Yaşamın Kökeni, Evrim ve Tanrı

Abstract

Günümüzde evrim teorisi denince akla gelen düşünce, yaşamın cansız maddeden kendiliğinden doğduğu ve doğal seçilim yoluyla türsel olarak çeşitlendiğidir. Bu düşüncenin arkasında materyalist-natüralist evrimci paradigmanın, yaşamın kökeni sorununu evrim teorisiyle açıklamaya çabası yatmaktadır. Hâlbuki evrim teorisi, Darwin tarafından öne sürüldüğü biçimiyle, sadece yaşamın gördüğümüz zengin çeşitliliğini açıklamaya yöneliktir.Çünkü evrimin çalışmaya başlaması için en basit formda yaşamın elde var olması gerekir. Dahası ne evrimin doğal seçilim mekanizması yaşamın kökeni ile ilgilidir, ne de yaşamın kökeni doğal seçilimli evrimle tatmin edici olarak ortaya konabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, yaşamın kökeni konusunun evrim teorisinin açıklama alanına dâhil olmadığını iddia etmekte ve bu doğrultuda materyalist-naturalist teorileri tartışmaktadır. Sonuç olarak ise halen bilimsel bir açıklamaya kavuşturulamamış olan yaşamın kökeni hakkında Tanrı düşüncesine başvuru imkânına yer vermektedir

Keywords

• Yaşamın Kökeni
• Evrim Teorisi
• Diyalektik Materyalizm
• Biyoloji Felsefesi
• Din Felsefesi

The Origin of Life, Evolution, and God

Abstract

Today, when you think of the theory of evolution, the thought that comes to mind is that life was born spontaneously from inanimate matter and diversified by natural selection as species. It lies behind this thought that materialistic-naturalistic evolutionary paradigm’s attempt to explain the problem of the origin of life by the theory of evolution. However, the theory of evolution as argued by Darwin is intended to explain the rich diversity of life that we see. For it must be the existence of the simplest forms of life in order for evolution to start working. Moreover, neither the evolution’s mechanism of natural selection is related to the origin of life, nor can the origin of life be demonstrated by the evolution through natural selection as satisfactory. This article claims that the issue of the origin of life is not included in the description field of the theory of evolution and, accordingly, discusses against the materialistic-naturalistic theories about the origin of life. And in consequence, it underlies the possibility of referring to God about the origin of life which has not been explained scientifically yet

Keywords

• Origin of life
• Theory of Evolution
• Dialectical Materialism
• Philosophy of Biology
• Philosophy of Religion

References

1. Cairns-Smith, A. G. Seven Clues to the Origin of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
2. Crick, Francis. Life Itself, Its Origin and Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982.
3. Darwin, Charles. The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. Ed. Francis Darwin. Londra: John Murray, c.3, 1887.
4. ---------. The Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Londra: John Murray, 1859.
5. Davies, Paul. “Physics and Life,” Julian Chela-Flores, Tobias Owen ve François Raulin (ed.), First Steps in Origin of Life in the Universe (New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2001) içinde, ss.11-21.
6. ---------. The Cosmic Blueprint. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2004.
7. Dawkins, Richard. Selfish Genes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
8. ---------. Blind Watchmaker. Londra: W. W. Norton and Company, 1996.

9. ---------. Climbing Mount Improbable. Londra: W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 1996.
10. ---------. The Greatest Show on Earth. New York: Free Press, 2009.
11. Dobzhansky, Theodosius. “Discussion of G. Schramm’s Paper,” S. W. Fox (ed.), The Origin of Prebiological Systems and of their Molecular Matrices (New York: Academic Press, 1965) içinde, ss.315.
12. Dyson, Freeman. Origins of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
13. Engels, Frederick. Dialectics of Nature. Almanca’dan çev. Clemens Dutt. New York: International Publishers, 1976.
14. Ferris, James P. “From Buildings Blocks to the Polymers of Life,” J. William Schopf (ed.), The Origin of Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) içinde, ss.113-140.
15. Francis, Keith A. Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species. Londra: Greenwood Press, 2007.
16. Haldane, J. B. S. “Why I am a materialist?,” Rationalist Annual, 1940.
17. ---------. What is Life? Londra: Alcuin Press, 1949.
18. Jacobson, Homer. “Information, Reproduction and the Origin of Life,” American Scientist 43:1 (1955), ss.119-127.
19. Kauffman, Stuart. At Home in the Universe, the Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
20. Küppers, Bernd-Olaf. Molecular Theory of Evolution. Almanca’dan çev. Paul Woolley. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
21. Luisi, Pier Luigi. The Emergence of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
22. Lurgin, Paul L. The Origins of Life and the Universe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
23. Kenneth Miller, Finding Darwin’s God (New York: Herper Perennial, 2007), s.276.
24. Mayr, Ernst. This is Biology, The Science of The Living World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
25. Mayr, Ernst. What Evolution is. Londra: Phoenix, 2002.
26. Miller, Kenneth. Finding Darwin’s God. New York: Herper Perennial, 2007.
27. Miller, Stanley L. “A Production of Amino Acids under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions,” Science (New series) 117 (1953), ss.528-529.
28. Monod, Jacques. Rastlantı ve Zorunluluk. Çev. Elodie Eda Moreau. İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım, 2012.
29. Oparin, A. I. Origin of Life. Rusça’dan çev. Sergius Morgulis. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1965.
30. Orgel, Leslie E. “The Origin of Biological Information,” J. William Schopf (ed.), The Origin of Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) içinde, ss.140-158.
31. Oro, John. “Historical Understanding of Life’s Beginnings,” J. William Schopf (ed.), Life’s Origin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) içinde, ss.7-41.
32. Rauchfuss, Horst. Chemical Evolution and Origin of Life. Almanca’dan çev. Terence N. Mitchell. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2008.
33. Raulin-Cerceau, F. “Historical Review of The Origin of Life and Astrobiology,” Joseph Seckbach (ed.), Origins, Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology (New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004) içinde, ss.15-34.
34. Shannon, C. E. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” The Bell System Technical Journal 27:3 (1948) ss.379-423; 27:4 (1948), ss.623-656.
35. Teerikorpi, Pekka. Mauri Valtonen, Kirsi Lehto, Herry Lehto, Gene Byrd, Arthur Chernin. The Evolving Universe and the Origin of Life. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2009.
36. Trevors, J. T. & D. L. Abel. “Chance and Necessity do not explain the origin of life,” Cell Biology International 28:11 (2004), ss.729-739.
37. Wickramasinghe, J., C. Wickramasinghe, W. Napier. Comets and Origin of Life. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2010.
38. Yockey, Hubert P. Information Theory and Molecular Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
39. ---------. “Origin of Life on earth and Shannon’s theory of communication,” Computers and Chemistry 24:1 (2000), ss.105-123.
40. ---------. Information Theory, Evolution and the Origin of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.