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Labour Market Programs and Employment: A Research for Selected Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 495 - 524, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1440230

Abstract

It is known that labor market programs are frequently used to support employment. In this respect, the effectiveness of these programs on employment is investigated from different perspectives in the literature. The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of active and passive labor market programs on employment in different countries. In this context, the short and long-run effects of active and passive labor market programs on employment in the US, Germany, Sweden and Spain between 1991 and 2020 are analyzed using the ARDL method. The analysis reveals that out-of-work income maintenance and support, which is among the passive programs, reduces employment in all countries in the short and long run. Among the active labor market programs, employment incentives and direct job creation programs increase employment in some countries compared to training, while the training leads to an increase in employment in the short run only in Sweden. In this context, it has been observed that active programs affect employment differently both in the short and long run within countries and across countries depending on the type of practice. Therefore, it can be said that labor market programs are directly related to the socio-economic situation of countries as well as the general structure of their labor markets.

References

  • Arranz, J. M. ve García-Serrano, C. (2023). Assistance benefits and unemployment outflows of the elderly unemployed: The impact of a law change. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 26, 1-14, 100466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2023.100466
  • Bayraktar, Y. ve Yaşarlar, Y. (2017). Pasif işgücü piyasası politikalarının işsizliğe etkileri: Küresel kriz sonrası Türkiye deneyimi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(2), 1-17. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/doujournal/issue/66677/1043132
  • Benghalem, H., Cahuc, P. ve Villedieu, P. (2022). The lock-in effects of part-time unemployment benefits. hal-03881625. Erişim adresi: https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03881625
  • Betcherman, G. ve Olivas, K. ve Dar, A. (2004). Impacts of active labor market programs: New evidence from evaluations with particular attention to developing and transition countries (No. 0402). Washington: The World Bank.
  • Breusch, T. S. (1978). Testing for autocorrelation in dynamic linear models. Australian Economic Papers, 17, 334-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1978.tb00635.x
  • Brown, A. J. G. ve Koettl, J. (2015). Active labor market programs- employment gain or fiscal drain?. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 4(12), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-015-0025-5
  • Carling, K. ve Richardson, K. (2004). The relative efficiency of labor market programs: Swedish experience from the 1990s. Labour Economics, 11(3), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2003.09.002
  • Crépon, B. ve van den Berg, G. J. (2016). Active labor market policies. Annual Review of Economics, 8, 521-546. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115738
  • Filges, T., Kennes, J., Larsen, B. ve Tranæs, T. (2011). Labour market programmes and the Equity-efficiency trade-off. Journal of Macroeconomics, 33(4), 738-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2011.06.004
  • Fredriksson, P. ve Johansson, P. (2003). Employment, mobility, and active labor market programs (No. 2003:3). Uppsala: Nationalekonomiska Institutionen.
  • Godfrey, L. G. (1978). Testing for higher order serial correlation in regression equations when the regressors include lagged dependent variables. Econometrica, 46, 1303-1310. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913830
  • Heckman, J. J., LaLonde, R. J. ve Smith, J. A. (1999). The economics and econometrics of active labor market programs. Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3) in (pp. 1865-2097). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Holm, A., Høgelund, J., Gørtz, M., Rasmussen, K. S. ve Bøje Houlberg, H. S. (2017). Employment effects of active labor market programs for sick-listed workers. Journal of Health Economics, 52, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.01.006
  • Irandoust, M. (2023). Active labor market as an instrument to reduce unemployment. Journal of Government and Economics, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2023.100065
  • Jespersen, S. T., Munch, J. R. ve Skipper, L. (2008). Costs and benefits of Danish active labour market programmes. Labour Economics, 15(5), 859-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.005
  • Jia, Y. G. (2023). Did the unemployment benefits extension between 2009-2013 deter entrepreneurship in the US? Some evidence and a model of unemployment benefits and entrepreneurship. Economic Modelling, 122, 106240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106240
  • Kapar, R. (2005). Sosyal korumanın işgücü piyasasına etkisi. İstanbul: Net Basım ve Yayıncılık.
  • Kılınç Savrul, B. ve Uzunca, N. (2020). Türkiye’de pasif işgücü piyasası politikası kapsamında uygulanan işsizlik ödeneğinin işsizliğe etkileri: Zaman serisi analizi. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6(61), 1704-1717. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2254
  • Kluve, J. (2010). The effectiveness of European active labor market programs. Labour Economics, 17, 904-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.004
  • Kluve, J., Puerto, S. ve Robalino, D., vd. (2019). Do youth employment programs improve labor market outcomes? A quantitative review. World Development, 114, 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.004
  • Kyyrӓ, T. (2010). Partial unemployment insurance benefits and the transition rate to regular work. European Economic Review, 54(7), 911-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2010.02.005
  • Liepmann, H. ve Pignatti, C. (2024). Welfare effects of unemployment benefits when informality high. Journal of Public Economics, 229, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.105032
  • Lininger, C. A. (1963). Unemployment benefits and duration a study of the effect of weekly unemployment benefit amounts on the duration of unemployment benefits. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
  • Martins, P. S. (2021). Working to get fired? Unemployment benefits and employment duration. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(5), 1016-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.03.004
  • Mourelo, E. L. ve Escudero, V. (2017). Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers programs: Evidence for Argentina. World Development, 94, 422-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.006
  • Narayan, P. K. (2002). The saving and investment Nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500278103
  • Nekby, L. (2008). Active labor market programs for the integration of youths and immigrants into the labor market: the Nordic experience. Santiago: CEPAL. Pellizzari, M. (2006). Unemployment duration and the interactions between unemployment insurance and social assistance. Labour Economics, 13(6), 773-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2005.10.003
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pignatti, C. ve van Belle, E. (2018). Better together: Active and passive labour market policies in developed and developing economies (No. 37). Cenevre: ILO.
  • Pirciog, S., Ciuca, V. ve Popescu, M. E. (2015). The net impact of training measures from active labour market programs in Romania- subjective and objective evaluation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 339-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00862-X
  • Rodriguez-Planas, N. ve Jacob, B. (2010). Evaluating active labor market programs in Romania. Empirical Economics, 38, 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0256-z
  • Sianesi, B. (2008). Differential effects of active labour market programs for the unemployed. Labour Economics, 15(3), 370-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.04.004
  • Şahin, M., Nal, M. ve Kaya, F. (2019). Aktif işgücü piyasası politikaları işsizliği nasıl etkiliyor? İŞKUR eşleştirme hizmeti etki analizi. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 9(1), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.582734
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th Ed.). New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Uşen, Ş. (2007). Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de aktif emek piyasası politikaları. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2, 65-95. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ct/issue/71787/1155086
  • Wapler, R., Wolf, K. ve Wolff, J. (2022). Do active labor market policies for welfare recipients in Germany raise their regional outflow into work?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(3), 550-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.05.006
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410372

