Ideology and Management Studies: The Impact of Social Darwinism on the Development of Scientific Management Thought

Abstract

The study aims to reveal the ideological appoaches that are effective in the history of management and management philosophy, which remain untouched in the literature, from a critical point of view. Ideologies are the crude expression of thought systems that serve to protect the social order and the interests of the dominant or ruling group in the society. However, ideologies should follow their time’s political and economic tendencies; therefore, they must support and legitimize them. It is possible to achieve this by building the inculcations, moral principles and values that coincide with tendencies mentioned above and directing people to act following these principles and values. The paper aims to contribute to the history of management studies by considering the scientific management approach, a milestone in the management thought, from a different perspective. Scientific management has been influenced and shaped by environmental conditions and certain contingencies. The literature was scanned with the tracking method, and the social, economic and intellectual ground in which scientific management was born was taken into account; the relationship between Taylorism-Darwinism-Social Darwinism and the interactions of management theorists involved in this relationship are discussed from a critical perspective. As a result of this study; under the idea of scientific management based on improving efficiency and increasing production, it has been seen that the determinist and absolute prescriptive approach of Social Darwinism leads the groundwork for establishment of the scientific management framework and it is effective in the development of scientific management.

Keywords

• Ideology
• Management History
• Management Philosophy
• Scientific Management Thought
• Social Darwinism.

Project Number

Yok

İdeoloji ve Yönetim Çalışmaları: Bilimsel Yönetim Düşüncesinin Gelişim Sürecine Sosyal Darwinizmin Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürde bâkir kalan, yönetim tarihi ve yönetim felsefesinde etkili olan ideolojik yaklaşımları eleştirel bakış açısıyla ortaya çıkarmaktır. İdeolojiler toplum düzenini korumaya hizmet eden düşünce sistemleri ve toplumdaki baskın ya da yönetici grubun çıkarlarının kabaca ifade etme şeklidir. Bununla birlikte ideolojiler, kendi zamanının siyasi ve iktisadi eğilimlerine uygun olması dolayısıyla onları desteklemek ve meşrulaştırmak mecburiyetindedir. Bunu başarabilmesi de mevzuubahis olan eğilimlerle örtüşen telkinleri, ahlaki ilkeleri ve kıymet hükümlerini inşa etmek; insanları bu ilke ve kıymet hükümlerine uygun davranmaya yönlendirmekle olasıdır. Bu doğrultuda, yönetim düşüncesinin bilimsel nitelik kazanmasında önemli katkısı olan bilimsel yönetim yaklaşımının farklı bir perspektiften ele alınarak, yönetim tarihi çalışmalarına katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Bilimsel yönetim, içinde bulunduğu çevre koşullarından ve belli durumsallıklardan etkilenip şekillenmiştir. Literatür iz sürme metodu ile taranarak, bilimsel yönetiminin içinde doğduğu toplumsal, ekonomik ve düşünsel zemin göz önünde bulundurularak Taylorizm-Darwinizm-Sosyal Darwinizm ilişkisi ve bu ilişkide rol alan yönetim teorisyenlerin etkileşmeleri eleştirel bir perspektiften ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme sonucunda; verimliliği geliştirmek ve üretimi artırmak üzerine inşa edilen bilimsel yönetim düşüncesi göz önüne alındığında; Sosyal Darwinizmin determinist ve mutlak kuralcı yaklaşımının bilimsel yönetimin çerçevesini oluşturmak için uygun zemin hazırladığı ve bilimsel yönetimin gelişiminde etkili olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

• İdeoloji
• Yönetim Tarihi
• Yönetim Felsefesi
• Bilimsel Yönetim Düşüncesi
• Sosyal Darwinizm.
• Ideology
• Management History
• Management Philosophy
• Scientific Management Thought
• Social Darwinism.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Thanks

Yok

References

1. Abercrombie, N., Turner, B. (1978). The Dominant Ideology Thesis. British Journal of Sociology, 29(2), 149-170.
2. Alchon, G. (1985). The Invisible Hand of Planning Capitalism, Social Science, and the State in the 1920s. Princeton University Press.
3. Althusser, L. (2010). İdeoloji ve Devletin İdeolojik Aygıtları. 4. Baskı, İthaki Yayınları.
4. Audi, R. (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, New York.
5. Awbrey, S. M. (2006). Book Review: Capitalism, Social Privilege and Managerial Ideologies. Management Learning. 37(1), 131-134.
6. Badertscher, K. (2020). Social Darwinism. 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2020-11-17.
7. Baradat, L. P., & Phillips, J. A. (2016). Political ideologies: Their origins and impact. Routledge.
8. Barber, William. (1987). Should the American Economic Association Have Toasted Simon Newcomb at Its 100th Birthday Party? Journal of Economic Perspectives 1, 179–83.

