Public Diplomacy Practices of Small States: Luxembourg and Founding Membership of the European Union

Öz

Luxembourg, with an area of 2586 km2 and its population of 660.000 people is a small state situated in the heart of Europe. This small state is the founding member of many international organisations like NATO, Council of Europe, OSCE, UN and the European Union which is a supranational structure. These memberships can be explained by geographical and historical conditions and are also important for the country’s diplomatic activity. Today Luxembourg practices its public diplomacy activities through EU institutions and successful diplomats. Moreover, the status of ‘founding member’ of the union earns additional reputation to Luxembourg. On the basis of small states’ foreign policy tendencies, the present study focuses on Luxembourg’s EU founding membership and on the reasons for which said membership became a public diplomacy tool.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Luxembourg
• EU
• Small States Theory
• Public Diplomacy
• European Studies

Küçük Devletlerin Kamu Diplomasisi Uygulamaları: Lüksemburg ve Avrupa Birliği Kurucu Üyeliği

Öz

Lüksemburg 2586 km2’lik nüfusu ve 660.000 kadar olan nüfusuyla Avrupa’nın kalbinde yer alan küçük bir devlettir. Bu küçük devlet, NATO, Avrupa Konseyi, AGİT, BM gibi birçok uluslararası örgütün kurucu üyesidir ve bunlara ‘uluslarüstü’ bir yapı olan Avrupa Birliği de dahildir. Coğrafi ve tarihsel koşullarla açıklanabilecek bu üyelikler, ülkenin kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri açısından da önem taşır. Lüksemburg günümüzde AB nezdinde kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerini AB kurumları ve başarılı diplomatlar üzerinden gerçekleştirmektedir. Bunun da ötesinde birliğin ‘kurucu üyelik’ statüsü Lüksemburg’a uluslararası sistemde ayrı bir prestij kazandırmış durumdadır. Çalışma küçük devlet dış politika eğilimlerinden hareketle Lüksemburg’un AB kurucu üyeliği ve bu üyeliğin bir kamu diplomasisi aracına dönüşme nedenlerine odaklanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lüksemburg
• AB
• Küçük Devlet Teorisi
• Kamu Diplomasisi
• Avrupa Çalışmaları

Kaynakça

1. Ambassade de Luxembourg a Paris. (2022). Déclaration de Jean Asselborn. Erişim adresi: https://paris.mae.lu/fr/actualites/2022/declarationjeanasselbornpolitiqueetrangereeteuropeennechambredesdeputes.html.
2. Britannica. (2024). Benelux. Erişim adresi: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benelux.
3. C2DH Université de Luxembourg. (2024). Emergence de la nouvelle diplomatie luxembourgeoise. Erişim adresi: https://www.c2dh.uni.lu/events/lemergence-de-la-nouvelle-diplomatie-luxembourgeoise.
4. Clergie, J., Gruber, A. ve Rambaud, P. (2008). L’Union Européenne, Paris: Dalloz.
5. Cull, N. (2009). Public diplomacy before Gullion, N. Snow ve P.Taylor (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy içinde (s. 19-63). New York: Routledge.
6. Cull, N. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past, Los Angeles: Figueroa Press. Erişim adresi: http://kamudiplomasisi.org/pdf/kitaplar/PDPerspectivesLessons.pdf.
7. Dumont, P. ve Kies, R. (2013). History of Luxembourg, Luxembourg University, Erişim adresi: https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/21880/1/Europa%20world%20yearbook.final.docx.
8. Education Luxembourg. (2018). La politique étrangere du Luxembourg. Erişim adresi: https://portal.education.lu/Portals/77/PDF/FOR_Au%C3%9Fenpolitik_20191115.pdf?ver=2019-12-18-103903-437

