Research Article
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In Search of a Lost Class: Class Formation and Modernization in Anatolia

Year 2015, Volume: 70 Issue: 3, 541 - 570, 03.11.2015
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002363

Abstract

Based on a field research, this study examines the rise and decline of the working class in an industrial town in Central Anatolia. It focuses in particular on the role of State Economic Enterprises (SEEs) in class formation and attempts to analyze the process as they appeared in the life histories of workers who had been employed by the government. The study has been conducted in Eregli where one of the biggest cotton factories of Turkey was located. The study has three main findings. First, in the initial years, the workers related their social status and respectability with the workplace, which meant a transition from traditional agricultural workmanship to modern industrial workmanship. Second, for the next generation, workers have great doubts about this organizational pattern, and looked for new points of departures for several reasons: arbitrary behaviors of the managers; corruption of the labor union; heavy workload and continuous labor control. Third, the privatization of the enterprise has uprooted the last generation. It has brought about disintegration that was not merely financial but also social, and even cultural

References

  • Akalın, Güneri (2003), Kitler ve Özellestirilmeleri (Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi).
  • Aktan, Coşkun, C. (2006), “Turkey: From Inward Oriented Etatism to Outward Looking Liberal Strategy”, ozellestirme/Aktan-turkey-from-inward.pdf (3.10.2006).
  • Alterman, Jon. B. (2009), “Free Markets, Free Muslims: Can a New Middle Class Make a New Middle East?”, Foreign Affairs, 88 (6): 141-145.
  • Beinin, Joel (2001), Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Benería, Lourdes (2001), “Shifting the risk: New employment patterns, informalization, and women's work”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 15(1): 27-53
  • Boycko Maxim, Andrei Shleifer ve Robert W. Vishny (1996), “A Theory of Privatization”, The Economic Journal, 106 (435): 309–19.
  • Braverman, Harry (2008), Emek ve Tekelci Sermaye (İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları) (Çev. Çiğdem Çidamlı).
  • Callinicos, Alex ve Chris Harman, C. (2006), Neo-Liberalizm ve Sınıf (İstanbul: Salyangoz Yayınları) (Çev. Osman Akınhay).
  • Duggal, V. P. (1969), “A Review of the State Economic Enterprises in Turkey”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 40 (4): 469–477.
  • Eagleton, Terry (2011), Marx Neden Haklıydı (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap) (Çev. Oya Köymen).
  • Edwards, Richard (1979), Contested terrain: The transformation of the workplace in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books).
  • Ertuna, Özer (1998), "Constraints of privatization: The Turkish case", Public-Private Partnerships in the Mena Region-Workshop, Mediterranean Development Forum.
  • Fernandez, Sergio ve Craig R. Smith (2005), “Looking for Evidence of Public Employee Opposition to Privatization: An Empirical Study with Implications for Practice”, Review of Public Personnel Administration”, 26 (4): 356-381.
  • Forrest, Ray (1999), The new landscape of precariousness (Bristol: Policy Press).
  • Friedman, Andy (1977a), Industry and Labour: Class Struggles at Work under Monopoly Capitalism (London: MacMillan).
  • Friedman, Andy (1977b), “Responsible autonomy versus direct control over the labour process”, Capital and Class, 1: 43-57.
  • Friedman, Milton (1982), Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: Chicago U.P.).
  • Gupta, Sanjeev, Christian Schiller, Henry Ma ve Erwin R. Tiongson (2001), “Privatization, Labor and Social Safety Nets”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 15 (5): 647-669.
  • Gülalp, H. (1995), “The Crisis of Westernization in Turkey: Islamism versus Nationalism”, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Sciences”, 8 (2): 175-182.
  • Hazine Müsteşarlığı (2014), Hazine
  • Müsteşarlığı 2014 İlk Çeyrek KİT Verileri,
  • http://www.hazine.gov.tr/default.aspx?nsw=EilDPQez15w=H7deC+LxBI8=&mid=60&cid=
  • 14&nm=299 (03.07.2014).
  • Heley, Jesse (2010), “The New Squirearchy and Emergent Cultures of the New Middle Classes in Rural Areas”, Journal of Rural Studies, 26 (4): 321-331.
  • Kalleberg, Arne L. (2009), “Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition”, American sociological review, 74(1), 1-22.
  • Katznelson, Ira (1986), “Working-Class Formation: Constructing Cases and Comparisons”, I. Katznelson ve A. R. Zolberg (Der.), Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press): (s. 3-41).
  • Keyder, Çağlar (2004), Ulusal Kalkınmacılığın İflası, (İstanbul: Metis Yayınları).
  • Kıray, Mübeccel B. (2000), Ereğli: Ağır Sanayiden Önce Bir Sahil Kasabası, (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları).
  • Kikeri, Sunita (1998). Privatization and labor: What happens to workers when governments divest? The World Bank Technical Paper 396, (Washington, DC).
  • Krueger, Anne O. ve Baran Tuncer (1982), “Growth of factor productivity in Turkish manufacturing industries”, Journal of Development Economies, 11 (3): 307–325.
  • Mac-Clure, Oscar (2012), “Chile's New Middle Classes: A Cohort Analysis”, CEPAL Review, 108: 161-73.
  • Makal, Ahmet (2007), Ameleden İsçiye: Erken Cumhuriyet Donemi Emek Tarihi Çalışmaları, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları)
  • Manis, Jerome G. ve Bernard N. Meltzer (1954), “Attitudes of Textile Workers to Class Structure”, American Journal of Sociology, 60 (1): 30-35.
  • Marx, K. (2011), Kapital I (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap) (Çev. Nail Satlıgan ve Mehmet Selik).
  • Megginson, William L. ve Jeffry M. Netter (2001), “From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies on Privatization”, Journal of Economic Literature, 39 (2): 321-389.
  • Nichols, Theo, Nadir Sugur ve Ali C. Tasiran (2003), “Signs of change in Turkey’s working class: workers’ age-related perceptions in the modern manufacturing sector”, British Journal of Sociology, 54 (4): 527–545.
  • Pirie, Madsen (1988), Privatization: Theory, practice and choice (Brookfield, VT: Gower).
  • Platman, K. (2004), “Flexible employment in later life: public policy panaceas in the search for mechanisms to extend working lives”, Social Policy and Society, 3(2), 181-188.
  • Savas, E. S. (1987). Privatization: The Key to Better Government (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House).
  • Savran, Sungur (2014), “Sınıfları Haritalandırmak: Sınıflar Birbirinden Nasıl Ayrılır?”, Savran, Sungur, Tanyılmaz, Kurtar ve Tonak, E. Ahmet (Der.), Marksizm ve Sınıflar: Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Sınıflar ve Mücadeleleri (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap): 25-67.
  • Seifert, Hartmut ve Andranik Tangian (2008), "European Flexicurity: Flexibility and Precariousness of Work–Empirical Findings", Les Enjeux et Défis: 23: 265.
  • Sülker, Kemal (2004), Türkiye Sendikacılık Tarihi (İstanbul: Tüstav).
  • Sümerbank Ereğli Bez Fabrikası (1967) Otuzuncu Yıl (Ereğli: Sümerbank Yayını).
  • Sümerbank Personel Rehberi (1976) (Ankara: Sümerbank Yayını).
  • Therborn, Göran (2013), “21. Yüzyılda Sınıf”, Praksis, 32 (2): 91-113.
  • Thompson, E. P. (2006), İngiliz İşçi Sınıfının Oluşumu (İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları) (Çev. Ayşe Buğra)
  • Van der Land, Marco (2007), “Cursory Connections: Urban Ties of the New Middle Class in Rotterdam”, Urban Studies, 44 (3): 477– 499.
  • Vickers, John ve George Yarrow (1989), Privatization: An Economic Analysis (Cambridge: MIT Press).
  • Weber, M. (2004), Sosyoloji Yazıları (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları) (Çev. Taha Parla).
  • World Bank (2000) The quality of growth (New York: Oxford University Press).
  • Wyatt, S. C., (1934) “Turkey: The Economic Situation and the Five-Year Plan”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939”, 13 (6): 826-844.
  • Yarrow, George (1986) "Privatization in Theory and Practice," Economic Policy, 2: 324-377.

Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu'da Sınıf Oluşumu ve Modernleşme

Year 2015, Volume: 70 Issue: 3, 541 - 570, 03.11.2015
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002363

Abstract

Bir saha araştırmasına dayanan bu çalışma, Orta Anadolu’daki bir sanayi kasabasında işçi sınıfının yükseliş ve çöküş süreçlerini inceliyor. Çalışma özel olarak Kamu İktisadi Teşebbüsleri’nin (KİTler) sınıf oluşumundaki rolüne odaklanıyor ve bu süreci devlet için çalışmış olan işçilerin hayat öykülerinde görüldüğü şekliyle analiz ediyor. Çalışma Türkiye’nin en büyük tekstil fabrikalarından birinin bulunduğu Ereğli’de yürütüldü. Çalışmanın sonucunda üç temel bulguya ulaşıldı. İlk olarak, fabrikanın kuruluş yıllarında işçiler sosyal statü ve saygınlıklarını işyerleriyle ilişkilendirmektedir ki bu durum geleneksel tarım işçiliğinden modern sanayi işçiliğine geçiş anlamı taşımaktadır. İkinci olarak, bir sonraki işçi kuşağı söz konusu örgütsel modele güvensizlik duymaya başlamış ve yeni arayışlar peşine düşmüştür. Bu güvencesizliğin gerekçeleri, yöneticilerin keyfi davranışları, sendikanın yozlaşması, ağır iş yükü ve sürekli denetim altında çalışmaktır. Üçüncü olarak, işletmenin özelleştirilmesi en son kuşağı köklerinden uzaklaştırmıştır. Özelleştirme bu kuşak için yalnızca mali değil, sosyal ve kültürel anlamda da çözülme anlamına gelmektedir.