9. Barley, S. R., Kunda, G. (1992). Design and Devotion: Surges of Rational and Normative Ideologies of Control in Managerial Discourse. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 363-399.
10. Belmehdi (2019). Social Darwinism and the System of Examinations from Elementary to Secondary Education in England (1859-1944). University of Mustapha Stambouli – Mascara, Faculty of Letters and LanguagesDepartment of English Language and Literature, Master Degree Thesis.
11. Bengücan, F. (2021). Ömer Seyfettin’de Milliyetçilik ve Sosyal Darwinizm. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 7(87), 3770-3775.
12. Bitterman, H. J. (1940). Adam Smith's Empiricism And The Law Of Nature I, 48 J. Pol. Econ, 487.
13. Blanshard, B. (2022). Rationalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/rationalism
14. Bluhm, W. T. (2014). İdeoloji ve Politik Kültür. İdeoloji Üzerine Eleştirel İdeoloji Analizleri. Derleyen ve Çeviren: Can Şahan. Pales Yayınları.
15. Boskoff, A. (1973). JDY Peel (Ed.): Herbert Spencer On Social Evolution (Book Review). Social Forces, 52(1), 127.
16. Bourke, V. J. (1962). Rationalism. Dictionary of Philosophy, 263.
17. Braverman, H. (2008) Emek ve Tekelci Sermaye: Yirminci Yüzyılda Çalışmanın Değersizleşmesi, çev. Ç. Çidamlı, İstanbul: Kalkedon.
18. Browne, Janet. (2016). “Charles Darwin and Ideology: Rethinking the Darwinian Revolution.” Mètode Revista de Difusió de La Investigació 0 (7) (June 20).
19. Bowden, B., Muldoon, J., Gould, A. M. McMurray, A. J. (2020). The Palgrave Handbook of Management History. Springer Nature Switzerland.
20. Bünyadzade, G. (2009). Doğu'da Batı'da İrrasyonel Düşüncenin Boyutları. Ötüken Neşriyat.
21. Cayet, T. (2007). A Scientific Management of Work? A micro-international perspective on the internationalization of management ideas. EBHA Conference. Geneva, 13-15 September.
22. Chiapello E, Fairclough N. (2002). Understanding the new management ideology: a transdisciplinary contribution from critical discourse analysis and new sociology of capitalism. Discourse & Society, 13(2), 185-208.
23. Crowley, G. R., & Sobel, R. S. (2010). Adam Smith: Managerial Insights From The Father of Economics. Journal of Management History. 16(4): 504-508.
24. Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man And Selection In Relation To Sex. New York, NY: The Modern Library.
25. Dartch (2017). Darwinism and the Theory of Rational Choice Report. European Commission Cordis Research Result. url: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/295449/reporting
26. De Gaulejac, V. (2013). İşletme Hastalığına Tutulmuş Toplum, çev. Ö. Erbek. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
27. de LaPouge, Georges Vacher, and Carlos C. Closson. (1897). The Fundamental Laws of Anthropo-sociology. Journal of Political Economy, 6(1), 54–92.
28. Dike, Samuel. (1912). Shall Churches Increase Their Efficiency by Scientific Methods? American Journal of Theology, 16(1), 20–30.
29. Dikötter F. (1998), Race Culture: Recent Perspectives on the History of Eugenics, The American Historical Review, 103(2), 467-478.
30. Durant, W. (2022). The Story of Philosophy: Courier Dover Publications.
31. Feyerabend, P. K. (2020). Philosophy and the Physicists (1955). In Feyerabend’s Formative Years. Volume 1. Feyerabend and Popper. Springer, Cham.
32. Fisher, Irving. (1907). Why Has the Doctrine of Laissez Faire Been Abandoned? Science, 25(627), 18–27.
33. Fisher, Irving. (1909). Report on National Vitality: Its Wastes and Conservation. Bulletin 30 of the Committee of One Hundred on National Health. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
34. Flew, A. (1987). Social Science: Making Visible The Invisible Hands. Journal of Libertarian Studies, 8(2), 197-211.
35. Galton, Francis. (1904). Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims. American Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 1–25.
36. Gantman, E. R. (2020). Capitalism, Social Privilege and Managerial Ideologies, Routledge Revivals, Taylor & Francis Limited.
37. Gerring, J. (1997). Ideology: a Definitional Analysis. Political Research Quarterly, 50, 957-994.
38. Ghiselin, M. (1973). Darwin And Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin Initiated A Radically New Way of Studying Behavior. Science Science (New York, N.Y.), 179(4077), 964-968.
39. Ghiselin, M. (1976). The Economy of Nature and The Evolution of Sex. Journal of The History of Biology, 9(2).
40. Gould, S. (1981). Review Of The Origin By I. Stone. Science, 188, 270-271.
