The Virtue of Free Trade: Peace

Öz

The Manchester School focused on the contribution of international trade to peace while developing economic views that could improve the financial expectations of individuals in the goal of political and social progress. As trade and economy grow, people will be connected, and political methods and diplomacy will develop. The self-glorification of nations, which hinder the development of political solutions, the feelings of chauvinism and nationalism may turn into a more moderate attitude. The aim of the article is to evaluate the views and solution proposals of the Manchester School and Richard Cobden on the realizability of world peace, which discuss how states steer international politics in order to gain political and economic national power and to hide the problems in their own national / domestic policies. The Manchester School claims that mercantilism, protectionism and the power of the aristocratic class, which are the foundations of its domestic policies, were reinforced by wars. The proposed solutions are the development of free trade, the development of international co-operation, the abolition of protectionism and arbitration.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Free Trade
• Imperialism
• Balance of Power
• R. Cobden

Serbest Ticaretin Erdemi: Barış

Öz

Manchester Okulu siyasal ve toplumsal yönden ilerleme hedefinde, bireylerin maddi beklentilerini iyileştirebilecek ekonomik görüşler geliştirirken, uluslararası ticaretin barışa olan katkılarına odaklanmıştır. Ticaret ve ekonomi büyüdükçe insanlar birbirine bağlanacak, siyasal yöntemler ve diplomasi gelişecektir. Siyasi çözümlerin gelişmesini engelleyen milletlerin kendini yüceltmesi, şovenizm ve milliyetçilik duyguları daha ılımlı bir tutuma dönüşebilecektir. Makalenin amacı, devletlerin siyasal ve ekonomik ulusal güç elde edebilmek ve kendi ulusal/iç politikalarındaki sorunları gizleyebilmek adına uluslararası politikaya nasıl yön verdiklerini ele alan Manchester Okulu ve Richard Cobden’in dünya barışının gerçekleştirilebilirliğine yönelik görüşleri ve çözüm önerilerini değerlendirmektir. Manchester Okulu kendi iç politikalarının dayandığı temeller olan merkantilizmin, korumacılığın ve aristokrat sınıfın gücünün savaşlarla pekiştirildiğini iddia eder. Çözüm önerileri serbest ticaretin geliştirilmesi, milletler arası iş birliğinin geliştirilmesi, korumacılığın kaldırılması, tahkimdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Serbest Ticaret
• Emperyalizm
• Güç Dengesi
• R. Cobden

Kaynakça

1. Bresiger, G. (1997). Laissez faire and little englanderism: The rise, fall, rise, and fall of the Manchester School. Journal of Libertarian Studies, 3(1), 45-79. https://www.mises.org/library/laissez-faire-and-littleenglanderism- rise-fall-rise-and-fall-manchester-school-0
2. Bright, J. M. (1868). Speeches on questions of public policy. (J. E. T. Rogers, Ed.) (C. 1). London: Macmillian and Co.
3. Butler, E. (2018). Klasik liberalizm bir el kitabı. (A. Akçiçek, Çev.). Ankara: Liberte Yayınları.
4. Ceadel, M. (2014). The peace movement: Overview of a British brand leader. International Affairs, 90(2), 351- 365. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24538559
5. Ceadel, M. (2017). The London peace society and absolutist–reformist relations within the peace movement, 1816–1939. Peace & Change, 42(4), 496-520, https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12256
6. Cobden, R. (1851). An international reduction of navies. F. W. Hirst (Ed.), Free Trade and Other Fundamental Doctrines of the Manchester School: Set Forth in Selections from the Speeches and Writings of Its Founders and Followers (s. 309-319) içinde. London and New York: Harper & Brothers.
7. Cobden, R. (1903). The political writings of Richard Cobden (C. I). London: T. Fisher Unwin.
8. Grampp, W. D. (1960). The Manchester School of economics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

9. Guelzo, A. C. (2015). Lincoln, cobden, and bright: The braid of liberalism in the nineteenth century’s transatlantic world. American Political Thought, 4(3), 391-411. Erişim adresi: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/682045
10. Hayek, F. A. von. (2009). Liberalizm. Liberal Düşünce, XIV(55), 197-224. http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/liberalizm-friedrich-august-von-hayek,261.php
11. Hinde, W. (1987). Richard Cobden: A victorian outsider. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
12. Hirst, F. W. (1903). Free trade and other fundamental doctrines of the Manchester School: Set forth in selections from the speeches and writings of ıts founders and followers. London and New York: Harper & Brothers.
13. Hobson, J. A. (1918). Richard Cobden: An ınternational man. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
14. Horrocks, J. W. (1925). A short history of mercantilism. London: Routledge.
15. Howe, A. (2015). Why Couldn’t Cobden Replicate His Anti-Corn Law Success?. Indiana: Liberty Fund. Erişim adresi: https://oll.libertyfund.org/liberty-matters/stephen-davies-richard-cobden-free-trade-movement #response1
16. Lampe, M. (2009). Effects of bilateralism and the MFN clause on ınternational trade: Evidence for the Cobdenchevalier network, 1860–1875. The Journal of Economic History, 69(4), 1012-1040. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050709001363
17. Nicolls, D. (1991). Richard Cobden and the ınternational peace congress movement, 1848-1853. Journal of British Studies, (30), 351-376. https://doi.org/10.1086/385989
18. Palen, M.-W. (2021). Marx and Manchester: The Evolution of the socialist ınternationalist free-trade tradition 1846-1946. The International History Review, XLIII(2), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2020.1723677
19. Richardson, S. (2015). Manchester or Midhurst?. Indiana: Liberty fund. Erişim adresi: https://oll.libertyfund.org/liberty-matters/stephen-davies-richard-cobden-free-trade-movement#conv ersation7
20. Spall, R. F. (1988). Free trade, foreign relations, and the anti-corn-law league. The International History Review, 10(3), 405-432. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105891
21. Wallace, E. (1960). The political ideas of the Manchester School. University of Toronto Quarterly, XXIX(2), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.3138/utq.29.2.122