The Concept of Political Rule in Aristotle and a Critique af the Turkish Translations of Politics

Abstract

This article examines Aristotle‘s concept of ―political rule‖ (politikē archē) and its relationship to the the three correct political regimes and, in particular, politeia. Politeia is a moderate type of political regime, which is limited by the rule of law and based on the principle of civic equality and freedom. To understand this regime correctly, its relationship with politikē archē must be understood properly. Aristotle presents this issue as an important question at the outset of the Politics. This article attempts, on the one hand, to clarify this question, which is central to Aristotle‘s political philosophy; and on the other hand, present the significance of Politics in the history of Western political thought. Another leg of the article consists of a critique of the Turkish translations of Politics. It is argued that the currently available Turkish translations of Politics get in the way of a proper understanding of the afore-mentioned question

Keywords

• Aristotle
• Politics
• Political Rule
• Political Regime
• Translation

Aristoteles'te Siyasal Yönetim Kavramı ve Politikanın Türkçe Çevirilerinin Bir Eleştirisi

Abstract

Bu makale Aristoteles’in Politika’sında “siyasal yönetim” (politikē archē) kavramını ve bu kavramın üç doğru siyasal rejimle ve özellikle de politeia ile ilişkisini ele almaktadır. Eşit ve hür yurttaşlık esasına dayanan politeia demokrasinin hukuk ile sınırlandığı mutedil bir siyasal rejim türüdür. Bu rejimi doğru anlamak için “siyasal yönetim” (politikē archē) ile ilişkisinin doğru anlaşılması gerekir. Aristoteles bu konuyu Politika’nın başında önemli bir mesele olarak ortaya koyar. Bu makale bir taraftan Aristoteles’in siyaset felsefesinde önemli bir yer tutan bu meseleyi açıklamaya çalışırken; diğer taraftan Batı düşünce tarihinde Politika’nın önemini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Makalenin bir başka ayağını ise Politika’nın Türkçe çevirilerinin eleştirisi oluşturmaktadır. Politika’nın mevcut Türkçe çevirileri, yukarıda bahsedilen önemli meselenin doğru anlaşılmasını imkan vermediği ileri sürülmektedir.

Keywords

• Aristoteles
• Politika
• Siyasal Yönetim
• Siyasal Rejim
• Çeviri

References

1. I. Politika’nın orijinal edisyonu ve Latince çevirisi
2. Aristoteles (1872), Aristotelis Politicorum libri octo cum vetusta translatione Guilelmi de Moerbeka (Leipzig: Teubner) (Der. Franz Susemihl).
3. Aristoteles (1957), Aristotelis Politica (Oxford: Clarendon Press) (Der. W. D. Ross).
4. II. Politika’nın referans verilen İngilizce çevirileri
5. Aristotle (1885), The Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press) (Çev. Benjamin Jowett).
6. Aristotle (1932), Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) (Çev. H. Rackham).
7. Aristotle (1958), The Politics of Aristotle (Oxford: Oxford University Press) (Çev. Ernest Barker).
8. Aristotle (1962), The Politics (Harmondsworth: Penguin) (Çev. T. A. Sinclair).