9. Ekşi, M. (2023). Klasik diplomasiden kamu diplomasisine yeni yöntem ve araçlar. Ankara: Nobel.
10. Embassy of Luxembourg in Ankara. (2024). Erişim adresi: https://ankara.mae.lu/en.html.
11. European Union. (2024). Luxembourg country profile. Erişim adresi: https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/luxembourg_en.
12. Flesch, C. (1983). La diplomatie luxembourgeoise: Nécessité, réalité et défi, Studia Diplomatica, 36(2), 145-162. Erişim adresi: https://sip.gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/publications/bulletin/1983/BID_1983_3/BID_1983_3.pdf.
13. France Diplomatie. (2024). Présentation du Luxembourg. Erişim adresi: https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/luxembourg/presentation-du-luxembourg/.
14. Frentz, J. (2010). The foreign policy of Luxembourg, R. Steinmetz ve A. Wivel (Ed.), Small states in Europe içinde (s. 131-147). Surrey: Ashgate.
15. Geolinks. (2024). Fiche Grand Duché du Luxembourg. Erişim adresi: https://geolinks.fr/geopolitique/fiche-risque-pays-grand-duche-du-luxembourg/.
16. Gouvernement Luxembourg. (2024). Missions diplomatiques et consulaires Luxembourg. Erişim adresi: https://mae.gouvernement.lu/fr/missions-diplomatiques/missions-diplomatiques-et-consulaires-luxembourgeoises.html.
17. Gouveia, P. ve Hester, P. (2005). European infopolitik: Developing EU public diplomacy strategy, UK: The Foreign Policy Centre. Erişim adresi: http://www.kamudiplomasisi.org/pdf/kitaplar/EUpublicdiplomacystrategy.pdf.
18. Harmsen, R. ve Hogenauer, A. (2020). Luxembourg and the European Union, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics içinde (s.1-21). UK: Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1041.
19. Hey, J. A. K. (2002). Luxembourg’s foreign policy: Does small size help or hinder?, The European Journal of Social Science Research, 15 (3), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351161022000027621.
20. Hey, J. A. K. (2003). Luxembourg: where small works (and wealthy doesn’t hurt), J.A.K. Hey (Ed.), Small States in World Politics içinde (s.75-95). London: Lynne Rienner.
21. Hey, J. A. K. (2003). Introducing small state foreign policy, J.A.K. Hey (Ed.), Small states in world politics içinde (s. 1-13). London: Lynne Rienner.
22. Kavoğlu, S. (2023). Türkiye’nin kamu diplomasisi panoraması: Uygulayıcı kurumlar üzerine bir inceleme, E. Köksoy ve S. Kavoğlu (Ed.), Türkiye perspektifinden kamu diplomasisi içinde, Ankara: Nobel.
23. Kok, N. ve Verbeek, B. (2020). Individual leadership and effective small state foreign policy: Luxembourg and the seat of the European institutions, Acta Polit, 55, 67-85. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326018778_Individual_leadership_and_effective_small_state_foreign_policy_Luxembourg_and_the_seat_of_the_European_institutions.
24. Kolnberger, T. (2024). Forever small?, T.Kolnberger ve H. Koff (Ed.), Agency, security and governance of small states içinde (s.64-84). London: Routledge. Erişim adresi: https://www.routledge.com/Agency-Security-and-Governance-of-Small-States-A-Global-Perspective/Kolnberger-Koff/p/book/9781032410487.
25. Kreins, J. (2021). Le Grand-Duché dans l’intégration européenne, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Erişim adresi: https://www.cairn.info/histoire-du-luxembourg--9782715407350-page-115.htm.
26. Luxembourg Public. (2024). Tout savoir sur le Grand Duché de Luxembourg. Erişim adresi: https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg-tc.pdf.
27. Luxembourg Space Agency. (2024). A new era for space development. Erişim adresi: https://space-agency.public.lu/en/agency/lsa.html.
28. Luxtoday. (2024). Luxembourg population. Erişim adresi: https://luxtoday.lu/en/knowledge/luxembourgs-population-in-2024.
29. Martinus, F. (2006). Luxembourg: Balancing EU and national interests. The Treaty of Nice içinde (s.219-225). Brill: Nijhoff. Erişim adresi: https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047417484/Bej.9789004148208.i-564_012.xml.
30. Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy – soft power in IR, New York: Palgrave. Erişim adresi: https://culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/soft_power/The_New_Public_Diplomacy.pdf.
31. MichalskiI, A. (2005). The EU as a soft power: The force of persuasion, Melissen, J. (Ed.), The new public diplomacy – soft power in IR içinde (s.124-147). New York: Palgrave.
32. Nye, J. S. (2005). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs. Erişim adresi: https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Soft_Power.html?id=hTBxIMnpMloC&redir_esc=y
33. Rosiere, S. (2007). Géographie politique & géopolitique, Paris: Ellipses.
34. Sancar, G. (2014). Kamu diplomasisi ve uluslararası halkla ilişkiler, İstanbul: Beta.
35. Santé Luxembourg. (2023). Le Luxembourg accueille la réunion de haut niveau des petits Etats de l’OMS. Erişim adresi: https://sante.public.lu/fr/actualites/2023/05/whosci-2023.html.
36. Santer, J. (1986). Luxembourg and the future of the Atlantic Alliance. Harvard International Review, 9(1), 19-47. Erişim adresi: https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/b3b144f5-8368-4e45-888d-29dcf2c2deef/publishable_en.pdf
37. Szondi, G. (2008). Public diplomacy and nation branding. Netherlands Institute of IR, Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253744488_Public_Diplomacy_and_Nation_Branding_Conceptual_Similarities_and_Differences.
38. T. C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı. (2024). AB’nin genişlemesi. Erişim adresi: https://www.ab.gov.tr/avrupa-birliginin-genislemesi_109.html#_ftn1.
39. The Conversation. (2024). How Luxembourg is positionning itself to be the centre of space business. Erişim adresi: https://theconversation.com/how-luxembourg-is-positioning-itself-to-be-the-centre-of-space-business-120436.
40. Thorhallsson, B. (2015). How do little frogs fly? Small states in the EU. NUPI Policy Brief, 12, 1-4. Erişim adresi: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/190145/NUPI%20Policy%20Bief%2012-15-Thorallsson.pdf.
41. Thorhallsson, B. ve Steinsson, S. (2019). A theory of shelter, B.Thorhallsson (Ed.), Small states and shelter theory:Iceland’s external affairs içinde (s. 24-59). New York: Routledge.
42. Toute L’Europe. (2024). Luxembourg. Erişim adresi: https://www.touteleurope.eu/pays/luxembourg/.
43. Tür, Ö. ve Salık, N. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilerde küçük devletler: Gelişimi, tanımı, dış politika ve ittifak davranışları. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 14(53), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.513054.
44. Wurth, H. (2006). La politique étrangère du Luxembourg. Revue Internationale et Stratégique 61, 217-226. Erişim adresi: https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-et-strategique-2006-1-page-217.htm.
45. Wurth-Rentier, J. (1981). Du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et de la construction européenne. Studia Diplomatica, 34(1), 87-109. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40204765