İŞE BAĞLI GERGİNLİK İLE İŞ TATMİNİ İLİŞKİSİNDE DUYGUSAL TÜKENMENİN ARACI ROLÜ

Abstract

Keywords

• -

İŞE BAĞLI GERGİNLİK İLE İŞ TATMİNİ İLİŞKİSİNDE DUYGUSAL TÜKENMENİN ARACI ROLÜ

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı işe bağlı gerginliğin iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak ve bu ilişkide duygusal tükenmenin aracı rolünü analiz etmektir. Bu amaçla Yalova’da yürütülen araştırmaya, Yalova ilindeki devlet okullarında görev yapmakta olan 350 ilköğretim ve lise öğretmeni katılmıştır. Araştırmada Revicki ve arkadaşları (1991) tarafından geliştirilen İşe Bağlı Gerginlik ölçeği, Brayfield ve Rothe (1951) tarafından geliştirilen İş Tatmini Ölçeği ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin Duygusal Tükenme alt ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamındaki öğretmenlerin iş tatmin düzeylerinin ortalamanın üzerinde, işe bağlı gerginlik ve duygusal tükenme düzeylerinin ise beklenenin aksine ortalama seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada ileri sürülen tüm hipotezler doğrulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, işe bağlı gerginlik iş tatminini negatif yönde etkilemektedir ki bu beklenen bir sonuçtur. İşe bağlı gerginliğin duygusal tükenmeye etkisi elde edilen sonuçlar arasındaki en güçlü etkiye sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra duygusal tükenmenin işe bağlı gerginlik ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracı etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu yöndeki hipotez de doğrulanmıştır.

Keywords

• İşe bağlı gerginlik, iş tatmini, tükenmişlik, duygusal tükenme, aracı rol

References

1. Ala-Mursula, Leena, Jussi Vahtera, Anne Linna, Jaana Pentti ve Mika Kivimaki (2005), “Employee Worktime Control Moderates the Effects of Job Strain and Effort-Reward Imbalance on Sickness Absence: The 10-Town Study,” J Epidemical Community Health, 59: 851-857.
2. Akar, Cüneyt ve Y. Tansoy Yıldırım (2008), “Yöneticilerin Örgütsel Bağlılık, İş Tatmini ve Rol Stres Kaynakları Arasındaki İlişkiler: Yapısal Denklem Modeliyle Beyaz Et Sektöründe Bir Alan Uygulaması,” Gazi Üniversitesi iktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10 (2):97-113.
3. Aksoy, Ali ve Fahrettin Kutluca “Çalışma Hayatında Stres Kaynakları, Stres Belirtileri ve Stres Sonuçlarının İncelenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma,” http://iibf.kocaeli.edu.tr/ ceko/armaganlar/turanyazgan/18.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2010)
4. Altay, Birsen, Demet Gönener ve Ceren Demirkıran (2010), “Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri ve Aile Desteğinin Etkisi,” Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 15 (1): 10-16.
5. Arıkan, Duygu ve Nezihe Karabulut (2004), “Hemşirelerde İşe Bağlı Gerginlik ve Bunu Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi,” Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 7 (1):10-17.
6. Aryee, Samuel, Li-Yun Sun, Zhen Xiong George Chen, Yaw A. Debrah (2008), “Abusive Supervision and Contextual Performance: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion and the Moderating Role of Work Unit Structure,” Management and Organization Review, 4 (3): 393-411.
7. Babakus, Emin, David W. Cravens, Mark Johnston ve William C. Moncrief (1999), “The Role of Emotional Exhaustion in Sales Force Attitude and Behavior Relationships,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27 (1): 58-70.
8. Bacharach, Samuel B., Peter Bamberger ve Sharon Conley (1991), “Work-Home Conflict among Nurses and Engineers: Mediating the Impact of Role Stress on Burnout and Satisfaction at Work,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12: 39-53.

9. Bakker, Arnold B., Evangelia Demerouti, Elpine de Boer ve Wilmar B. Schaufeli (2003), “Job Demands and Job Resources as Predictors of Absence Duration and Frequency,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62: 341-356.
10. Baron, Reuben M. ve David A. Kenny (1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6): 1173-1182.
11. Beehr, Terry A. ve John E. Newman (1978), “Job Stress, Employee Health, and Organizational Effectiveness: A Facet Analysis, Model, and Literature Review,” Personnel Psycholgy, 31: 665-699.