9. Aristotle (1981), The Politics (London: Penguin) (Çev. T. A. Sinclair, Düz. Trevor J. Saunders).
10. Aristotle (1984), Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (Çev. Carnes Lord).
11. Aristotle (1995a), Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press) (Çev. Ernest Barker, Düz. R. F. Stalley).
12. Aristotle (1995b), Politics: Books I and II (Oxford: Clarendon Aristotle Series) (Çev. Trevor J. Saunders).
13. Aristotle (1998), Politics (Indianapolis: Hackett) (Çev. C. D. C. Reeve).
14. Aristotle (2013), Politics, İkinci Baskı (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (Çev. Carnes Lord).
15. III. Politika’nın Türkçe çevirileri
16. Aristo (1944), Politika I-III (İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası) (Çev. Niyazi Berkes).
17. Aristo (1946), Politika IV-VIII (İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası) (Çev. Niyazi Berkes).
18. Aristoteles (1975), Politika (İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi) (Çev. Mete Tunçay).
19. Aristo (2007), Politika (İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları) (Çev. Ersin Uysal).
20. Aristoteles (2013a), Politika (İstanbul: Say Yayınları) (Çev. Furkan Akderin).
21. Aristoteles (2013b), Politika (İstanbul: Ark Kitapları) (Çev. Murat Temelli). IV. Diğer kaynaklar
22. Adcock, Robert ve Mark Bevir (2007), “The Remaking of Political Theory”, Adcock, Robert, Mark Bevir ve Shannon C. Stimson (Der.), Modern Political Science: Anglo-American Exchanges since 1880 (Princeton: Princeton University Press): 209-33.
23. Aquinas, Thomas (1971), Sententia libri Politicorum (Corpus Thomisticum, Pamplona) (Haz. Roberto Busa SJ ve Enrique Alarcón).
24. Aquinas, Thomas (2007), Commentary on Aristotle’s Politics (Indianapolis: Hackett) (Çev. Richard J. Regan).
25. Arendt, Hannah (1958), The Human Condition (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press).
26. Arslan, Ahmet (2011), “Önsöz”, Aristoteles içinde, W. D. Ross (İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık): 9-16.
27. Babbitt, Susan M. (1985), “Oresme‟s Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Cilt 75, Bölüm 1 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society).
28. Backes, Uwe (2010), Political Extremes: A Conceptual History from Antiquity to the Present (New York: Routledge).
29. Ball, Terence (2001), “Discordant Voices: American Histories of Political Thought”, Castiglione, Dario ve Iain Hampsher-Monk içinde: 107-33.
30. Bernays, Jacob (1872), Aristoteles’ Politik. Erstes, zweites und drittes Buch mit erklärenden Zusätzen. Berlin: Hertz.
31. Bien, Günther (1990), “Die Wirkungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Politik”, Patzig, Günther (Der.), Aristoteles’ “Politik” (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht): 325-56.
32. Blythe, James M. (1992), Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
33. Blythe, James M. (1997), “Introduction”, Ptolemy of Lucca ve Thomas Aquinas, On the Government of Rulers: De Regimine Principum (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press) (Çev. James M. Blythe).
34. Bollnow, Otto Friedrich. “What Does It Mean to Understand a Writer Better Than He Understood Himself?” Philosophy Today 23.1 (1979): 16-28.
35. Botley, Paul (2004), Latin Translation in the Renaissance: The Theory and Practice of Leonardo Bruni, Giannozzo Manetti and Desiderius Erasmus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
36. Bruni, Leonardo (1992), “The Right Way to Translate”, Lefevere, André (Der.), Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook (London: Routledge): 81-86.
37. Cartledge, Paul (2009), Ancient Greek Political Thought in Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
38. Cartledge, Paul (2013), Pratikte Antik Yunan Siyasi Düşüncesi (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları) (Çev. Kıvanç Tanrıyar).
39. Castiglione, Dario ve Iain Hampsher-Monk (Der.) (2001), The History of Political Thought in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
40. Chuska, Jeff (2000), Aristotle’s Best Regime (Lanham: University Press of America).
41. Crick, Bernard (1962), In Defence of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
42. Çelgin, Güler (2011), Eski Yunanca – Türkçe Sözlük (İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi).
43. Deslauriers, Marguerite (2006), “The Argument of Aristotle‟s Politics 1”, Phoenix 60 (1/2): 48-69.
44. Dod, Berbard G. (1982) “Aristoteles Latinus”, Kretzmann, Kenny ve Pinborg içinde: 45-79.
45. Dunbabin, Jean (1982), “The Reception and Interpretation of Aristotle‟s Politics”, Kretzmann, Kenny ve Pinborg içinde: 723-37.
46. Düring, Ingemar (1957), Aristotle in the Ancient Biographical Tradition (Göteborg: Institute of Classical Studies of the University of Göteborg).
47. Dzelzainis, Martin (1995), “Milton‟s Classical Republicanism”, Armitage, David, Armand Himy ve Quentin Skinner (Der.), Milton and Republicanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 3-24.
48. Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1996), “Gadamer on Strauss: An Interview”, Fortin, Ernest L. (Der.), uman R ghts, V rtue, and the Common ood (Lanham: Rowman & L ttlef eld): 175-89.
