Research Article
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Transformation of the “Legitimized” Violence from Virtue to Democracy: The Spiral of Security-Middle East and USA

Year 2012, , 1 - 32, 01.03.2012

Çiğdem Akgül Zehra Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002253

Abstract

This article begins with discussing the relationship between politics and violence and the historical transformation of this relation. In this framework, the first section of the article addresses the virtue notion of Machiavelli, who is one of the first to ponder upon violence and politics. The meaning of the virtue notion as a ‘common’ value for both soldiers and society is analyzed. At the same time, the potential/strength of this value in mobilizing the society as a unity is dwelled on. In the second section, it is claimed that politics and violence, which has become dependent on the market in the process of globalization, have transformed the new norm of the global place from virtue to ‘democracy’. It is asserted that the violence, used by the Sovereign who had virtue before, is legitimized in defending ‘democracy’ and ‘peace’ today. In the final section of this article, all those arguments are used to read the uprisings in the Middle East and to underline how again the Sovereign brings himself into existence with the help of militarist methods.

Keywords

Virtue democracy violence militarism Middle East

References

  • Akay, Ali (1996), “Şiddetin Bağlamından Çıkmak Üzere”, Cogito, Cilt.6, No.7, 432-437.
  • Amin, Samir (2011), “Whither the Arab Spring?”, http://www.paltelegraph.com/opinions/views/9445 (21-07-2012).
  • Anderson, Perry (2011), “On the Concatenation in the Arab World”, New Left Review, No.68, Mart- Nisan.
  • Arendt, Hannah (1997), Şiddet Üzerine, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Arsava, Füsun (2007), “BM Güvenlik Konseyi’nin İnsan Haklarını Koruma Rolü ve Güvenlik Konseyi’nin Yetkilerinin Dayanağı ve Sınırları”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt.4, No.13, 1-16.
  • Benjamin, Walter (2006), “Şiddetin Eleştirisi”, Dellaloğlu, Besim (der.), Benjamin içinde, (İstanbul: Say Yayınları): 101-124.
  • Benner, Erica (2009), Machiavelli’s Ethics, (USA: Princeton University Press).
  • Bozarslan, Hamit (2012), Ortadoğu’nun Siyasal Sosyolojisi: Arap İsyanlarından Önce ve Sonra, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Chesterman, Simon (2011), “Leading From Behind:The Responsibility To Protect, The Obama Doctrine and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya”, Ethics & International Affairs, Cilt.25, No. 3, 279-285.
  • Chossudovsky, Michel (2011), “Suriye’deki Protesto Hareketlerinin Arkasında Kimler Var? ABD- NATO’nun www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=24591 (12-07-2012).
  • Clastres, Pierre (1992), “Şiddetin Arkeolojisi”, Vahşi Savaşçının Mutsuzluğu içinde, (İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları): 172-206.
  • Clausewitz, Carl Von (1975), Savaş Üzerine, (İstanbul: May Yayınları).
  • Çelebi, Aykut (2004), “Kamusal Alan ve Sivil Toplum: Siyasal Bir Değerlendirme”, Özbek, Meral (der.), Kamusal Alan içinde, (İstanbul: Hil Yayınları): 237-284.
  • Engels, Friedrich (1996), “Tarihte Şiddetin Rolü”, Cogito, Cilt.6, No.7, 169-184.
  • Enloe, Cynthia (2007), Globalization and Militarizm, (UK: Rowman &Littlefield Publishers).
  • Hilal, Leila (2012), “Charting Transitions in the Middle East: Lessons Learned from Tunisia and Egypt”, Insight Turkey, Cilt.14, No.2, 1-12.
  • Hörnqvist, Mikael (2010), “Machiavelli’s Military Project and the Art of War”, Machiavelli, Najemy, John M. (edit.), (U.K: Cambridge).
  • Kayrak, Sedide (2011), “Rusya’nın Arap Baharına Bakışı”, http://www.bilgesam.- org/tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1981:rusyanin-arap-baharina bakisi&catid=104:analizler-rusya&Itemid=136 (11.01.2012).
  • Lemke, Thomas (2011), Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction, (New York : New York University Press).
  • Ledeen, Michael A. (1999), Machiavelli on Modern Leadership: Why Machiavelli’s Iron Rules are as Timely and Important Today as Five Centuries Ago, (NewYork: Truman Talley Books).
  • Machiavelli, Niccolo (1994), Hükümdar, (İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar).
  • Machiavelli, Niccolo (1999a), The Discourses, (London: Routledge).
  • Machiavelli, Niccolo (1999b), Savaş Sanatı, (İstanbul: Özne Yayıncılık).
  • Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998), Machiavelli’s Virtue, (U.S.A: Chicago Press).
  • McCormick, John P. (2011), Machiavellian Democracy, (U.K:Cambridge University Press).
