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The Impact of Global Peace on Military Expenditures

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 939 - 954, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1463093

Abstract

Military expenditures are not only an important factor in ensuring peace and security, but also have controversial effects on the economic growth of countries. The extent of military expenditures to ensure peace is another dimension of these discussions. This study analyzes the relationship between the global peace index, GDP, number of military personnel and military expenditures of 18 countries in the Global Peace Index (GPI) for the period 2008-2022 is analyzed using panel data analysis. The results show that there is a positive relationship between the global peace index, GDP, number of military personnel and military expenditures. It is thought that the result that peace has a decreasing effect on military expenditures should be evaluated not only by countries' own dynamics but also by taking into account factors such as geographical location, armaments of neighboring countries and developments in the world.

References

  • Azam, M. (2020). Does military spending stifle economic growth? The empirical evidence from non-OECD countries. Heliyon, 6(12), 1-10. Erişim adresi: https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(20)32695-5.pdf
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 4). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Baran, P. A. ve Sweezy, P. M. (1966). Monopoly capital: An essay on the american economic and social order. New York, NY: Modern Reader Paperbacks.
  • Bardwell, H. Ve Iqbal, M. (2021). The economic impact of terrorism from 2000 to 2018. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 27(2), 227-261. Doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0031
  • Bekmez, S. ve Akif Destek, M. (2015). Savunma harcamalarında dışlama etkisinin incelenmesi: Panel veri analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), s. 91-110. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1024754
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and defense in developing countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271-280. Erişim adresi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1153245
  • Blomberg, S. B., Hess, G. D. ve Orphanides, A. (2004). The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism. Journal of monetary economics, 51(5), 1007-1032. doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2004.04.001
  • Collier, P. ve Hoeffler, A. (2006). Military expenditure in post-conflict societies. Economics of Governance, 7, 89-107. doi.org/10.1007/s10101-004-0091-9
  • d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., Lorusso, M. ve Pieroni, L. (2020). Military spending, corruption, persistence and long run growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(4), 423-433. doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2020.1751503
  • Deger, S. (1985). Human resources, government education expenditure, and the military burden in less developed countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 20(1), 37-48. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4191416?seq=7
  • Dunne, P. ve Nikolaidou, E. (2001). Military expenditure and economic growth: A demand and supply model for Greece, 1960–96. Defence and Peace Economics, 12(1), 47-67. doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404976
  • Elveren, A. Y. (2019). The economics of military spending: a marxist perspective. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Emeka, E. T., Ogbuabor, J. E. ve Ekeocha, D. O. (2024). Terrorism and economic complexity in Africa: The unconditional impact of military expenditure. African Development Review, 36(1), 1-14. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12732
  • Frees, E. W. (2004). Longitudinal and panel data, analysis and applications in the social sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Garcia, H. P. (2019). Will military expenditure secure national peace and spur economic growth?. Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 16, 77-86. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339815307_Will_Military_Expenditure_Secure_National_Peace_and_Spur_Economic_Growth
  • Global Peace Index (GPI) (2023). Global Peace Index 2023: Measuring peace in a complex world. Sydney: Institute for Economics & Peace. Erişim adresi: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/resources/global-peace-index-2023/
  • Gökmenoğlu, K. K., Taşpınar, N. ve Rahman, M. M. (2021). Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: a comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986-997. doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1831
  • Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data (2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iheonu, C. O. ve Ichoku, H. E. (2023). Terrorism and economic growth in Africa: understanding the role of military expenditure. Behavioral sciences of terrorism and political aggression, 15(4), 448-462. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2021.1987967
  • IISS (The International Institute for Strategic Studies). (2023). The Military Balance + Database. Erişim adresi: https://milbalplus.iiss.org/
  • Karamanis D. (2022). Defence partnerships, military expenditure, investment, and economic growth: an analysis in PESCO countries. Hellenic observatory discussion papers, July 2022, paper no. 173, 2022. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Erişim adresi: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/115485/1/GreeSE_paper_173.pdf
  • Knight, M., Loayza, N. ve Villanueva, D. (1996). The peace dividend: military spending cuts and economic growth. Staff papers, 43(1), 1-37. doi.org/10.2307/3867351
  • Maddala, G. S. ve Lahiri, K. (1992). Introduction to econometrics. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Maher, M. ve Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979. doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2021.1943625
  • Nugroho, D. A. ve Purwanti, E. Y. (2021). Impact of military expenditure on economic growth encouraging or constraining?. JEJAK, 14(1), 9-20. doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v14i1.26062
  • Oyerinde, A. A. ve Fagboro, D. G. (2020). Military expenditure, ınstitutional quality and economic growth in Nigeria. Global journal of Accounting, 6(1), 41-52. Erişim adresi: http://gja.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/872/708
  • Polachek, S. W. ve Sevastianova, D. (2012). Does conflict disrupt growth? Evidence of the relationship between political instability and national economic performance. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 21(3), 361-388. doi.org/10.1080/09638191003749783
  • Raifu, I. A. ve Aminu, A. (2023). The effect of military spending on economic growth in MENA: evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 7. doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00181-9
  • Saba, C. S. ve Ngepah, N. (2020). Convergence in military expenditure and economic growth in Africa and its regional economic communities: evidence from a club clustering algorithm. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1832344. doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1832344
  • Sezgin, S. (2000). A note on defence spending in turkey: New findings. Defence and Peace Economics, 11(2), 427-435. doi.org/10.1080/10430710008404957
  • SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute). (2023). SIPRI military expenditure database. Erişim adresi: https://www.sipri.org/about
  • Tavares, J. (2004). The open society assesses its enemies: shocks, disasters and terrorist attacks. Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(5), 1039-1070. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2004.04.009
  • Töngür, Ü., Hsu, S. ve Elveren, A. Y. (2015). Military expenditures and political regimes: Evidence from global data, 1963–2000. Economic Modelling, 44, 68-79. doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.004
  • Verbeek, M. (2008). A guide to modern econometrics. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Vorsina, M., Manning, M., Fleming, C. M., Ambrey, C. L. ve Smith, C. (2017). The welfare cost of terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(6), 1066-1086. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1111207
  • WDI (World Development Indicators). (2023). World Bank. Erişim adresi: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/about-data Webster, L. L. (2009). Economics of military expenditures. James K. Galbraith, Jurgen Brauer, Lucy L. Webster (Ed.), Economics of Peace and Security içinde (s.28-46). New York: EOLSS.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Introductory Econometrics. 4th Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
  • Yakovlev, P. (2007). Arms trade, military spending, and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 18(4), 317-338. doi.org/10.1080/10242690601099679
  • Yolcu Karadam, D., Öcal, N. ve Yıldırım, J. (2023). Distinct Asymmetric Effects of Military Spending on Economic Growth for Different Income Groups of Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 34(4), 477-494. doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2021.1984030