12. Berg, Agneta ve Ingalill R. Hallberg (1999), “Effects of Systematic Clinical Supervision on Psychiatric Nurses’ Sense of Coherence, Creativity, Work-Related Strain, Job Satisfaction and View of the Effects from Clinical Supervision: A Pre-Post Test Design,” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 6: 371-381.
13. Bilgin, Nuri (1995), Sosyal Psikolojide Yöntem ve Pratik Çalışmalar (Sistem Yayıncılık).
14. Brayfield, Arthur H. ve Harold F.Rothe (1951) “An index of Job Satisfaction”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 5: 307-311’den aktaran, Judge Timothy A. ve Shinichiro Watanabe, (1994), “Individual Differences In the Nature of the Relationship Between Job and Life Satisfaction,” Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 67(2).
15. Brown, Marie, Sue Ralph ve Ivy Brember, (2002), “Change – Linked Work-Related Stress in British Teachers,” Research in Education, 67: 1-12.
16. Bourbonnais, Renee, Monique Comeau, Michel Vezina ve Guylaine Dion (1998), “Job Strain, Psychological Distress, and Burnout in Nurses,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 34: 20-28.
17. Bourbonnais, Renee ve Myrto Mondor (2001), “Job Strain and Sickness Absence Among Nurses in the Province of Quabec,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 39: 194-202.
18. Brotheridge, Celeste M. ve Alicia A. Grandey (2002), “Emotional Labor and Burnout: Comparing Two Perspectives of ‘People Work’,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60: 17-39.
19. Bussing, Andre ve Jürgen Glaser (2010), “Four-Stage Process Model of the Core Factors Of Burnout: The Role of Work Stressors and Work-Related Resources,” Work & Stress, 14 (4): 329-346.
20. Byrne, Barbara M. (1994), “Burnout: Testing for the Validity, Replication, and Invariance of Causal Structure across Elementary, Intermediate, and Secondary Teachers,” American Educational Research Journal, 31, (3): 645-673.
21. Cole, Michael S., Jeremy B. Bernerth,Frank Walter ve Daniel T. Holt (2010), “Organizational Justice and Individuals’ Withdrawal: Unlocking the Influence of Emotional Exhaustion,” Journal of Management Studies, 47 (3): 367-390.
22. Collins, Sean M., Robert A. Karasek ve Kevin Costas (2005), “Job Strain and Autonomic Indices of Cardiovascular Disease Risk,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48: 182-193.
23. de Croon, Einar M., Judith K. Sluiter, Ronald W. B. Blonk, Jake P. J. Broersen ve Monique H. W. Frings-Dresen, (2004), “Stressful Work, Psychological Job Strain, and Turnover: A 2Year Prospective Cohort Study of Truck Drivers,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (3): 442-454.
24. Deery, Stephen, Roderick Iverson ve Janet Walsh (2002), “Work Relationships in Telephone Call Centers: Understanding Emotional Exhaustion and Employee Withdrawal,” Journal of Management Studies, 39 (4): 471-496.
25. Demerouti, Evangelia, Arnold B. Bakker, Friedhelm Nachreiner ve Wilmar B. Schaufeli (2000), “A Model of Burnout and Life Satisfaction amongst Nurses,” Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (2): 454-464.
26. Doğan, Hulusi (2005), “İşgörenlerde İş Tatminiyle İlişkilendirilmiş Stres ve Prosedürel Adalet Algılamaları Analizi: Gazi Hastanesi’nde Bir Uygulama,” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10 (1): 301-312.
27. Dollard, Maureen F., Helen R. Winefield, Anthony H. Winefield ve Jan de Jonge (2000), “Psychological Job Strain and Productivity in Human Service Workers: A Test of the Demand- Control- Support Model,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73: 501-510.
28. Elovainio, Marko, Mika Kivimäki ve Klaus Helkama (2001), “Organizational justice evaluations, job control, and occupational strain,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3): 418-424.
29. Ergin, Canan (1992), “Doktor ve Hemşirelerde Tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması, Bayraktar, R. ve İ. Dağ (eds.), VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları (Ankara: VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Düzenleme Kurulu ve Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayını).
30. Freudenberger, Herbert J. (1977), “Bur-Out: The Organizational Menace,” Training and Development Journal, 31 (7): 26-27.
31. Gaines, Jeannie ve John M. Jermier (1983), “Emotional Exhaustion in a High Stress Organization,” Academy of Management Journal, 26 (4): 567-586.