  • Meir, Alon-Ben (2011), “Mısır ve İsrail Olasılıklar Dünyası İçinde”, http://www.alonben- meir.com/article/turkish-egypt-and-israel-within-the-realm-of-possibilities/?lang=tr (13- 07-2012).
  • Moskos, Charlers C. (2000), The Post Modern Military, (New York: Oxford University Press).
  • Orford, Anne (2011), International Authority and The Responsibility to Protect, (Cambridge:University Press)
  • Pollack, Kenneth M. (2011), “America’s Second Chance and the Arab Spring”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/05/americas_second_chance (09-06- 2012).
  • Prince, Rob (2011), “US Middle East Policy: See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil, Just Act Suprised”, http://www.opendemocracy.net/rob-prince/us-middle-east-policy-see-no- evil-hear-no-evil-speak-no-evil%E2%80%A6-just-act-surprised (23.02.2012).
  • Raporne, Christopher R., McDaniel R Reuben ve Ruth A. Anderson (2008), “Where Military Profession Meets Complexity Science”, Armed Forces&Society, Cilt. 34, No.3, 433- 451.
  • Reyna, Steve (2003), “Imagining Monsters, A Structural History of Warfare in Chad 1968-1990”, Friedman, J. (der.), Globalization, the State and Violence içinde, ( New York: Altamira Press).
  • Sarıca, Murat (1973), 100 Soruda Siyasal Düşünce Tarihi, (İstanbul: Gerçek Yayıncılık).
  • Schmitt, Carl (2006), Siyasal Kavramı, (İstanbul :Metis Yayınları).
  • Sharp, Jeremy M. (2012), “Egypt: Transition Under Military Rule”, CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf ( 21-06-2012).
  • Taylor, Mark (2011), “Libya’s Challenges: Democracy Under Gun”, http://www.opendemocracy.- net/mark-taylor/libyas-challenge-democracy-under-gun (11.02.2012).
  • Toynbee, Arnold J. (1989) Militarizmin Kökenleri, (İstanbul: A Yayınları).
  • Tuygan, Ali (2011), “Arap Baharı ve Libya Örneği”, Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt.XXXV, Güz, 151-162.
  • Türel, Oktar (2011), “2011 Yazında Orta Doğu’yu Düşünürken”, Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt.XXXV, Güz, 9- 60.
  • Uzgel, İlhan (2001), “Finishing the Unfinished Revolution: Return of Yugoslavia to Europe,” Perceptions, Mart-Mayıs, 151-165.
  • Zanotti, Jim (2012), “Turkey:Background and U.S. Relations”, CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R41368.pdf (21- 07-2012).
  • Zunes, Stephen (2011), “Lessons and False Lessons From Libya”, http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/stephen-zunes-on-lessons-from-the-libyan-revolution (23-07-2012). İnternet Adresleri
  • Americagov Archive(2009), http://www.america.gov/st/peacesecenglish/2009/June/20090604140- 601FJreffahcS0.6000788.html (17-07-2012).
  • Amnesty International (2012a), http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/libya-out-control-militias-commit- widespread-abuses-year-uprising- ( 17-05-2012).
  • Amnesty International (2012b), http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/halt-ships-shame-usa-carrying- weapons-egypt- ( 15-06-2012).
  • Dünya Bülteni (2012), http://www.dunyabulteni.net (11-07-2012).
  • Human Rights Watch (2008), “World Report 2008”, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ - reports/wr2k8_web.pdf (17.08.2010).
  • Human Rights Watch (2010), “World Report 2010”, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ - reports/wr2010.pdf (07.11.2012).
  • Human Rights Watch (2012), “US: Wrong Time for Bahrain Arms Deal”, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/08/us-wrong-time-bahrain-arms-deal (15.02.2012) .
  • Human Rights Watch (2012), “World Report 2012”, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ - reports/wr2012.pdf (21.02.2012).
  • International Monetary Fund (2011), http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/ - new052711a.htm (17-05-2012).
  • NATO (2010), http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2010/06/report (21-04-2012).
  • Security Council (2012), “Libyan Interim Authorities Need Space to Address ‘Internal Priorities’, Secretary-General’s Special Representative Tells Security Council”, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10528.doc.htm (24-07-2012).
  • SETA (2012), “Arap Birliğinin Suriye Politikası”, Müge Küçükkeleş (haz.), http://www.setav.org/public/HaberDetay.aspx?Dil=tr&hid=110175&q=arap-birligi-nin- suriye-politikası. (07-07-2012).
  • Stokholm Uluslararası Barış Araştırma Enstütüsü (2011), http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2011/05. (12-07-2012).
  • The New York Times (2012), http://www.nytimes.com/usa-military-aid-to-eygpt-to-resume (15-03- 2012).
  • Timetürk (2012), http://www.timeturk.com/tr/2012/02/13/misir-dan-abd-ye-tehdit.html (15-04-2012).

