Uluslararası Toplum ve Egemenlik: Bosna Hersek Örneği

Year 2008, , 237 - 272, 01.01.2008

Rüma İnan İnan Rüma

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002059

Abstract

Keywords

-

ULUSLARARASI TOPLUM VE EGEMENLİK: BOSNA HERSEK ÖRNEĞİ

Abstract

Bu makalede, egemenlik kaybı bağlamında Uluslararası Toplum’un himaye rejimi kurması BosnaHersek örneğinde çözümlenmeye ve tartışılmaya çalışılacaktır. Bosna-Hersek örneği Uluslararası Toplumun üstlendiği roller açısından önemlidir. Bosna-Hersek’teki tecrübeler diğer benzer durumlarda da rehberlik etmiş ve bu örnek diğer uluslar arası etkinliklerin tanımlanmasında bir nevi mihenk taşı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Uluslar arası Toplum-egemenlik ilişkisi, Bosna-Hersek’e özel ad hoc bir kurum olan Yüksek Temsilcilik Ofisi (YTO) üzerine yoğunlaşılarak irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Seçilmemiş bir uluslararası memurun yönetimindeki denetlenemeyen ve şeffaf çalışmayan bir uluslararası örgütün ulusal siyasete böylesine dahlinin meşruiyeti elbette çok kuşkuludur. Ancak, Bosnalıların tepkileri ve eleştirilerine bakıldığında, kurumun sorumlu özelliklerinden çok kendi taleplerini ciddiye alması ve gerçekleştirmesi yönünde olduğunu gözlemek mümkündür. Bosna-Hersek’in açmazı gayet belirgindir. YTO’da somutlaşan uluslar arası müdahale merkezi devletin güçlenmesi ve ülkenin birliği için vazgeçilmez görünüyor; oysa bu müdahale ulusal karar alma süreçlerinin ve ulusal kurumların önemini azaltarak, dolayısıyla da Bosna-Hersek denilen ülkenin egemenliğini yıpratarak meşruiyetini zedeliyor.