49. Gadamer, Hans-Georg (2004), Truth and Method, İkinci Gözden Geçirilmiş Baskı (London: Continuum) (Çev. Joel Weinsheimer ve Donald Marshall).
50. Garnsey Peter, (1996), Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
51. Goodman, Lenn E. ve Robert B. Talisse (2007), Aristotle’s Politics Today (Albany: SUNY Press).
52. Göktürk, Akşit (1994), Çeviri: Dillerin Dili (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları).
53. Gundersheimer, Werner L. (1966), The Life and Works of Louis Le Roy (Genève: Librairie Droz).
54. Gunnell, John G. (1993), The Descent of Political Theory: The Genealogy of an American Vocation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
55. Hampsher-Monk, Iain, Karin Tilmans ve Frank van Vree (Der.) (1998), History of Concepts: Comparative Perspectives (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press).
56. Hankins, James (2003), Humanism and Platonism in the Italian Renaissance, Vol. 1 (Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura).
57. Haskins, Charles H. (1927), The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
58. Hobbes, Thomas (1994), Leviathan (Indianapolis: Hackett) (Der. Edwin Curley).
59. Horn, Christoph ve Ada Neschke-Hentschke (Der.) (2008), Politischer Aristotelismus. Die Rezeption der aristotelischen “Politik” von der Antike bis zum 19. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart: Metzler).
60. Höffe, Otfried (2003), Aristotle (Albany, NY: SUNY Press) (Çev. Christine Salazar).
61. Keyt, David ve Fred D. Miller (2004), “Ancient Greek Political Thought”, Gaus, Gerald F. ve Chandran Kukathas (Der.), Handbook of Political Theory (London: Sage): 303-319.
62. King, Preston (Der.) (1983), The History of Ideas: An Introduction to Method (London: Croom Helm).
63. Klein, Jacob ve Leo Strauss (1970), “A Giving of Accounts”,The College [St. John’s Review] 22 (1): 1-5.
64. Klein, Jacob (1977), Plato’s Trilogy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
65. Kretzmann, Norman, Anthony Kenny ve Jan Pinborg (Der.) (1982), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Disintegration of Scholasticism, 1100-1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
66. Kraut, Richard (2002) Aristotle: Political Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
67. Kuhn, Heinrich (2009), “Aristotelianism in the Renaissance”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (Der.), .
68. Langer, Ullrich (Der.) (2002), Beyond the Poetics: Aristotle and Early Modern Literature (Geneva: Droz).
69. Lloyd, G. E. R. (1968) Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
70. Lloyd, G. E. R. (2014), Aristoteles (İstanbul: Pinhan) (Çev. Aylin Kayapalı).
71. Lord, Carnes (1978), “Politics and Philosophy in Aristotle‟s Politics”, Hermes 106: 336-57.
72. Lord, Carnes (1986), “On the Early History of the Aristotelian Corpus”, American Journal of Philology 107 (2): 137-61.
73. Major, Rafael (2005), “The Cambridge School and Leo Strauss: Texts and Context of American Political Science.” Political Research Quarterly 58 (3): 477-85.
74. Mandelbaum, Maurice (1971), History, Man, & Reason: A Study in Nineteenth-century Thought (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press).
75. Marsilius of Padua (2005), Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of the Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) (Çev. Annabel Bret).
76. Mayhew, Robert (1997), Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato’s Republic (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield).
77. Mayhew, Robert (2009), “Rulers and Rulded”, Anagnostopoulos, Georgios (Der.). A Companion to Aristotle (London: Blackwell): 526-39.
78. Meier, Christian (1990), The Greek Discovery of Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) (Çev. David McLintock).
79. Melehy, Hassan (2010), The Poetics of Literary Transfer in Early Modern France and England (Burlington: Ashgate).
80. Miller, Fred D. (2013), “The Rule of Reason”, Deslauriers, Marguerite ve Pierre Destrée (Der.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle’s Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 38-66.
81. Moran, Dermot (1994), “The Destruction of the Destruction: Heidegger‟s Versions of the History of Philosophy”, Harries, Karsten ve Christoph Jamme (Der.), Martin Heidegger: Politics, Art, and Technology (New York: Holmes & Meier): 175-96.
82. Nederman, Cary J. (1991), “Aristotelianism and the Origins of „Political Science‟ in the Twelfth Century”, Journal of the History of Ideas 52 (2): 179-94.
83. Newman, William L. (1887–1902), The Politics of Aristotle, 4 cilt (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
84. Nichols, Mary P. (1992), Citizens and Statesmen: A Study of Aristotle’s Politics (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield).
85. Norton, Paul (1981), “Leo Strauss: His Critique of Historicism” Modern Age 25: 143-54.
86. Nyquist, Mary (2013), Arbitrary Rule: Slavery, Tyranny, and the Power of Life and Death (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
87. Odabaş, Melike ve Doğan İnce (2014), “2000 Yılından Günümüze Aristoteles Kaynakçası”, Cogito 78 (Özel Sayı), Aristotelesçilik içinde (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları): 407-33.