41. Gould, S. (1993). Evolution of Organisms: Oxford University Press.
42. Gould, S. (2001). The Book of Life. New York: Norton.
43. Goddard, H. H. (1920). Human efficiency and levels of intelligence. Princeton University Press.
44. Gorz, A. (2007). İktisadi Aklın Eleştirisi, çev. İ Ergüden. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
45. Gray, K. (1993). Why We Will Lose: Taylorism in America's High Schools. The Phi Delta Kappan, 74(5), 370-374.
46. Grönroos, C. (1994). From Scientific Management To Service Management: A Management Perspective For The Age of Service Competition. International Journal of Service Industry Management.
47. Güngör, S. (2001). Althusser'de ideoloji kavramı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 221-231.
48. Gürsel, B. (2014). Kapitalist Üretim İlişkilerinin Sürdürülmesinde Psikolojinin Rolü: Anaakım Çalışma ve Psikoloji İdeolojilerinde Bireycilik ve Akılcılık. Praksis, 35-36
49. Haber, Samuel. (1964). Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. Haines, V. (1991). Spencer, Darwin, And The Question Of Reciprocal Influence. Journal of History Of Biology, 24, 409-431.
51. Hanlon, G. (2016). The dark side of management: a secret history of management knowledge. Taylor & Francis Books.
52. Hayek, F. A. (1973). Rules And Order, London: Routledge&K.
53. Hofstadter, R. (2016). Social Darwinism in American thought, 1860-1915. Boston: Beacon Press
54. IEP (2022). Science and Ideology. https://iep.utm.edu/sci-ideo/ (erişim tarihi:25.04.2022)
55. Jones, Edward D. (1911). Review Article. American Economic Review, 1(4), 833–36.
56. Kaya, İ. T. (2019) Aydınlanma Rasyonalizminin Neoklasik Ekonomiye Yansımaları. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 84-95.
57. Keir, M. (1917). Scientific Management and Socialism. The Scientific Monthly, 5(4), 359-367.
58. Kidwell, R. E. (1995). Social darwinism and the taylor system: a missing link in the evolution of management? International Journal of Public Administration, 18(5), 767-791.
59. Kierkegaard, S. (2018). Tekerrür. Alfa Yayınları.
60. Klikauer, T. (2015). What Is Managerialism? Critical Sociology, 41(7-8) 1103–1119.
61. Kuhn, T. S. (2021). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Çev.: Nilüfer Kuyaş. Kırmızı Yayınları.
62. Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul,
63. Leonard, Thomas C. (2003). “A Certain Rude Honesty”: John Bates Clark as a Pioneering Neoclassical Economist. History of Political Economy, 35(3), 521–58.
64. Leonard, Thomas C. (2005). Protecting Family and Race: The Progressive Case for Regulating Women’s Work. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 64(3), 757–91.
65. Leonard, Thomas C. (2005a). Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era. Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(4), 207–224.
66. Leonard, T. C. (2009). American economic reform in the Progressive Era: its foundational beliefs and their relation to eugenics. History of Political Economy, 41(1), 109-141.
67. Mannheim, K. (2009). İdeoloji ve Ütopya. (Çev.: Mehmet Ayyayuz). Nika Yayınevi.
68. Marciano, A., & Pelissier, M. (2000). The Influence Of Scottish Enlightenment On Darwin's Theory Of Cultural Evolution. Journal Of The History Of Economic Thought, 22(2), 239-249.
69. Mardin, Ş. (1992). İdeoloji. İletişim Yayınları.
70. Mark, F. (1978). Herbert Spencer and the Myth of Laissez-Faire. Journal of the History of Ideas, 39(2), 317–328.
71. McGarty, C., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Spears, R. (2002). Social, cultural, and cognitive factors in stereotype formation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489877.002
72. Mclellan, D. (2009). İdeoloji (2. Baskı). Çev. B. Yıldırım. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
73. Meriç, C. (1970). İdeoloji. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 2(21-22), 119-142.
74. Miesing, P., Preble, J. F. (1985). "A Comparison of Five Business Philosophies." Journal of Business Ethics, 4, 465-476.
75. Morrow, G. R. (1923). The Significance Of The Doctrine Of Sympathy In Hume And Adam Smith. The Philosophical Review, 32(1), 60-78.
76. Newbert, S. L. (2016). Lessons On Social Enterprise From The Father Of Capitalism: A Dialectical Analysis of Adam Smith. Paper Presented At The Academy Of Management Proceedings.
77. Nyckel, E.-M. (2020). "Digital Taylorism"? Data Practices and Governance in the Enterprise Software Salesforce. (Weizenbaum Series, 9). Berlin: Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society-The German Internet Institute. https://doi.org/10.34669/wi.ws/9