32. Gelderen, B. Van, Ellen Heuven, Marc van Veldhoven, Marcel Zeelenberg ve Marcel Croon (2007), “Psychological Strain and Emotional Labor among Police-Officers: A Diary Study,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71: 446-459.
33. Gemmill, Garry R. ve W. J. Heisler (1972), “Machiavellianism as a Factor in Managerial Job Strain, Job Satisfaction, and Upward Mobility,” Academy of Management Journal, 15 (1): 51-62.
34. Grandey, Alicia A. ve Russell Cropanzano (1999), “The Conservation of Resources Model Applied to Work-Family Conflict and Strain,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54: 350-370.
35. Gül, Hasan, Ercan Oktay ve Hakan Gökçe (2008), “İş Tatmini, Stres, Örgütsel Bağlılık, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ve Performans Arasındaki İlişkiler: Sağlık Sektöründe Bir Uygulama,” Akademik Bakış, 15: 1-11.
36. Gündüz, Bülent (2005), “İlköğretim Öğretmenlerinde Tükenmişlik”, Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1): 152-166.
37. Halbesleben, Jonathon R.B. ve M. Ronald Buckley (2004), “Burnout in Organizational Life,” Journal of Management, 30 (6): 859–879.
38. Hang-Yue, Ngo, Sharon Foley ve Raymond Loi (2005), “Work Role Stressors and Turnover Intentions: A Study of Professional Clergy in Hong Kong,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16 (11): 2133-2146.
39. Hellerstedt, Wendy L. ve Robert W. Jeffery (1997), “The Association of Job Strain and Health Behaviours in Men and Women,” International Journal of Epidemiology, 26 (3): 575-583.
40. Hobfoll, Stevan E. (1989) “Conservation Of Resources A New Attempt At Conceptualizing Stres,” American Psychologist, 44 (3): 513-524.
41. Hobfoll, Stevan E. (2001), “The Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested-Self in the Stress Rocess: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory,” Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50 (3): 337-421.
42. Hobfoll, Stevan E. ve Roy S. Lilly (1993), “Resource Conservation as a Strategy for Community Psychology,” Journal of Community Psychology, 21: 128-148.
43. House, James S., James A. Wells, Lawrence R. Landerman, Anthony J. McMichael ve Berton H. Kaplan (1979), “Occupational Stress and Health among Factory Workers,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20: 139-160.
44. Ito, Jack K. ve Celeste M. Brotheridge (2003), “Resources, Coping Strategies, and Emotional Exhaustion: A Conservation of Resources Perspective,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63: 490-509.
45. Jackson, Susan E. ve Christina Maslach (1982), “After-Effects of Job-Related Stress: Families as Victims,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 3 (1): 63-77.
46. Jaramillo, Fernando, Jay Prakash Mulki ve William B. Locander (2006), “The Role of Time Wasted in Sales Force Attitudes and Intention to Quit,” International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24 (1): 24-36.
47. Johnson, Jeffrey V. ve Ellen M. Hall (1988), “Job Strain, Work Place Social Support, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Random Sample of the Swedish Working Population,” American Journal of Public Health, 78 (10): 1336-1342.
48. Johnson, Sheena, Cary Cooper, Sue Cartwright, Ian Donald, Paul Taylor ve Clare Millet (2005), “The Experience of Work-Related Stress Across Occupations,” Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20 (2): 178-187.
49. Kalliath, Thomas ve Rita Morris (2002), “Job Satisfaction among Nurses A Predictor of Burnout Levels,” JONA, 32 (12): 648-654.
50. Karasek, Robert A. (1976), The Impact of the Work Environment on Life Outside the Job (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Doctoral Thesis).
51. Karasek, Robert A. (1979), “Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 24 (2): 285-308.
52. Karasek, Robert A. (1990), “Lower Health Risk with Increased Job Control among White Collar Workers,” Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 11: 171-185.
53. Karasek, Robert A., Dean Baker, Frank Marxer, Anders Ahlbom ve Tores Theorell (1981), “Job Decision Latitude, Job Demands, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Study of Swedish Men,” AJPH, 71 (7): 694-705.
54. Karasek, Robert A., Konstantinos P. Triantis ve Sohail S. Chaudhry (1982), “Coworker and Supervisor Support as Moderators of Associations between Task Characteristics and Mental Strain,” Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 3 (2): 181-200
55. Kawakami, Norito, Takashi Haratani ve Shunichi Araki (1998), “Job Strain and Arterial Blood Pressure, Serum Cholesterol, and Smoking as Risk Factors For Coronary Heart Disease İn Japan,” Int. Arch Occup Environ Health, 71: 429-432.