Virtu'dan Demokrasiye 'Meşru' Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı

Year 2012, , 1 - 32, 01.03.2012

Çiğdem Akgül Zehra Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002253

Abstract

Bu makale öncelikle şiddet ve siyaset arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkinin tarihsel olarak nasıl dönüştüğünü tartışmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, makalenin birinci bölümünde şiddet ve siyaset üzerine düşünen ilk isimlerden biri olan Makyavelli’nin virtu kavramı ele alınmaktadır. Virtu kavramının hem savaşçılar hem de toplum için ‘ortak’ bir değer olarak taşıdığı anlam analiz edilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, bu değerin toplumu bir bütün olarak hareket ettirebilme gücü/potansiyeli üzerinde durulmaktadır. İkinci bölümde ise, küreselleşme ile birlikte piyasaya tabi olan şiddet ve siyasetin, küresel mekânın yeni yasasını, virtu’dan demokrasiye doğru dönüştürdüğü iddiası ortaya konulmaktadır. Daha önce virtu üzerinden tanımlanan egemenin kullandığı şiddetin, bugünse ‘demokrasi’yi ve ‘barış’ı korumak üzerinden meşrulaştırıldığı öne sürülmektedir. Makalenin son bölümünde ise tüm bu tartışmaların, Arap dünyasında ortaya çıkan ayaklanmalarla olan ilişkisi ve egemenin kendisini militarist yöntemlerle nasıl tekrar kurduğu örneklerle açıklanmaktadır.

