. (2009). Implausible Deniability: State Responsibility for the Actions of Private Military Firms. Connecticut Journal of Inter- national Law. 24(2), 239–289.
16. Kidane, Won. (2010). The Status of Private Military Contractors Under International Humanitarian Law. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. 38(3), 2010, 361–419.
17. Liu, Hin-Yan. (2010). Leashing the Corporate Dogs of War: The Legal Implications of the Modern Private Military Company. Journal of Conflict and Security Law. 15(1), 141–168.
18. Mccormack, Shawn. (2007). Private Security Contractors in Iraq Violate Laws of War. Suffolk Transnational Law Review. 31(1), 75–101.
19. Mehra, Amol. (2009–2010). Bridging Accountability Gaps-The Prolifera- tion of Private Military and Security Companies and Ensuring Ac- countability for Human Rights Violations. Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal. 22, 323–332.
20. Melzer, Nils. (2009). Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Par- ticipation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law. 7 Mart 2011 tarihinde http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc- 872-reports-documents.pdf adresinden erişildi.
21. Milliard, Todd S. (2003). Overcoming Post-Colonial Myopia: A Call to Recognize and Regulate Private Military Companies. Military Law Review. 173, 1–86.
22. Morgan, Richard. (2008). Professional Military Firms Under Interna- tional Law. Chicago Journal of International Law. 9(1), 213–245.
23. Ridlon, Daniel P. (2008). Contractors or Illegal Combatants? The Status of Armed Contractors in Iraq. Air Force Law Review. 62, 199–253.
24. Sandoz, Yves & Swinarski, Christophe ve Zimmermann, Bruno. (1987). Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Ge- neva Conventions of 12 August 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva: Martinus Nishoff Publishers.
25. Sapone, Montgomery. (1999). Have Rifle With Scope, Will Travel: The Global Economy of Mercenary Violence. California Western Inter- national Law Journal, 30(1), 1–43.
26. Scheimer, Michael. (2009). Separating Private Military Companies From Illegal Mercenaries in International Law: Proposing an International Convention for Legitimate Military and Security Support that Re- flects Customary International Law. American University Interna- tional Law Review. 24(3), 609–646.
27. Schmitt, Michael N. (2005). Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees. Chicago Journal of International Law. 5(2), 511–546.
28. Schmitt, Michael N. (2010a). The Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities: A Critical Analysis. Harvard Na- tional Security Journal. 1(1), 5–44.
29. Schmitt, Michael N. (2010b). Deconstructing Direct Participation in Hos- tilities: The Constitutive Elements. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. 42, 697–739.
30. Singer, Peter Warren. (2004). War, Profits, and the Vacuum of Law: Pri- vatized Military Firms and International Law. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 42(2), 521–549.
31. Singer, Peter Warren. (2009). Kiralık Ordular Özel Askerî Şirketler. Çev. Gözde Aral ve İsmail Yaman. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
32. Snyder, David L. (2008). Civilian Military Contractors on Trial: The Case for Upholding the Amended Exceptional Jurisdiction Clause of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Texas International Law Journal. 44(1), 65–96.
33. Stinnett, Nathaniel. (2005). Regulating the Privatization of War: How to Stop Private Military Firms from Committing Human Rights Abus- es. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review. 28, 211–223.
34. Taguba, Antonio. (2004). The Taguba Report on Treatment of Abu Ghraib Prisoners in Iraq. 1 Mart 2011 tarihinde http:// www.npr.org/iraq/2004/prison_abuse_report.pdf adresinden erişildi.
35. The International Committee of the Red Cross. (2003). Direct Participa- tion in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law. Geneva. 2 Ocak 2011 tarihinde http://www.icrc.org/Web ara/site ara0.nsf/htmlall/participationhostilities-ihl-311205/$File/Direct_ participation_in_hostilities_Sept_2003_eng.pdf adresinden erişildi.
36. The International Committee of the Red Cross. (2004). Second Expert Meeting: Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Hu- manitarian Law. 5 Ocak 2011 tarihinde http://www.wcl. american.edu/humright/hracademy/documents/Class2-Direct Par- ticipationinHostilities-SummaryReport2004.pdf?rd=1 adresinden eri-şildi.
37. Tiefer, Charles. (2009). No More Nisour Squares: Legal Control of Pri- vate Security Contractors in Iraq and After. Oregon Law Review. 88(3), 745–775.
38. Van Der Toorn, Damien J. Direct Participation in Hostilities’: A Legal and Practical Evaluation of the ICRC Guidance. 1 Mart 2011 tari- hinde http://works.bepress.com/damien_van_der_toorn/1 adresin- den erişildi.
39. Walther, Pernille. The Legal Status of Private Contractors under Interna- tional Humanitarian Law. http://www.guardian-gbs.com/Presse/afhandling.pdf adresinden eri- şildi.
40. Ocak 2011 tarihinde
41. Zarate, Juan Carlos. (1998). The Emergence of a New Dog of War: Pri- vate International Security Companies, International Law, and the New World Disorder. Stanford Journal of International Law. 34, 75–162.