56. Kivimäki, Mika, Paivi Leino­Arjas, Ritva Luukkonen, Hilkka Riihimäki, Jussi Vahtera ve Juhani Kirjonen (2002), “Work Stress and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study of Industrial Employees,” BMJ, 325: 1-5.
57. Knudsen, Hannah K., Lori J. Ducharme ve Paul M. Roman (2009), “Turnover Intention and Emotional Exhaustion ‘at the top’: Adapting the Job Demands-Resources Model to Leaders of Addiction Treatment Organizations,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14 (1): 84-95.
58. Kristensen, Tage S. (1991), “Sickness Absence and Work Strain Among Danish Slaughterhouse Workers: An Analysis of Absences from Work Regarded as Coping Behavior,” Social Science & Medicine, 32 (1): 15-27.
59. Laschinger, Heather K. Spence, Joan Finegan, Judith Shamian ve Joan Almost (2001), “Testing Karasek’s Demands-Control Model in Restructured Healthcare Settings,” The Journal of Nursing Administration, 31 (5): 233-243.
60. Laschinger, Heather K. Spence ve Michael P. Leiter (2006), “The Impact of Nursing Work Environments on Patient Safety Outcomes The Mediating Role of Burnout/Engagement,” The Journal of Nursing Administration, 36 (5): 259-267.
61. Laschinger, Heather K. Spence, Michael P. Leiter, Arla Day ve Debra Gilin (2009), “Workplace Empowerment, İncivility, and Burnout: Impact on Staff Nurse Recruitment and Retention Outcomes,” Journal of Nursing Management, 17: 302–311.
62. Lazarus, Richard S. (1993), “From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks,” Annual Reviews Psycholgy, 44: 1-21.
63. Lee, Raymond T. ve Blake E. Ashforth (1990), “On the Meaning of Maslach’s Three Dimensions of Burnout,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 75 (6): 743-747.
64. Lee, Raymond T. ve Blake E. Ashforth (1993), “A Further Examination of Managerial Burnout: Toward an Integrated Model,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14: 3-20.
65. Leiter, Michael P. ve Christina Maslach (1988), “The Impact of Interpersonal Environment on Burnout and Organizational Commitment,” Journal of Organizational Behavior , 9 (4):297-308.
66. Leiter, Michael P. ve Christina Maslach (1999), “Six Areas of Worklife: A Model of the Organizational Context of Burnout,” JHHSA, Spring: 472-489.
67. Leiter, Michael P. ve Christina Maslach (2005), “A Mediation Model of Job Burnout,” Antoniou, Alexander-Stamatios G. ve Cary L. Cooper (eds.), Research Companion to Organizational Health Psychology(UK: Edward Elgar Publishing limited): 544-564.
68. Leiter, Michael P. ve Christina Maslach (2009), “Nurse Turnover: The Mediating Role of Burnout,” Journal of Nursing Management, 17: 331–339.
69. Leiter, Michael P. ve Schaufeli, Wilmar B. (1996), “Consistency of the Burnout Construct Across Occupations,” Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 9: 229-243.
70. Lerner, Dedra J., Sol Levine, Sue Malspeis ve Ralph B. D 'Agostino (1994), “Job Strain and HealthRelated Quality of Life in a National Sample,” American Journal of Public Health, 84 (10): 1580-1585.
71. Llorens, Susana, Arnold B. Bakker, Wilmar Schaufeli ve Marisa Salanova (2006), “Testing the Robustness of the Job Demands–Resources Model,” International Journal of Stress Management, 13 (3): 378–391.
72. Maslach, Christina ve Julie Goldberg (1998), “Prevention of Burnout: New Perspectives,” Applied & Preventive Psychology, 7: 63-74.
73. Maslach, Christina ve Susan E. Jackson (1981), “The Measurement of Experienced Burnout,” Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2: 99-113.
74. Maslach, Christina ve Susan E. Jackson (1985), “The Role of Sex and Family Variables in Burnout,” Sex Roles, 12 (7/8): 837-851.
75. Maslach, Christina ve Wilmar B. Schaufeli, (1993), “Historical and Conceptual Development of Burnout,” Schaufeli, Wilmar B., Christina Maslach ve T. Marek (eds.), Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research (Washington, D.C :Taylor & Francis): 1-16.
