Kosova Issue at the Intersection of Security and Migration

Year 2014, Volume: 69 Issue: 3, 455 - 479, 22.10.2014

Bülent Ağır

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002320

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Intra-state conflicts can generate large waves of forcibly displaced persons. In this respect, demographic dynamics and population movements have important ramifications for all levels (individual, societal, national, regional and international) of security. In the name of ethnic homogenization, large numbers of persons were displaced within their own country, while others were more or less forced to flee to neighboring countries to seek asylum. So, these population movements are now attracting increased attention in International Relations in general terms, and in the field of Security Studies particularly. Indeed, the forced migration of refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are severely destabilizing factors for the Balkans region. The aim of this paper is to offer an overview of the linkages between migration and security in the context of the Kosovo case. While during the Kosovo crisis in 1999, about 2 million people were forcibly displaced, the NATO intervention resulted in the violation of the human rights of the Serbs and caused most of the Serbs to move out of the Kosovo.

Keywords

Kosovo, Migration, Security, Albanians, Serbs

Güvenlik ve Göç Kavşağında Kosova Sorunu

Abstract

Devlet-içi çatışmalar, insanların kitleler halinde zorla yerlerinden edilmelerine yol açabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, demografik dinamiklerin ve insan hareketliliklerinin tüm düzeylerde (bireysel, toplumsal, ulusal, bölgesel ve uluslararası) güvenlik için önemli yansımaları vardır. Etnik açıdan homojenleştirme adına önemli sayıda insan kendi ülkelerinde yerlerinden edilirken, diğerleri komşu ülkelere akın etmekte ve mülteci konumuna düşmektedirler. Bu nedenle, bu tür insan hareketleri, genel olarak Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde ve özel olarak Güvenlik Çalışmaları alanında büyük bir dikkat çekmektedir. Gerçekten zorla göç ettirilmiş mülteciler ve içsel olarak yerlerinden edilmiş insanlar, Balkanlar bölgesi için önemli istikrarsızlık faktörleri olmuşlardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kosova örnek olayı bağlamında göç ve güvenlik arasındaki bağlantılar ile ilgili bir bakış açısı ortaya koymaktır. Kosova krizi sırasında 1999 yılında yaklaşık 2 milyon insan zorla yerlerinden edilmişken, NATO müdahalesi ise, Sırpların insan hakları ihlallerine maruz kalması ile sonuçlanmış ve Sırpların çoğunun Kosova dışına göç etmesine neden olmuştur.