Keywords

Virtu demokrasi şiddet militarizm Ortadoğu

References

  • Akay, Ali (1996), “Şiddetin Bağlamından Çıkmak Üzere”, Cogito, Cilt.6, No.7, 432-437.
  • Amin, Samir (2011), “Whither the Arab Spring?”, http://www.paltelegraph.com/opinions/views/9445 (21-07-2012).
  • Anderson, Perry (2011), “On the Concatenation in the Arab World”, New Left Review, No.68, Mart- Nisan.
  • Arendt, Hannah (1997), Şiddet Üzerine, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Arsava, Füsun (2007), “BM Güvenlik Konseyi’nin İnsan Haklarını Koruma Rolü ve Güvenlik Konseyi’nin Yetkilerinin Dayanağı ve Sınırları”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt.4, No.13, 1-16.
  • Benjamin, Walter (2006), “Şiddetin Eleştirisi”, Dellaloğlu, Besim (der.), Benjamin içinde, (İstanbul: Say Yayınları): 101-124.
  • Benner, Erica (2009), Machiavelli’s Ethics, (USA: Princeton University Press).
  • Bozarslan, Hamit (2012), Ortadoğu’nun Siyasal Sosyolojisi: Arap İsyanlarından Önce ve Sonra, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Chesterman, Simon (2011), “Leading From Behind:The Responsibility To Protect, The Obama Doctrine and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya”, Ethics & International Affairs, Cilt.25, No. 3, 279-285.
  • Chossudovsky, Michel (2011), “Suriye’deki Protesto Hareketlerinin Arkasında Kimler Var? ABD- NATO’nun www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=24591 (12-07-2012).
  • Clastres, Pierre (1992), “Şiddetin Arkeolojisi”, Vahşi Savaşçının Mutsuzluğu içinde, (İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları): 172-206.
  • Clausewitz, Carl Von (1975), Savaş Üzerine, (İstanbul: May Yayınları).
  • Çelebi, Aykut (2004), “Kamusal Alan ve Sivil Toplum: Siyasal Bir Değerlendirme”, Özbek, Meral (der.), Kamusal Alan içinde, (İstanbul: Hil Yayınları): 237-284.
  • Engels, Friedrich (1996), “Tarihte Şiddetin Rolü”, Cogito, Cilt.6, No.7, 169-184.
  • Enloe, Cynthia (2007), Globalization and Militarizm, (UK: Rowman &Littlefield Publishers).
  • Hilal, Leila (2012), “Charting Transitions in the Middle East: Lessons Learned from Tunisia and Egypt”, Insight Turkey, Cilt.14, No.2, 1-12.
  • Hörnqvist, Mikael (2010), “Machiavelli’s Military Project and the Art of War”, Machiavelli, Najemy, John M. (edit.), (U.K: Cambridge).
  • Kayrak, Sedide (2011), “Rusya’nın Arap Baharına Bakışı”, http://www.bilgesam.- org/tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1981:rusyanin-arap-baharina bakisi&catid=104:analizler-rusya&Itemid=136 (11.01.2012).
  • Lemke, Thomas (2011), Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction, (New York : New York University Press).
  • Ledeen, Michael A. (1999), Machiavelli on Modern Leadership: Why Machiavelli’s Iron Rules are as Timely and Important Today as Five Centuries Ago, (NewYork: Truman Talley Books).
  • Machiavelli, Niccolo (1994), Hükümdar, (İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar).
  • Machiavelli, Niccolo (1999a), The Discourses, (London: Routledge).
  • Machiavelli, Niccolo (1999b), Savaş Sanatı, (İstanbul: Özne Yayıncılık).
  • Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998), Machiavelli’s Virtue, (U.S.A: Chicago Press).
  • McCormick, John P. (2011), Machiavellian Democracy, (U.K:Cambridge University Press).
  • Meir, Alon-Ben (2011), “Mısır ve İsrail Olasılıklar Dünyası İçinde”, http://www.alonben- meir.com/article/turkish-egypt-and-israel-within-the-realm-of-possibilities/?lang=tr (13- 07-2012).
  • Moskos, Charlers C. (2000), The Post Modern Military, (New York: Oxford University Press).
  • Orford, Anne (2011), International Authority and The Responsibility to Protect, (Cambridge:University Press)
  • Pollack, Kenneth M. (2011), “America’s Second Chance and the Arab Spring”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/05/americas_second_chance (09-06- 2012).
  • Prince, Rob (2011), “US Middle East Policy: See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil, Just Act Suprised”, http://www.opendemocracy.net/rob-prince/us-middle-east-policy-see-no- evil-hear-no-evil-speak-no-evil%E2%80%A6-just-act-surprised (23.02.2012).
  • Raporne, Christopher R., McDaniel R Reuben ve Ruth A. Anderson (2008), “Where Military Profession Meets Complexity Science”, Armed Forces&Society, Cilt. 34, No.3, 433- 451.
  • Reyna, Steve (2003), “Imagining Monsters, A Structural History of Warfare in Chad 1968-1990”, Friedman, J. (der.), Globalization, the State and Violence içinde, ( New York: Altamira Press).
  • Sarıca, Murat (1973), 100 Soruda Siyasal Düşünce Tarihi, (İstanbul: Gerçek Yayıncılık).
  • Schmitt, Carl (2006), Siyasal Kavramı, (İstanbul :Metis Yayınları).
  • Sharp, Jeremy M. (2012), “Egypt: Transition Under Military Rule”, CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf ( 21-06-2012).
  • Taylor, Mark (2011), “Libya’s Challenges: Democracy Under Gun”, http://www.opendemocracy.- net/mark-taylor/libyas-challenge-democracy-under-gun (11.02.2012).
  • Toynbee, Arnold J. (1989) Militarizmin Kökenleri, (İstanbul: A Yayınları).
  • Tuygan, Ali (2011), “Arap Baharı ve Libya Örneği”, Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt.XXXV, Güz, 151-162.
  • Türel, Oktar (2011), “2011 Yazında Orta Doğu’yu Düşünürken”, Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt.XXXV, Güz, 9- 60.
  • Uzgel, İlhan (2001), “Finishing the Unfinished Revolution: Return of Yugoslavia to Europe,” Perceptions, Mart-Mayıs, 151-165.
  • Zanotti, Jim (2012), “Turkey:Background and U.S. Relations”, CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R41368.pdf (21- 07-2012).
  • Zunes, Stephen (2011), “Lessons and False Lessons From Libya”, http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/stephen-zunes-on-lessons-from-the-libyan-revolution (23-07-2012). İnternet Adresleri
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  • Amnesty International (2012a), http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/libya-out-control-militias-commit- widespread-abuses-year-uprising- ( 17-05-2012).
  • Amnesty International (2012b), http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/halt-ships-shame-usa-carrying- weapons-egypt- ( 15-06-2012).
  • Dünya Bülteni (2012), http://www.dunyabulteni.net (11-07-2012).
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  • Human Rights Watch (2010), “World Report 2010”, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ - reports/wr2010.pdf (07.11.2012).
  • Human Rights Watch (2012), “US: Wrong Time for Bahrain Arms Deal”, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/08/us-wrong-time-bahrain-arms-deal (15.02.2012) .
  • Human Rights Watch (2012), “World Report 2012”, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ - reports/wr2012.pdf (21.02.2012).
  • International Monetary Fund (2011), http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/ - new052711a.htm (17-05-2012).
  • NATO (2010), http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2010/06/report (21-04-2012).
  • Security Council (2012), “Libyan Interim Authorities Need Space to Address ‘Internal Priorities’, Secretary-General’s Special Representative Tells Security Council”, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10528.doc.htm (24-07-2012).
  • SETA (2012), “Arap Birliğinin Suriye Politikası”, Müge Küçükkeleş (haz.), http://www.setav.org/public/HaberDetay.aspx?Dil=tr&hid=110175&q=arap-birligi-nin- suriye-politikası. (07-07-2012).
  • Stokholm Uluslararası Barış Araştırma Enstütüsü (2011), http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2011/05. (12-07-2012).
  • The New York Times (2012), http://www.nytimes.com/usa-military-aid-to-eygpt-to-resume (15-03- 2012).
  • Timetürk (2012), http://www.timeturk.com/tr/2012/02/13/misir-dan-abd-ye-tehdit.html (15-04-2012).
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Çiğdem Akgül This is me