76. Maslach, Christina, Wilmar B. Schaufeli ve Michael P. Leiter (2001), “Job Burnout,” Annu. Rev. Psychol., 52: 397-422.
77. Moore, Jo Ellen (2000), “One Road to Turnover: An Examination of Work Exhaustion in Technology Professionals,” MIS Quarterly, 24 (1): 141-168.
78. Moreno-Jiménez, Bernardo, Eva Garrosa Hernández, Raquél Rodríguez Carvajal, Mariano Martínez Gamarra ve Ramón Ferrer Puig (2009), “Burnout among Faculty Members and the Intentions to Quit: A Multi-Sample Study,” Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 25 (2): 149-163.
79. Neveu, Jean Pierre (2007), “Jailed Resources: Conservation of Resources Theory as Applied to Burnout Among Prison Guards,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28: 21-42.
80. Otacıoğlu, Sena Gürşen (2008), “Müzik Öğretmenlerinde Tükenmişlik Sendromu ve Etkileyen Faktörler,” İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9 (15): 103–116.
81. Parker, Sharon K. ve Christine A. Sprigg (1999), “Minimizing Strain and Maximizing Learning: The Role of Job Demands, Job Control, and Proactive Personality,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 (6): 925-939.
82. Paul, Robert J. (1974), “Role Clarity as a Correlate of Satisfaction, Job Related Strain and Propensity to Leave -Male Vs. Female,” The Journal of Management Studies, October: 233-245.
83. Pelfrene, Edwin, Peter Vlerick, Rudolf P. Mak, Patrick De Smet, Marcel Kornitzer ve Guy De Backer (2001), “Scale Reliability and Validity of the Karasek ‘Job Demand-ControlSupport’ Model in the Belstress Study,” Work & Stress, 15 (4): 297-313.
84. Piko, Bettina F. (2006), “Burnout, Role Conflict, Job Satisfaction and Psychological Health among Hungarian Health Care Staff: A Questionnaire Survey,” International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43: 311-318.
85. Rai, Gauri S. (2010), “Burnout Among Long-Term Care Staff,” Administration in Social Work, 34:225–240.
86. Revicki, Dennis A., Harold J. May ve Theodore W. Whitley (1991), “Reliability and Validity of the Work-Related Strain Inventory among Health Professionals,” Behavioral Medicine, 17 (3): 111-120. Ölçeği Türkçeye çeviren: Aslan, H., Aslan, R. O., Kesepara, C. (1997), “Kocaeli’nde Bir Grup Sağlık Çalışanlarında İşe Bağlı Gerginlik, Tükenme ve İş Doyumu,” Toplum ve Hekim Dergisi, 12 (82): 24–29.
87. Sargent, Leisa D. ve Deborah J. Terry (2000), “The Moderating Role of Social Support in Karasek’s Job Strain Model,” Work & Stress, 14 (3): 245-261.
88. Sawyerr, Olukemi O., Shanthi Srinivas ve Sijun Wang (2009), “Call Center Employee Personality Factors and Service Performance,” Journal of Services Marketing, 23 (5): 301–317.
89. Schaufeli, Wilmar B. ve Arnold B. Bakker (2004), “Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25: 293–315.
90. Schaufeli, Wilmar B, Arnold B. Bakker ve Willem Van Rhenen (2009), “How Changes in Job Demands and Resources Predict Burnout, Work Engagement, and Sickness Absenteeism,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30: 893–917.
91. Seago, Jean Ann ve Julia Faucett (1997), “Job Strain Among Registered Nurses and Other Hospital Workers,” The Journal of Nursing Administration, 27 (5): 19-25.
92. Serinkan, Celalettin ve Ahmet Bardakcı (2009), “Pamukkale Üniversitesi’ndeki Akademik Personelin İş Tatminleri ve Tükenmişlik Düzeylerine İlişkin Bir Araştırma,” Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21: 115-132.
93. Siegall, Marc ve Tracy McDonald (2004), “Person-Organization Value Congruence, Burnout and Diversion of Resources,” Personnel Review, 33 (3): 291-301
94. Singh, Jagdip, Jerry R. Goolsby ve Gary K. Rhoads (1994), “Behavioral and Psychological Consequences of Boundary Spanning Burnout for Customer Service Representatives,” Journal of Marketing Research, 31 (4): 558-569.