İşgücü Piyasası Programları ve İstihdam: Seçili Ülkeler Kapsamında Bir Araştırma

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 495 - 524, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1440230

Abstract

İşgücü piyasası programlarının istihdamı destekleme konusunda sıklıkla başvurulan uygulamalar olarak nitelendirildiği bilinmektedir. Bu açıdan bu programların istihdam üzerindeki etkinliği literatürde farklı perspektiflerde araştırılmaktadır. Farklı ülkelerde aktif ve pasif işgücü piyasası programlarının istihdam üzerinde nasıl bir etki gösterdiği çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Bu bağlamda çalışma kapsamında aktif ve pasif işgücü piyasası programlarının Amerika, Almanya, İsveç ve İspanya’da 1991-2020 yılları arasında istihdam üzerindeki kısa ve uzun dönemli etkisi ARDL yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmektedir. Yapılan analizlerle pasif uygulamalar içerisinde yer alan çalışma dışı gelir desteğinin kısa ve uzun dönemde tüm ülkelerde istihdamı azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Aktif işgücü piyasası programlarından istihdam teşvikleri ve doğrudan istihdam yaratma uygulamalarının eğitim programlarına kıyasla istihdamı bazı ülkelerde artırdığı eğitim programının ise yalnızca İsveç’te kısa dönemde istihdam artışına yol açtığı gözlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda aktif uygulamaların program türüne göre gerek ülke içerisinde kısa ve uzun dönemde gerekse ülkeler arasında istihdamı farklı yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bu açıdan işgücü piyasası programlarının ülkelerin işgücü piyasalarının genel yapısının yanında içerisinde bulunduğu sosyo-ekonomik durum ile doğrudan ilişkili olduğu söylenebilecektir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmada ikincil veriler kullanıldığı için etik kurul iznine ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır. Çalışma yazar tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir.