Keywords

Kosova, Göç, Güvenlik, Arnavutlar, Sırplar

References

• Abazi, Enika (2004), “The Role of International Community in Conflict Situation, Which Way Forwards? The Case of Kosovo/a Conflict,” Balkanologie, 8 (1): 9-31.
• Balla, Shefqet (2008), Yeni Bir Kosova’nın Doğuşu (İzmir: Zeus Kitabevi).
• Bali, Sita (2008), “Population Movements,” Williams, Paul (ed.), Security Studies: An Introduction (London: Routledge): 468-482.
• Ball, Patrick, Wendy Betts, Fritz Scheuren, Jana Dudukovich ve Jana Asher (2009), “Killings and Refugee Flow in Kosovo, March-June 1999,” Tabeau, Ewa (ed.), Conflict in Numbers: Casualities of the 1990s War in the Former Yugoslavia, 1991-1999 (Belgrade: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia): 877-949.
• Baskin, Mark (2006), “Local Governance in Kosovo: A Link to Democratic Development,” Knudsen, Tonny Brems ve Carsten Bagge Laustsen (eds.), Kosovo Between War and Peace: Nationalism, Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship (New York: Routledge): 76-95.
• Bideleux, Robert ve Ian Jeffries (2007), The Balkans: A Post-Communist History (London: Routledge).
• Blagojevic, Marina (1998), “Kosovo: In/visible Civil War,” Veremis, Thanos ve Evangelos Kofos (eds.), Kosovo: Avoiding Another Balkan War (Athens: ELIAMEP): 239-310.
• Bora, Tanıl (1999), Bosna Hersek: Yeni Dünya Düzeni’nin Av Sahası (İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları). Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver ve Jaap de Wilde (1998), Security: A New Framework For Analysis (London: Lynne Reinner Publishers).
• Caplan, Richard (1998), “International Diplomacy and the Crisis in Kosovo,” International Affairs, 74 (4): 745-761.
• Clark, Howard (2000), Civil Resistance in Kosovo (London: Pluto Press).
• Collyer, Michael (2006), “Migrants, Migration and the Security Paradigm: Constraints and Opportunities,” Mediterranean Politics, 11 (2): 255-270.
• Daskalovski, Zhidas (2004), “Democratic Consolidation and the „Stateness‟ Problem: The Case of Macedonia,” The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 3 (2): 52-66.
• Emiroğlu, Hüseyin (2010), Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Kosova Sorunu, 1989-2000 (Ankara: Asil Yayınları).
• Gibney, Matthew J. (1999), “Kosovo and Beyond: Popular and Unpopular Refugees,” Forced Migration Review, 5: 28-30.
• Human Rights Watch (2001), Under Orders War Crimes in Kosovo (New York: Human Rights Watch).
• Huysmans, Jef (2002), “Shape-Shifting NATO: Humanitarian Action And The Kosova Refugee Crisis,” Review of International Studies, 28 (4): 599-618.
• Huysmans, Jef (2006), The Politics of Insecurity, Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU (London: Routledge).
• Ilıc, Vladimir (2001), “Yugoslavia: Displacement From Kosova: From Patronage to Self Help,” Vincent, Marc ve Birgitte Refslund Sorensen (eds.), Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the Internally Displaced (London: Pluto Press): 250-265.
• Jenne, Erin K. (2010), “Barriers to Reintegration after Ethnic Civil Wars: Lessons from Minority Returns and Restitution in the Balkans,” Civil Wars, 12 (4): 370-394. Judah, Tim (2008), Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
• Ker-Lindsay, James (2009), Kosovo: The Path to Contested Statehood in the Balkans (London: I.B.Tauris).
• Kubo, Keiichi (2010), “Why Kosovar Albanians Took Up Arms against the Serbian Regime: The Genesis and Expansion of the UÇK in Kosovo,” Europe-Asia Studies, 62 (7): 1135-1152.
• Malcolm, Noel (1999), Kosova: Balkanları Anlamak İçin (İstanbul: Sabah Yayınları) (Çev.: Özden Arıkan).
• Maliqi, Shkelzen (1998), Kosova Separate Worlds: Reflections and Analyses, 1989-1998 (Prishtina: Dukagjini Publishing House).
• Morris, Nicolas (1999), “UNHCR and Kosovo: A Personal View from within UNHCR,” Forced Migration Review, 5: 14-17.
• Murati, Valon, Blerim Ahmeti, Selatin Kllokoqi ve Glauk Konjufca (2007), Actors and Processes of Ethno-National Mobilization in Kosovo (Bozan-Bolzano: European Academy Research).
• NATO Office of Information and Press (2001), NATO Handbook (Brussels: NATO Office of Information and Press).
• Ovalı, A. Şevket (2006), “Ütopya ile Pratik Arasında: Uluslararası İlişkilerde İnsan Güvenliği Kavramsallaştırması,” Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3 (10): 3-52.
• Pavkovic, Aleksander (1998), “From Yugoslavism to Serbism: The Serb National Idea 1986-1996,” Nations and Nationalism, 4 (4): 511-528.
• Posen, Barry (1996), “Military Responses to Refugee Disasters,” International Security, 21 (1): 72- 111.
• Poulton, Hugh (1991), Balkans, Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rigths Publications).
• Roe, Paul (2005), Ethnic Violence and the Societal Security Dilemma (London: Routledge).
• Saleyhan, Idean (2009), “The Externalities of Civil Strife: Refugees as a Source of International Conflict,” American Journal of Political Science, 52 (4): 787-801.
• Salla, Michael (1995), “Kosovo, Non-violence and the Break-up of Yugoslavia,” Security Dialogue, 26 (4): 427-438.
• Schleicher, Elisabeth (2010), The International Engagement in Kosovo Achieving Positive Peace?, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, (Viyana: Viyana Üniversitesi).