Küresel Barışın Askeri Harcamalar Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 939 - 954, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1463093

Abstract

Askeri harcamalar, barışın ve güvenliğin sağlanmasında oldukça önemli bir faktör olmasının yanı sıra ülkelerin ekonomik büyümeleri üzerinde tartışmalı etkilere sahiptir. Barışı sağlamada askeri harcamaların ne büyüklükte olması gerektiği de bu tartışmaların bir başka boyutunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Küresel Barış Endeksi (GPI)’de yer alan 18 ülkenin 2008-2022 yıllarını kapsayan verileri ile askeri harcamalarının, küresel barış endeksi, GSYH ve askeri personel sayılarıyla ilişkileri panel veri analiziyle incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar küresel barış endeksi, GSYH ve askeri personel sayısı ile askeri harcamalar arasında pozitif yönlü ilişkinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Barışın askeri harcamalar üzerinde azaltıcı bir etkisi olduğunu sonucunun ülkelerin sadece kendi dinamikleri ile değil coğrafi konum, komşu ülkelerin silahlanmaları ve dünya üzerindeki gelişmeler gibi faktörlerin de dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Azam, M. (2020). Does military spending stifle economic growth? The empirical evidence from non-OECD countries. Heliyon, 6(12), 1-10. Erişim adresi: https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(20)32695-5.pdf
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 4). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Baran, P. A. ve Sweezy, P. M. (1966). Monopoly capital: An essay on the american economic and social order. New York, NY: Modern Reader Paperbacks.
  • Bardwell, H. Ve Iqbal, M. (2021). The economic impact of terrorism from 2000 to 2018. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 27(2), 227-261. Doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0031
  • Bekmez, S. ve Akif Destek, M. (2015). Savunma harcamalarında dışlama etkisinin incelenmesi: Panel veri analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), s. 91-110. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1024754
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and defense in developing countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271-280. Erişim adresi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1153245
  • Blomberg, S. B., Hess, G. D. ve Orphanides, A. (2004). The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism. Journal of monetary economics, 51(5), 1007-1032. doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2004.04.001
  • Collier, P. ve Hoeffler, A. (2006). Military expenditure in post-conflict societies. Economics of Governance, 7, 89-107. doi.org/10.1007/s10101-004-0091-9
  • d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., Lorusso, M. ve Pieroni, L. (2020). Military spending, corruption, persistence and long run growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(4), 423-433. doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2020.1751503
  • Deger, S. (1985). Human resources, government education expenditure, and the military burden in less developed countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 20(1), 37-48. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4191416?seq=7
  • Dunne, P. ve Nikolaidou, E. (2001). Military expenditure and economic growth: A demand and supply model for Greece, 1960–96. Defence and Peace Economics, 12(1), 47-67. doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404976
  • Elveren, A. Y. (2019). The economics of military spending: a marxist perspective. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Emeka, E. T., Ogbuabor, J. E. ve Ekeocha, D. O. (2024). Terrorism and economic complexity in Africa: The unconditional impact of military expenditure. African Development Review, 36(1), 1-14. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12732
  • Frees, E. W. (2004). Longitudinal and panel data, analysis and applications in the social sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Garcia, H. P. (2019). Will military expenditure secure national peace and spur economic growth?. Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 16, 77-86. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339815307_Will_Military_Expenditure_Secure_National_Peace_and_Spur_Economic_Growth
  • Global Peace Index (GPI) (2023). Global Peace Index 2023: Measuring peace in a complex world. Sydney: Institute for Economics & Peace. Erişim adresi: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/resources/global-peace-index-2023/
  • Gökmenoğlu, K. K., Taşpınar, N. ve Rahman, M. M. (2021). Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: a comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986-997. doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1831
  • Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data (2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iheonu, C. O. ve Ichoku, H. E. (2023). Terrorism and economic growth in Africa: understanding the role of military expenditure. Behavioral sciences of terrorism and political aggression, 15(4), 448-462. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2021.1987967
  • IISS (The International Institute for Strategic Studies). (2023). The Military Balance + Database. Erişim adresi: https://milbalplus.iiss.org/
  • Karamanis D. (2022). Defence partnerships, military expenditure, investment, and economic growth: an analysis in PESCO countries. Hellenic observatory discussion papers, July 2022, paper no. 173, 2022. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Erişim adresi: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/115485/1/GreeSE_paper_173.pdf
  • Knight, M., Loayza, N. ve Villanueva, D. (1996). The peace dividend: military spending cuts and economic growth. Staff papers, 43(1), 1-37. doi.org/10.2307/3867351
  • Maddala, G. S. ve Lahiri, K. (1992). Introduction to econometrics. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Maher, M. ve Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979. doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2021.1943625
  • Nugroho, D. A. ve Purwanti, E. Y. (2021). Impact of military expenditure on economic growth encouraging or constraining?. JEJAK, 14(1), 9-20. doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v14i1.26062
  • Oyerinde, A. A. ve Fagboro, D. G. (2020). Military expenditure, ınstitutional quality and economic growth in Nigeria. Global journal of Accounting, 6(1), 41-52. Erişim adresi: http://gja.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/872/708
  • Polachek, S. W. ve Sevastianova, D. (2012). Does conflict disrupt growth? Evidence of the relationship between political instability and national economic performance. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 21(3), 361-388. doi.org/10.1080/09638191003749783
  • Raifu, I. A. ve Aminu, A. (2023). The effect of military spending on economic growth in MENA: evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 7. doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00181-9
  • Saba, C. S. ve Ngepah, N. (2020). Convergence in military expenditure and economic growth in Africa and its regional economic communities: evidence from a club clustering algorithm. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1832344. doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1832344
  • Sezgin, S. (2000). A note on defence spending in turkey: New findings. Defence and Peace Economics, 11(2), 427-435. doi.org/10.1080/10430710008404957
  • SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute). (2023). SIPRI military expenditure database. Erişim adresi: https://www.sipri.org/about
  • Tavares, J. (2004). The open society assesses its enemies: shocks, disasters and terrorist attacks. Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(5), 1039-1070. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2004.04.009
  • Töngür, Ü., Hsu, S. ve Elveren, A. Y. (2015). Military expenditures and political regimes: Evidence from global data, 1963–2000. Economic Modelling, 44, 68-79. doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.004
  • Verbeek, M. (2008). A guide to modern econometrics. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Vorsina, M., Manning, M., Fleming, C. M., Ambrey, C. L. ve Smith, C. (2017). The welfare cost of terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(6), 1066-1086. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1111207
  • WDI (World Development Indicators). (2023). World Bank. Erişim adresi: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/about-data Webster, L. L. (2009). Economics of military expenditures. James K. Galbraith, Jurgen Brauer, Lucy L. Webster (Ed.), Economics of Peace and Security içinde (s.28-46). New York: EOLSS.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Introductory Econometrics. 4th Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
  • Yakovlev, P. (2007). Arms trade, military spending, and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 18(4), 317-338. doi.org/10.1080/10242690601099679
  • Yolcu Karadam, D., Öcal, N. ve Yıldırım, J. (2023). Distinct Asymmetric Effects of Military Spending on Economic Growth for Different Income Groups of Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 34(4), 477-494. doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2021.1984030
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Growth, Policy of Treasury, Regional Development and Globalisation in International Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Samet Erdem 0000-0001-7344-2166

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date April 1, 2024
Acceptance Date July 10, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Erdem, M. S. (2024). Küresel Barışın Askeri Harcamalar Üzerindeki Etkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(3), 939-954. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1463093

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