95. Stahl Stephen M. ve Richard L. Hauger (1994), “Stress: An Overview of the Literature with Emphasis on Job-Related Strain and Intervention,” Advances in Therapy, 11(3): 110-119.
96. Stewart, Wendy ve Julian Barling (1996), “Fathers' Work Experiences Effect Children's Behaviors Via Job-Related Affect And Parenting Behaviors,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17: 221-232.
97. Sünter, Ahmet Tevfik, Sevgi Canbaz, Şennur Dabak, Hatice Öz ve Yıldız Pekşen (2006), “Pratisyen Hekimlerde Tükenmişlik, İşe Bağlı Gerginlik ve İş Doyumu Düzeyleri,” Genel Tıp Dergisi, 16 (1): 9-14.
98. Steenland, Kyle, Jeffrey Johnson ve Sue Nowlin (1997), “A Follow-up Study of Job Strain and Heart Disease Among Males in the NHANES1 Population,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31: 256–260.
99. Taris, Toon W., Paul J. G. Schreurs ve Ingrid J. Van Iersel-Van Silfhout (2001), “Job Stress, Job Strain, and Psychological Withdrawal among Dutch University Staff: Towards a DualProcess Model for the Effects of Occupational Stress,” Work & Stress, 15 (4): 283-296.
100. Tel, Havva, Mevlüde Karadağ, Hatice Tel ve Şule Aydın (2003), “Sağlık Çalışanlarının Çalışma Ortamlarındaki Stres Yaşantıları ile Başetme Durumlarının Belirlenmesi,” Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi, 2: 13-23.
101. Tennant, Christopher (2001), “Work-Related Stress and Depressive Disorders,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51: 697– 704.
102. Thompson, Briony M., Andrea Kirk ve David F. Brown (2005), “Work Based Support, Emotional Exhaustion, and Spillover of Work Stress to the Family Environment: A Study of Policewomen,” Stress and Health, 21: 199–207.
103. Üngüren, Engin, Hulusi Doğan, Mehmet Özmen ve Ömer Akgün Tekin (2010), “Otel Çalışanlarının Tükenmişlik ve İş Tatmin Düzeyleri İlişkisi,” Journal of Yaşar University, 17 (5): 2922-2937.
104. Van Dyne, Linn, Karen A. Jehn ve Anne Cummings (2002), “Differential Effects of Strain on Two Forms of Work Performance: Individual Employee Sales and Creativity,” Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 23: 57-74.
105. Van Yperen, Nico W. ve Mariet Hagedoorn (2003), “Do High Job Demands Increase Intrinsic Motivation or Fatigue or Both? The Role of Job Control and Social Support,” Academy of Management Journal, 46 (3): 339-348.
106. Virtanen, Marianna, Jussi Vahtera, Jaana Pentti, Teija Honkonen, Marko Elovainio ve Mika Kivimäki (2007), “Job Strain and Psychologic Distress Influence on Sickness Absence Among Finnish Employees,” Am J Prev Med, 33 (3): 182-187.
107. Visser, Mechteld R.M, Ellen M. A. Smets, Frans J. Oort, Hanneke C.J.M. de Haes (2003), “Stress, Satisfaction and Burnout among Dutch Medical Specialists,” CMAJ, 168 (3): 271-275.
108. Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M., Lorenz J. P. van Doornen, Eco J. C. de Geus (2000), “Effects of Work Stress on Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Heart Rate Variability,” Hypertension, 35: 880-886.
109. Wilkins, Kathryn ve Marie P. Beaudet (1998), “Work stress and Health,” Health Reports, 10 ( 3):47-62.
110. Wright, Thomas A. ve Russell Cropanzano (1998), “Emotional Exhaustion as a Predictor of Job Performance and Voluntary Turnover,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (3): 486493.
111. Yavuzyılmaz, Asuman, Murat Topbaş, Emine Çan, Gamze Çan ve Şükrü Özgün (2007), “Trabzon İl Merkezindeki Sağlık Ocakları Çalışanlarında Tükenmişlik Sendromu ile İş Doyum Düzeyleri ve İlişkili Faktörler,” TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 6 (1): 41-50.
112. Yılmaz, Hüseyin ve Atila Karahan (2009), “Bireylerin Kişisel Özellikleri Yönünden İş Doyum Düzeylerine Göre Tükenmişlikleri: Afyonkarahisar İlinde Bir Araştırma,” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14 (3): 197-214.