References

  • Arranz, J. M. ve García-Serrano, C. (2023). Assistance benefits and unemployment outflows of the elderly unemployed: The impact of a law change. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 26, 1-14, 100466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2023.100466
  • Bayraktar, Y. ve Yaşarlar, Y. (2017). Pasif işgücü piyasası politikalarının işsizliğe etkileri: Küresel kriz sonrası Türkiye deneyimi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(2), 1-17. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/doujournal/issue/66677/1043132
  • Benghalem, H., Cahuc, P. ve Villedieu, P. (2022). The lock-in effects of part-time unemployment benefits. hal-03881625. Erişim adresi: https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03881625
  • Betcherman, G. ve Olivas, K. ve Dar, A. (2004). Impacts of active labor market programs: New evidence from evaluations with particular attention to developing and transition countries (No. 0402). Washington: The World Bank.
  • Breusch, T. S. (1978). Testing for autocorrelation in dynamic linear models. Australian Economic Papers, 17, 334-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1978.tb00635.x
  • Brown, A. J. G. ve Koettl, J. (2015). Active labor market programs- employment gain or fiscal drain?. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 4(12), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-015-0025-5
  • Carling, K. ve Richardson, K. (2004). The relative efficiency of labor market programs: Swedish experience from the 1990s. Labour Economics, 11(3), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2003.09.002
  • Crépon, B. ve van den Berg, G. J. (2016). Active labor market policies. Annual Review of Economics, 8, 521-546. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115738
  • Filges, T., Kennes, J., Larsen, B. ve Tranæs, T. (2011). Labour market programmes and the Equity-efficiency trade-off. Journal of Macroeconomics, 33(4), 738-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2011.06.004
  • Fredriksson, P. ve Johansson, P. (2003). Employment, mobility, and active labor market programs (No. 2003:3). Uppsala: Nationalekonomiska Institutionen.
  • Godfrey, L. G. (1978). Testing for higher order serial correlation in regression equations when the regressors include lagged dependent variables. Econometrica, 46, 1303-1310. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913830
  • Heckman, J. J., LaLonde, R. J. ve Smith, J. A. (1999). The economics and econometrics of active labor market programs. Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3) in (pp. 1865-2097). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Holm, A., Høgelund, J., Gørtz, M., Rasmussen, K. S. ve Bøje Houlberg, H. S. (2017). Employment effects of active labor market programs for sick-listed workers. Journal of Health Economics, 52, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.01.006
  • Irandoust, M. (2023). Active labor market as an instrument to reduce unemployment. Journal of Government and Economics, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2023.100065
  • Jespersen, S. T., Munch, J. R. ve Skipper, L. (2008). Costs and benefits of Danish active labour market programmes. Labour Economics, 15(5), 859-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.005
  • Jia, Y. G. (2023). Did the unemployment benefits extension between 2009-2013 deter entrepreneurship in the US? Some evidence and a model of unemployment benefits and entrepreneurship. Economic Modelling, 122, 106240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106240
  • Kapar, R. (2005). Sosyal korumanın işgücü piyasasına etkisi. İstanbul: Net Basım ve Yayıncılık.
  • Kılınç Savrul, B. ve Uzunca, N. (2020). Türkiye’de pasif işgücü piyasası politikası kapsamında uygulanan işsizlik ödeneğinin işsizliğe etkileri: Zaman serisi analizi. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6(61), 1704-1717. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2254
  • Kluve, J. (2010). The effectiveness of European active labor market programs. Labour Economics, 17, 904-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.004
  • Kluve, J., Puerto, S. ve Robalino, D., vd. (2019). Do youth employment programs improve labor market outcomes? A quantitative review. World Development, 114, 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.004
  • Kyyrӓ, T. (2010). Partial unemployment insurance benefits and the transition rate to regular work. European Economic Review, 54(7), 911-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2010.02.005
  • Liepmann, H. ve Pignatti, C. (2024). Welfare effects of unemployment benefits when informality high. Journal of Public Economics, 229, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.105032
  • Lininger, C. A. (1963). Unemployment benefits and duration a study of the effect of weekly unemployment benefit amounts on the duration of unemployment benefits. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
  • Martins, P. S. (2021). Working to get fired? Unemployment benefits and employment duration. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(5), 1016-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.03.004
  • Mourelo, E. L. ve Escudero, V. (2017). Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers programs: Evidence for Argentina. World Development, 94, 422-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.006
  • Narayan, P. K. (2002). The saving and investment Nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500278103
  • Nekby, L. (2008). Active labor market programs for the integration of youths and immigrants into the labor market: the Nordic experience. Santiago: CEPAL. Pellizzari, M. (2006). Unemployment duration and the interactions between unemployment insurance and social assistance. Labour Economics, 13(6), 773-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2005.10.003
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pignatti, C. ve van Belle, E. (2018). Better together: Active and passive labour market policies in developed and developing economies (No. 37). Cenevre: ILO.
  • Pirciog, S., Ciuca, V. ve Popescu, M. E. (2015). The net impact of training measures from active labour market programs in Romania- subjective and objective evaluation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 339-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00862-X
  • Rodriguez-Planas, N. ve Jacob, B. (2010). Evaluating active labor market programs in Romania. Empirical Economics, 38, 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0256-z
  • Sianesi, B. (2008). Differential effects of active labour market programs for the unemployed. Labour Economics, 15(3), 370-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.04.004
  • Şahin, M., Nal, M. ve Kaya, F. (2019). Aktif işgücü piyasası politikaları işsizliği nasıl etkiliyor? İŞKUR eşleştirme hizmeti etki analizi. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 9(1), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.582734
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th Ed.). New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Uşen, Ş. (2007). Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de aktif emek piyasası politikaları. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2, 65-95. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ct/issue/71787/1155086
  • Wapler, R., Wolf, K. ve Wolff, J. (2022). Do active labor market policies for welfare recipients in Germany raise their regional outflow into work?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(3), 550-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.05.006
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410372
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Labor Economics and Economic Demography
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatma Yeşilkaya 0000-0002-1766-3535

Publication Date June 27, 2024
Submission Date February 20, 2024
Acceptance Date March 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yeşilkaya, F. (2024). İşgücü Piyasası Programları ve İstihdam: Seçili Ülkeler Kapsamında Bir Araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 495-524. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1440230

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