• Simic, Predrag (1998), “The Kosovo and Metohia Problem and Regional Security in the Balkans,” Veremis, Thanos ve Evangelos Kofos (eds.), Kosovo: Avoiding Another Balkan War (Athens: ELIAMEP): 173-206.
• Stivachtis, Yannis A. (1999), “Kosovo Refugees and National Security,” Refuge, 18 (3): 41-46.
• Stivachtis, Yannis A. (2008), “International Migration and the Politics of Identity and Security,” Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2 (1): 1-24.
• The Independent International Commision on Kosovo (2000), Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response and Lessons Learned (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
• Tragaki, Alexandra (2007), “Demography and Migration as Human Security Factors: The Case of South Eastern Europe,” Migration Letters, 4 (2): 103-118.
• Troebst, Stefan (1998), Conflict in Kosovo: Failure of Prevention, An Analytical Documentation, 1992-1998 (Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues).
• Walling, Carrie Booth (2001), “The History and Politics of Ethnic Cleansing,” Booth, Ken (ed.), The Kosovo Tradegy: The Human Rights Dimensions (London: Frank Cass): 47-66.
• Wæver, Ole, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup ve Pierre Lemaitre (1993), Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (London: Pinter).
• Weiner, Myron (2011), “Migration and Security,” Hughes, Christopher W. ve Lai Yew Meng (eds.), Security Studies: A Reader (London: Routledge): 253-264.
• Wilson, Jeremy M. (2006), “Law and Order in an Emerging Democracy: Lessons from the Reconstruction of Kosovo‟s Police and Justice Systems,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 605 (1): 152-177.
• Vickers, Miranda (1998), Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo (London: Hurst and Company).
• Yılmaz-Başçeri, Esin (1998), “Uluslararası Göç”, Sönmezoğlu, Faruk (der.), Uluslararası Politikada Yeni Alanlar, Yeni Bakışlar, (İstanbul: Der Yayınları): 489-517.
• Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi 1244 Sayılı Kararı (1999), http://daccess-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/172/89/PDF/N9917289.pdf?OpenElement (09.09.2010).
• Eide, Kai (2004), “Kosova: Geleceğe Uzanan Yol,” NATO Dergisi, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2004/issue4/turkish/opinion.html (10.07.2011).
• European Stability Initiative (2004), The Lausanne Principal: Multiethnicity, Territory and the Future of Kosovo’s Serbs, http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_53.pdf (05.07.2012).
• Hansen, Randall ve Papademetriou, Demetrios G., Securing Borders, The Intended, Unintended, and Perverse Consequences, Migration Policy Institute, January 2014, www.migrationpolicy.org/research/securing-borders-perverse-consequences (05.02.2014).
• Hayden, William (1998), “The Kosovo Conflict and Forced Migration: The Strategic Use of Displacement and the Obstacles to International Protection,” The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/133 (21.12.2011).
• Hellenic Resources Network, 19,000 Serbian Refugees Settled in Kosova, Kosova Communication, June 17 1996, http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/koscom/1996/96-06-17.koscom.html, (09.04.2014).
• Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia (2008), Forgotten Worlds-Kosovo Envclaves, Belgrade, September 2008, http://www.helsinki.org.rs/doc/HC%20Report%20KOSOVA%20Enclaves.pdf, (05.02.2014).
• Kosovo Standards Implementation Plan (2004), http://operationkosovo.kentlaw.edu/symposium/resources/KSIP%20final%20draft%2031 %20March%202004b.htm (13.10.2012).
• Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (1992), Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/2f80d5ef4fbd3b49c1256b26003d73ba/c0a6 cfd5274508fd802567900036da9a?OpenDocument (15.10.2012).
• Ministry of Communities and Returns of Kosovo Republic (2013), Strategy for Communities and Returns, 2009-2013, http://www.kryeministriks.net/zck/repository/docs/Strategy_for_Communities_and_Returns_2009-2013.pdf (15.04.2013).
• Statistical Office of Kosovo (2008), Demographic Changes of the Kosovo Population, 1948-2006, http://esk.rks-gov.net/eng/publikimet/doc_download/521-demographic-changes-of-thekosovo-population-1948-2006 (10.01.2012).
• The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Nebojsa Pavkovic, Vladimir Lazarevic, Vlastimir Djordevic and Sreten Lukic, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/pavkovic/ind/en/pav-ii031002e.htm (04.08.2012).
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees (1996), UNHCR CDR Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Kosovo, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a640c.html (12.10.2012).
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2006), UNHCR Global Appeal 2006, www.unhcr.org/4a0ad61f6.html (05.02.2014).
• UNMIK (2003), Standards for Kosovo, http://www.unmikonline.org/press/2003/pressr/pr1078.pdf (05.04.2011).
• Vathi, Zana ve Richard Black (2007), “Migration and Poverty Reduction in Kosovo,” Working Paper, Development Research Center on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/MigrationGlobPov/WP-C12.pdf (09.09.2011).