Keywords

Uluslararası toplum, müdahale, egemenlik, meşruiyet, YTO

References

• Kitaplar ve Makaleler
• ANNAN, Kofi (2002), “Problems out passports,” Foreign Policy, 132.
• APPADURAI, Arjun (2002), “Broken promises,” Foreign Policy, 132.
• BIEBER, Florian (2002), “Bosnia–Herzegovina: Developments towards a More Integrated State?,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 1.
• BONSOR, Nicholas (2004), “Post-Conflict Peace-Making from Bosnia to Iraq: lessons which should be learnt,” Contemporary Review, Vol.284, No. 1658:129-30.
• BOSCO, David L. (1998), “Reintegrating Bosnia: A Progress Report,” Washington Quarterly, Vol.21, No. 2.
• BUZAN, Barry / GONZALEZ-PELAEZ, Ana, “ ‘International community’ after Iraq,” International Affairs, 81/1.
• CAPLAN, Richard (2004), “International Authority and State Building: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina,” Global Governance, 10.
• CHANDLER, David (2000), Bosnia: Faking Democracy After Dayton (London: Pluto Press).
• CHOMSKY, Noam (2002), “The crimes of ‘Intcom’,” Foreign Policy, 132.
• CHOSSUDOVSKY, Michel (1997), “Dismantling former Yugoslavia, recolonising Bosnia,” Development in Practice, Vol.7, No 4: 380-1.
• DORFF, Robert (1999), Responding to the Failed State: What to do and What to Expect (West Lafayette: paper presented in the Failed States Conference, Purdue University): 7- 10.
• FOTOPOULOS, Takis (2002), “New World Order and NATO’s War against Yugoslavia,” New Political Science, Vol. 24, No. 1.
• GARFINKLE, Adam (1996), “A Dayton Relationship,” American Spectator, Vol.29, No. 2.
• GILL, Stephen / LAW, David (1989), “Global Hegemony and the Structural Power of the Capital,” International Studies Quarterly, 33.
• GOWERS, Andrew (2002), “The power of two,” Foreign Policy, 132.
• GROS, Jean Germain (1996), “Towards a Taxonomy of Failed States in the New World Order: Decaying Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda, And Haiti,” Third World Quarterly, Vol.17, No. 3.
• HAMDOUNI, Said (1998), “Les Accords de Dayton et le statut de la Bosnie-Herzegovine,” Etudes Internationales, 29/1.
• HAYDEN, Robert M. (1993), “The Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1990-1993,” RFE/RL, Vol.2, No.22.
• HAYS, Don / HITCHNER, R. Bruce / JOSEPH, Edward P. (2007), “Bosnia is no model for Iraq,” International Herald Tribune, January, 19.
• HELMAN, Gerald B. / RATNER, Steven R. (1993), “Saving Failed States,” Foreign Policy, No. 89.
• JACKSON, Robert H. (1995), “International community beyond the Cold War” LYONS, Gene M. / MASTANDUNO, Michael (eds.), State Sovereignty and International Invention Beyond Westphalia? (Johns Hopkins University Press).
• JELAVICH, Charles&Barbara (1965), The History of the Balkans (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall).
• KUMAR, Radha (1997), “The Troubled History of Partition,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, No. 1.
• LURDJIK, Dick A. (1997), “Before and After Dayton: The UN and NATO in the Former Yugoslavia,” Third World Quarterly, Vol.18, No. 3.
• MAHMUTCEHAJIĆ, Rusmir (1999), “The War Against Bosnia and Herzegovina,” East European Quarterly, Vol.33, No. 2.
• MANNING, Carrie (2004), “Armed Opposition Groups into Political Parties: Comparing Bosnia, Kosovo, and Mozambique,” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 39, No. 1.
• MAZIAU, Nicolas (2001), “Le controle de constitutionnalite des constitutions de Bosnie- Herzegovine. Commentaire de decisions de la Cour constitutionelle, Affaire no 5/98 Alija Izzetbegovic,” Revue de Droit Constitutionnel, No. 45.
• OGATA, Sadako (2002), “Guilty parties,” Foreign Policy, 132.
• GELARD, P. (1995), “Actualite constitutionelle en Europe de l’Est,” Revue francaise de Droit constitutionnel, 24.
• PECH, Laurent (2000), “La garantie internationale de la Constitution de Bosnie-Herzegovine, ” Revue française de Droit constitutionnel, 42.
• RADICE, Hugo (2001), “Globalization, State Failure, and Underdevelopment: Imperialism?,” (Sussex: paper presented in the conference “Global Constitution of Failed States: the Consequence of a New Imperialism,” University of Sussex, April 18th-20th).
• RICE, Susan (2003), “New National Security Strategy: Focus on Failed States,” Brookings Institution Policy Brief 116, www.brook.edu
• SEKULIC, Bozidar Gajo (2003), “Guerre et Paix en Bosnie-Herzegovine: d’une paix negative a une paix positive,” SLIO, Christophe / DIZDAREVIC, Svebor Andre (eds.), La Bosnie- Herzegovine, Enjeux de la transition (Paris: L’Harmattan).
• SOLIOZ, Christophe (2003), “Quest for sovereignty: Bosnia and Herzegovina’s challenge,” Helsinki Monitor, No.2.
• VITZHUM, Wolfgang Graf (2004), “Penser la Bosnie-Herzegovine, Une democratie pluriethnique et un controle juridique paradigmatique?,” Revue de la Recherche Juridique, 2 /2.
• WALLENSTEEN, Peter (1998), “State Failure, Ethnocracy and Democracy: New Conceptions of Governance,” Failed States and International Security: Causes, Prospects, and Consequences (West Lafayette: Purdue University).