88. Ökten, Kaan H. (Der.) (2007), Aristoteles (İstanbul: Say Yayınları).
89. Parker, Holt N. (2012), “Aristotle‟s Unanswered Questions: Women and Slaves in Politics 1252a- 1260b,” Eugesta 2: 71-122.
90. Pangle, Thomas L. (2013), Aristotle’s Teaching in the Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
91. Pines, Shlomo (1986), “Aristotle‟s Politics in Arabic Philosophy”, The Collected Works of Shlomo Pines, Vol. 2: Studies in Arabic Versions of Greek Texts and in Medieval Science (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press): 146-56.
92. Pocock, J.G.A. (1975), The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
93. Rahe, Paul A. (2008), Against Throne and Altar: Machiavelli and Political Theory under the English Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
94. Richter, Melvin (1995), The History of Political and Social Concepts: A Critical Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
95. Ross, W. D. (1995 [1923]), Aristotle, 6. baskı (London: Routledge).
96. Ross, W. D. (2011 [1993]), Aristoteles (İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık) (Çev. Ahmet Arslan).
97. Rowe, Christopher (2000), “The Peripatos after Aristotle”, Rowe, Christopher ve Malcolm Schofield (Der.) The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 390-95.
98. Rubinstein, Nicolai (1990), “The History of the Word Politicus in Early-Modern Europe”, Pagden, Anthony (Der.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 41-56.
99. Rubinstein, Nicolai (1991), “Italian Political Thought, 1450-1530”, Burns, J. H. (Der.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 30-65.
100. Rubinstein, Nicolai (2004 [1965]), “Marsilius of Padua and Italian Political Thought of His Time”, Ciappelli, Giovanni (Der.), Studies in Italian History in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Cilt I, Political Thought and the Language of Politics. Art and Politics (Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura): 99-130.
101. Sabine, George H. (1973 [1937]), A History of Political Theory, 4. baskı, Thorson, Thomas L. (Düz.) (New York: Harcourt Brace).
102. Saxonhouse, Arlene W. (1992), Fear of Diversity: The Birth of Political Science in Ancient Greek Thought Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
103. Schmidt, James (1986), “A Raven with a Halo: The Translation of Aristotle‟s Politics”, History of Political Thought 7 (2): 295–319.
104. Schmitt, Charles B. (1983a), Aristotle and the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
105. Schmitt, Charles B. (1983b), John Case and Aristotelianism in Renaissance England (Montreal: McGill-Queen‟s Press).
106. Schofield, Malcolm (1999), Saving The City: Philosopher-Kings and Other Classical Paradigms (London: Routledge). Schütz, Ludwig (2006 [1895]),
107. Thomas-Lexikon, Üçüncü Edisyon
108. (Corpus Thomisticum, Pamplona) (Haz. Enrique Alarcón).
109. Simpson, Peter L. P. (1998), A Philosophical Commentary on the Politics of Aristotle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).
110. Soudek, Josef (1964), “The Moral Philosophy of Aristotle in the Renaissance”, Josef Soudek Collection 1885-1990 içinde, URL=.
111. Spranzi Marta (2011), The Art of Dialectic Between Dialogue and Rhetoric (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).
112. Strauss, Leo (1953), Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
113. Strauss, Leo (1954), “On a Forgotten Kind of Writing”, Chicago Review 8 (1): 64-75.
114. Strauss, Leo (1989), The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (Der. Thomas L. Pangle).
115. Strauss, Leo ve Hans-Georg Gadamer (1978), “Correspondence Concerning Wahrheit und Methode,” Der. ve çev. George Elliot Tucker, Independent Journal of Philosophy 2: 5–12.
116. Tessitore, Aristide (der.) (2002), Aristotle and Modern Politics: The Persistence of Political Philosophy (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame).
117. The Foreign Review (1829), Cilt IV (London: Black, Young, and Young).
118. Toku, Neşet (2009-10), “Aristoteles‟in Siyaset Felsefesi”, Özne 11-12.
119. Trott, Adriel M. (2014), Aristotle on the Nature of Community (Cambr dge: Cambr dge Un vers ty Press) .
120. Tuck, Richard (1981), Natural R ghts Theor es : Their Origin and Development (Cambr dge: Cambr dge Un vers ty Press) .
121. Tunçay, Mete (Der.) (2006), Batı’da Siyasal Düşünceler Tarihi: Seçilmiş Yazılar, Cilt 1, Eski ve Ortaçağlar (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları).
122. Ülken, Hilmi Ziya (2011), Uyanış Devirlerinde Tercümenin Rolü (İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları).
123. Velkley, Richard L. (2011), Heidegger, Strauss, and the Premises of Philosophy: On Original Forgetting (Chicago : University of Chicago Press).
124. VIile, M. J. C. (1998), Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund).
125. Viroli, Maurizio (1992), From Politics to Reason of State: The Acquisition and Transformation of the Language of Politics 1250-1600 (Cambr dge: Cambr dge Un vers ty Press) .
126. Yack, Bernard (1993), The Problems of Political Animal: Community, Justice, and Conflict in Aristotelian Political Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press).