The Association Between Employee Voice, Pscyhological Capital And Well-Being Among Nato Workers: A Multinational Study From The Perspective Of Positive Organizational Behavior

Abstract

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the effects of PsyCap and well-being (WB) on employee voice (EV) in a frame of integrated model on a multinational sample. The universe of the research was formed by the 4,000 employees of NATO operating in Afghanistan. Data were collected from 598 personnel from 13 different countries by using the questionnaire method. The data were analyzed with the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques by using SPSS.21.0 and AMOS statistical program.

The results indicated that that the PsyCap significantly affected the WB and the EV in the positive direction. Significant relationships were also found between PsyCap, WB subscales and EV. In examining the intermediary role, it was found that self-efficacy has a partial mediating role between positive well-being (PWB) and EV. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Keywords

• Positive Organizational Behavior,Psychological Capital,Employee Voice,Well-Being

NATO Çalışanları Arasında İş Gören Sesliliği, Psikolojik Sermaye ve İyi Olma Hali Arasındaki İlişki: Pozitif Örgütsel Davranış Perspektifinden Çok Uluslu Bir Çalışma

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı psikolojik sermayenin iş gören sesliliğine etkisinde iyi olma halinin aracı rolünün bütüncül bir model çerçevesinde çok uluslu bir örneklem üzerinde incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın evrenini NATO bünyesinde Afganistan’da bulunan kamplarda görev yapan çeşitli uluslardan 4000 sivil ve resmi çalışan oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada 13 ayrı ülkeden 598 personelden veri toplanmıştır. Veriler yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.

Araştırma sonucunda, psikolojik sermayenin, iyi olma hali ve iş gören sesliliğini, pozitif yönde anlamlı olarak etkilediği bulguları elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca psikolojik sermaye, iyi olma hali alt boyutları ve iş gören sesliliği arasında anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Aracılık rolünün incelenmesinde, öz yeterliliğin iş gören sesliliği üzerindeki etkisinde pozitif iyi olma halinin kısmi aracı rolü olduğu bulunmuştur. Gelecekte yapılacak araştırma ve uygulamalar için çıkarımlar tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Pozitif Örgütsel Davranış,Psikolojik Sermaye,İş Gören Sesliliği,İyi Olma Hali

References

1. Anderson, J. C. and Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
2. Avery, D. (2003). Personality as a predictor of the value of voice. The Journal of Psychology, 137, (5), 435-446.
3. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F. and Youssef, C. M. (2008). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Leadership Institute Faculty Publications, Paper 6,1-42.
4. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F. & Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, SepOct2009, Vol. 48, Issue 5, 677-693.
5. Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the ımpact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22 (2), 127-152. doi: 10.1002hrdq.20070.
6. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
7. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.