78. Örs, H. B. (2014). 19. Yüzyıldan 20. Yüzyıla Modern Siyasal İdeolojiler. 7. Baskı. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
79. Parush, T. (2008). "Management Ideology" to "Management Fashion": A Comparative Analysis of Two Key Concepts in the Sociology of Management Knowledge. International Studies of Management & Organization, 38(1), 48-70.
80. Person, H. (1915). FW Taylor As A Seeker of Truth. Journal of Efficiency Society, 4(8).
81. Perry, M., & Jacob, M. (2008). Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics and Society: Since 1400 (9th ed.). Boston, Wadsworth Pub. Co
82. Radick, G. (2019). Darwinism and Social Darwinism. In: Breckman, W and Gordon, PE, (eds.) The Cambridge History of Modern European Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 279-300.
83. Richards, Ellen Swallow. (1910). Euthenics: The Science of Controllable Environments. Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows.
84. Roediger, D. R., Esch, E. D. (2012). The Production of Difference: Race and the Management of Labor in U.S. History. New York: Oxford University Press.
85. Schliesser, E. (2011). Reading Adam Smith After Darwin: On The Evolution Of Propensities, Institutions, And Sentiments. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 77(1), 14-22.
86. Schumacher, R. (2012). Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage and the use of doxography in the history of economics. Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics, 5(2), 54-80.
87. Schweber, S. S. (1980). Darwin and the Political Economists: Divergence of Character. Journal of the History of Biology, 13(2), 195-289
88. Searle, G. R. (1998). The Early Years. R. A. Peel (Ed) Essays in the History of Eugenics. London: The Galton Institute
89. Seeck, H. Sturdy, A. Boncori, A. L. & Fougère, M. (2020). Ideology in management studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 22(1), 53-74.
90. Segal, S., Bruce, K. (2017). "Breaking the chains of ignorance: manager-philosophers in recent management history", Journal of Management History, 23(2), 118-132.
91. Séguy, J. (1986). Turner (Jonathan H.) Herbert Spencer. A Renewed Appreciation. Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions, 61(2), 325-325.
92. Seligman, E. R. A. (1925). Economists. In Essays in Economics. New York: Macmillan
93. Shenhav, Y. (1999). Manufacturing Rationality: The Engineering Foundations of the Managerial Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press
94. Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth Of Nations. Dublin: Printed For Messrs. Whitestone, Chamberlaine, W. Watson, Potts, S. Watson, Hoey ... [And 14 Others].
95. Smith, A. (1822). The Theory Of Moral Sentiments (Vol. 1): J. Richardson.
96. Söderbaum, P. (1999). Values, ideology and politics in ecological economics. Ecological Economics. 28, 161–170.
97. Stevenson, L., Witt, C., Haberman, D. A., Wright, P. M., Witt, C. (2020). İnsan Doğası Üzerine On Üç Teori. The Kitap.
98. Şener, E., Bulut, Ö. & Baran, S. (2022). Bilimsel Yönetim Paradigmasının Görünmeyen Yüzü: Kadın Teorisyenler ve Sosyal & Entelektüel Ağları Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma. Yorum Yönetim Yöntem Uluslararası Yönetim Ekonomi ve Felsefe Dergisi, 10 (1), 25-54.
99. Taylor, F. (1914). The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
100. Taylor, O. (1930). Economics And The Idea of Jus Naturale. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 44(2), 205-241.
101. Torun, T. (2013). İktisat Etik İlişkisine Sosyal Darwinist Bir Yaklaşım. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 6(2), 135-163.
102. Vahrenkamp, R. (2018). Between Technocracy and Taylorism Frederik Winslow Taylor as a thinker between manufactory and large-scale industry. Working Paper Logistics, 21/2018.
103. Ward, Lester Frank. (1915). Glimpses of the Cosmos. Vol. 3. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
104. Wikipedia (2013) https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arketip&action=edit (05.17.2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
105. Wiltshire, D. (1973). The Social And Political Thought of Herbert Spencer: University of Oxford.
106. Wispé, L. (1991). The Psychology of Sympathy: Springer Science & Business Media.
107. Wren, D. A., & Bedeian A. G. (2009). The Evolution Of Management Thought. Jhon Wiley & Son. Inc: USA
108. Yücel, M. S., & Taşar, M. M. (2016). Sosyal Darwinizm: Ortaya Çıkışı, Gelişimi ve Erken Cumhuriyet’e Etkisi. Kutadgubilig: Felsefe Bilim Araştırmaları, (29), 309-340.