Zehra Yılmaz This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2012
Submission Date July 31, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2012

Cite

APA Akgül, Ç., & Yılmaz, Z. (2012). Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 67(03), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002253
AMA Akgül Ç, Yılmaz Z. Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı. SBF Dergisi. March 2012;67(03):1-32. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002253
Chicago Akgül, Çiğdem, and Zehra Yılmaz. “Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu Ve ABD Sarmalı”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 67, no. 03 (March 2012): 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002253.
EndNote Akgül Ç, Yılmaz Z (March 1, 2012) Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 67 03 1–32.
IEEE Ç. Akgül and Z. Yılmaz, “Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı”, SBF Dergisi, vol. 67, no. 03, pp. 1–32, 2012, doi: 10.1501/SBFder_0000002253.
ISNAD Akgül, Çiğdem - Yılmaz, Zehra. “Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu Ve ABD Sarmalı”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 67/03 (March 2012), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002253.
JAMA Akgül Ç, Yılmaz Z. Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı. SBF Dergisi. 2012;67:1–32.
MLA Akgül, Çiğdem and Zehra Yılmaz. “Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu Ve ABD Sarmalı”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, vol. 67, no. 03, 2012, pp. 1-32, doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002253.
Vancouver Akgül Ç, Yılmaz Z. Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ’Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı. SBF Dergisi. 2012;67(03):1-32.