9. Bandura A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.
10. Bandura, A. (2005). Evolution of social cognitive theory. In K. G. Smith & M. A. Hitt (Eds.), Great minds in management (pp. 9-35). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. Bandura, A. (2008). An agentic perspective on positive psychology. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.). Positive psychology: Expecting the best in people (Vol. 1, p.1-27). New York: Praeger.
12. Baron, R. M., Kenny D. A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
13. Barney, J. (1995). Looking Inside for Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(4), 49- 61.
14. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
15. Britt, T. W., Adler, A. B. and Bartone, P. T. (2001). Deriving benefits from stressful events: The role of engagement in meaningful work and hardiness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 53–63.
16. Bryne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. New York: Routledge.
17. Cameron, K. S. (2008). Paradox in positive organizational change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44, 7-24.
18. Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 297-334.
19. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
20. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E. and Smith, H. E. (1999). Subjective wellbeing: Three Decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
21. Detert, J. R. and E. R. Burris (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? The Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 869-884.
22. Garmezy, N. (1974). The study of competence in children at risk for severe psychopathology. In E. J. Anthony & C. Koupernik (Eds.), The child in his family: Vol. 3. Children at psychiatric risk (pp. 77–97). New York: Wiley
23. Glozah, F. and Pevalin, D. J. (2015) Factor structure and psychometric properties of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among Ghanaian adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(1): 53-57. doi: 10.2989/17280583.2015.1007867
24. Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. London: Oxford University Press.
25. Goldberg, D. P. ve Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the general health questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9 (1): 139-145.
26. Grant, A. M. and Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3–34.
27. Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 327–347. 10.5465/AMJ.2007.24634438.
28. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
29. Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions. American Scientist, 91, 330-335.
30. Frese, M., Teng, E. and Wijnen, C. (1999). Helping to improve suggestion systems: predictors of making suggestions in companies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1139-1150.
31. Hayes A.F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millenium. Communication Monographs 76(4): 408–420. DOİ:10.1080/03637750903310360
32. Hirschman, A.O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M. and Cheung, S. F. (2010).The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 658–663.
34. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist American Psychological Association, 44 (3), 513-525.
35. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
36. Kaplan, D. (2000), Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and Extensions, Sage, NewsburyPark, CA.
37. Karademas, E. C. (2007). Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 277-287. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.031.
38. Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62, 95–108.
39. Landau, J. (2009). When employee voice is met by deaf ears. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 74(1), 4-12.
40. Luthans, F. (2002a). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57–72.
41. Luthans, F. (2002b). Positive psychology approach to OB. In F. Luthans (Ed.), Organizational behavior (9th ed., pp. 286-322). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
42. Luthans, F. (2012). Psychological capital: Implications for HRD, retrospective analysis, and future directions. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23 (1),1-8. doi: 10.1002 hrdq. 21119.
43. Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007a). Psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and job satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541–572.
44. Luthans, F., Harms, P. D., Youssef, C. M. and Sweetman, D. S. (2013). Meeting the leadership challenge of employee well-being through relationship Psycap and health PsyCap. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20(1), 118-133.
45. Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. (2008). Supportive climate and organizational success: The mediating role of psychological capital. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 219–238.
46. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., and Avolio, B. J. (2007b). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Luthans, F. and Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33 (2), 143-160.
48. MacKinnon D.P. (2000). Contrasts in Multiple Mediator Models In J.S.Rose, L.Chassin, C.C.Presson ve S.J.Sherman (Eds.) Multivariate Applications in Substance Use Research:New Methods for New Questions. Mahwaj,NJ, Erlbaum: 141-160.
49. Masten, A. S., & Reed, M.-G. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). London: Oxford University Press.
50. Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayınları.
51. Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior integration and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 5-1, 373-412. doi: 10.1080/ 19416520 2011.574506.
52. Politi P.L., Piccinelli, M. and Wilkinson, G. (1994). Reliability, validity and factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among young males in Italy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(6), 432-7.
53. Reich, J.F., Zautra, J. A. and Hall, J. S. (2010). Hand Book of Adult Resilience. New York: The Guılford Press.
54. Ryan, R. M. and Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
55. Seligman, M. E. P. and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
56. Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 355-360.
57. Snyder, C. R. (2000). Handbook of hope. San Diego: Academic Press.
58. Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249-275.
59. Snyder, C. R., Lehman, K. A., Kluck, B. and Monsson, Y. (2006). Hope for rehabilitation and vice versa. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51, 89–112.
60. Suhr, D.D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
61. Van Dyne, L., Ang. S. and Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Construct. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1360-1392.
62. Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. 1994. Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, operationalization, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 765-802. Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L. L., & McLean Parks, J. 1995. Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 17: 215-285. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
63. Van Dyne, L. & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviour: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. The Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108-119.
64. Youssef, C. M. and Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace the ımpact of hope, optimism, and and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. doi: 10.1177/0149206307305562
65. Youssef-Morgan, C. M. and Luthans, F. (2015). Psychological capital and well-being. In Stress and Health, 31 (3), 180-188.
66. Youssef-Morgan, C. M. and Luthans, F. (2013). Psychological capital theory: Toward a positive holistic model. Advances in positive organizational psychology, 1, 145–166.
67. Williams, S. and Cooper, C. L. (1998). Measuring occupational stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 306-321.
68. Wood, S. and Menezes L. (2011). High involvement management, high-performance work systems and well-being. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(7), 1586–1610.