• WARD, Michael D. / GLEDITSCH, Kristian S. (1998), “Democratizing For Peace,” American Political Science Review, Vol.92, No.1.
• WOODWARD, Susan L. (1998), “Avoiding Another Cyprus or Israel,” Brookings Review, Vol.16, No. 1.
• WOODWARD, Susan L. (1997), “Bosnia after Dayton: Year Two,” Current History, Vol.96, No.608.
• WOODWARD, Susan, “Bosnia-Foreign Policy Challenges,” Brookings Review, Vol.15, No.2.
• WOODWARD, Susan (1999), “Failed States-Warlordism and “Tribal” Warfare,” Naval War College Review, Vol.92, No.2.
• ZAUM, Dominik (2003), “The Paradox of Sovereignty:International Involvement in Civil Service Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina,” International Peacekeeping, Vol.10, No.3.
• Haberler, Haber Analizleri ve Raporlar
• AHMETASEVIĆ, Nidžara, “Bosnian Returnees Quietly Quit Regained Homes,” Balkan Insight, 31 Aug 06.
• ASHDOWN, Paddy, “Bosnia Needs Accelerated Reforms,” IWPR Balkan Crisis Report, No. 447, 23 july 2003.
• BICKEL, Markus, “Calls Grow For Ashdown to Surrender “Imperial” Powers,” IWPR Balkan Reports, No. 525, 12-Nov-04.
• “Bosnia’s Bitter Peace,” The Economist, 11/25/1995, Vol.337, No. 7942.
• “Bosnia: Reshaping The International Machinery,” ICG Balkans Report No.121, 29 November 2001, www.crisisweb.org,
• “Bosnians warned to shun nationalism,” BBC World News, 3 October, 2002.
• BRAITHWAITE, Julian, “Can the Nationalists Deliver?,” IWPR Balkan Crisis Reports, No. 413, 11- Mar-03.
• COHN-BENDIT, Daniel / MENDILUCE, José Maria / SILAJDŽIC, Haris,“Dayton Bosnia-Herzegovina ten years on,” Bosnian Report,New Series No. 47-48, September - November 2005.
• “Dayton Stumbles,” International Crisis Group (ICG) Balkans Report No.104, 18 December 2000, www.crisisweb.org
• DRAZEN, Simić, “The art of Survival,” AIM, 23 November 2001.
• HARRIS, Marshall Freeman, “Clinton’s Debacle in Bosnia,” Bosnian Report, No. 16, July-October 1996.
• HAWTON, Nick, “Ashdown in Media Storm,” IWPR Balkan Crisis Reports, No. 413, 11-Mar-03.
• HAWTON, Nick, “ ‘Raj’ Claims Hit Home,” IWPR Balkan Reports, No. 447, 23 july 2003.
• Interview: Christian Schwarz-Schilling, HR for BiH: "I won't impose laws” February 06, 2006, www.ohr.int
• Interview: Paddy Ashdown, HR for BiH: “Within BiH New Borders Will Be Drawn ” Vecernji List, January 5, 2006, in www.ohr.int
• KEBO, Amra, “West Considers Radical Bosnia Plan”, IWPR Balkan Crisis Report, No 259, June 27, 2001, www.iwpr.net
• KNAUS, Gerald / COX, Marcus, “Ashdown Urged to Let Go, Open Letter to Lord Ashdown,” IWPR Balkan Report, No 447, 23-july-2003.
• KNAUS, Gerald / COX, Marcus, “Ashdown Urged to Let Go, Open Letter to Lord Ashdown,” IWPR Balkan Crisis Report, No. 447, July 23, 2003.
• LOVRENOVIC, Ivan, “Is Paddy Ashdown Bosnia's last governor?,” Bosnian Report,New Series No. 35, August - September 2003.
• PEČANIN, Senad, “Backing the Wrong Horse,” IWPR Balkan Crisis Reports, No. 413, 11-Mar-03.
• RHODES, Aaron, “The Dayton Pact endorses outlawed ethnic abuse in Bosnia,” Bosnian Report, No.14, february-march 1996; International Herald Tribune, 14 February 1996.
• “Reshaping international priorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina,” European Stability Initiative (ESI) Report, Part Three, 22 March 2001, www.esiweb.org, p.7.
• REYNOLDS, Paul, “Blair's 'international community' doctrine,” BBC News Online, 6 March 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3539125.stm
• “The Disunited State of Bosnia,” The Economist, Vol. 343, No. 8023.
• “The Internationals and the Balkans: Time for Change?, Debate between Gerald Knaus and Nicholas Whyte,” IWPR Balkan Crisis Reports, No 505, 02-Jul-04.
• “U.S. Warns Shiites About Becoming Global 'Outcasts',” The New York Times, 20 June 1985.
• “What Kind of Bosnia,” The Economist, 8/24/1996, Vol.340, No. 7980, p.37-39. Belgeler
• ALBRIGHT, Madeleine, “Madeleine Albright Deliver Remarks to The Ministerial Panel On Democracy and International Organizations,” FDCH Political Transcripts, 26/06/2000.
• BUSH, George, “The Possibility of a New World Order,” Vital Speeches Of the Day, 15/05/91, Vol.57, Iss.15: 451-452.
• Conclusions of the Peace Implementation Conference Held At Lancaster House London, 08 December 1995, http://www.ohr.int/pic/archive.asp?sa=on
• GFAP, Annex 10, Civilian Implementation, Article V, Final Authority to Interpret, http://www.ohr.int/dpa/default.asp?content_id=380
• GORBACHEV, Mikhail, “The International Community and Change, A Common European Home,” speech delivered to the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 6 July 1989, in Vital Speeches of the Day, Vol. LV, No. 23, 15 September 1989.
• “High Representative Sets Out the Challenge for the New Government,” OHR Press Releases, 09 October 2002, www.ohr.int
• Update on Conditions for Return to Bosnia and Herzegovina, January 2005, www.unhcr.ba
• WARREN, Christopher, “Charting the Course for Future Civilian Implementation Efforts in Bosnia,” US Department of State Dispatch, 11/18/1996, Vol.7, No. 47: 567-569. www.ohr.int