References

  • Akalın, Güneri (2003), Kitler ve Özellestirilmeleri (Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi).
  • Aktan, Coşkun, C. (2006), “Turkey: From Inward Oriented Etatism to Outward Looking Liberal Strategy”, ozellestirme/Aktan-turkey-from-inward.pdf (3.10.2006).
  • Alterman, Jon. B. (2009), “Free Markets, Free Muslims: Can a New Middle Class Make a New Middle East?”, Foreign Affairs, 88 (6): 141-145.
  • Beinin, Joel (2001), Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Benería, Lourdes (2001), “Shifting the risk: New employment patterns, informalization, and women's work”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 15(1): 27-53
  • Boycko Maxim, Andrei Shleifer ve Robert W. Vishny (1996), “A Theory of Privatization”, The Economic Journal, 106 (435): 309–19.
  • Braverman, Harry (2008), Emek ve Tekelci Sermaye (İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları) (Çev. Çiğdem Çidamlı).
  • Callinicos, Alex ve Chris Harman, C. (2006), Neo-Liberalizm ve Sınıf (İstanbul: Salyangoz Yayınları) (Çev. Osman Akınhay).
  • Duggal, V. P. (1969), “A Review of the State Economic Enterprises in Turkey”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 40 (4): 469–477.
  • Eagleton, Terry (2011), Marx Neden Haklıydı (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap) (Çev. Oya Köymen).
  • Edwards, Richard (1979), Contested terrain: The transformation of the workplace in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books).
  • Ertuna, Özer (1998), "Constraints of privatization: The Turkish case", Public-Private Partnerships in the Mena Region-Workshop, Mediterranean Development Forum.
  • Fernandez, Sergio ve Craig R. Smith (2005), “Looking for Evidence of Public Employee Opposition to Privatization: An Empirical Study with Implications for Practice”, Review of Public Personnel Administration”, 26 (4): 356-381.
  • Forrest, Ray (1999), The new landscape of precariousness (Bristol: Policy Press).
  • Friedman, Andy (1977a), Industry and Labour: Class Struggles at Work under Monopoly Capitalism (London: MacMillan).
  • Friedman, Andy (1977b), “Responsible autonomy versus direct control over the labour process”, Capital and Class, 1: 43-57.
  • Friedman, Milton (1982), Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: Chicago U.P.).
  • Gupta, Sanjeev, Christian Schiller, Henry Ma ve Erwin R. Tiongson (2001), “Privatization, Labor and Social Safety Nets”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 15 (5): 647-669.
  • Gülalp, H. (1995), “The Crisis of Westernization in Turkey: Islamism versus Nationalism”, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Sciences”, 8 (2): 175-182.
  • Hazine Müsteşarlığı (2014), Hazine
  • Müsteşarlığı 2014 İlk Çeyrek KİT Verileri,
  • http://www.hazine.gov.tr/default.aspx?nsw=EilDPQez15w=H7deC+LxBI8=&mid=60&cid=
  • 14&nm=299 (03.07.2014).
  • Heley, Jesse (2010), “The New Squirearchy and Emergent Cultures of the New Middle Classes in Rural Areas”, Journal of Rural Studies, 26 (4): 321-331.
  • Kalleberg, Arne L. (2009), “Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition”, American sociological review, 74(1), 1-22.
  • Katznelson, Ira (1986), “Working-Class Formation: Constructing Cases and Comparisons”, I. Katznelson ve A. R. Zolberg (Der.), Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press): (s. 3-41).
  • Keyder, Çağlar (2004), Ulusal Kalkınmacılığın İflası, (İstanbul: Metis Yayınları).
  • Kıray, Mübeccel B. (2000), Ereğli: Ağır Sanayiden Önce Bir Sahil Kasabası, (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları).
  • Kikeri, Sunita (1998). Privatization and labor: What happens to workers when governments divest? The World Bank Technical Paper 396, (Washington, DC).
  • Krueger, Anne O. ve Baran Tuncer (1982), “Growth of factor productivity in Turkish manufacturing industries”, Journal of Development Economies, 11 (3): 307–325.
  • Mac-Clure, Oscar (2012), “Chile's New Middle Classes: A Cohort Analysis”, CEPAL Review, 108: 161-73.
  • Makal, Ahmet (2007), Ameleden İsçiye: Erken Cumhuriyet Donemi Emek Tarihi Çalışmaları, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları)
  • Manis, Jerome G. ve Bernard N. Meltzer (1954), “Attitudes of Textile Workers to Class Structure”, American Journal of Sociology, 60 (1): 30-35.
  • Marx, K. (2011), Kapital I (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap) (Çev. Nail Satlıgan ve Mehmet Selik).
  • Megginson, William L. ve Jeffry M. Netter (2001), “From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies on Privatization”, Journal of Economic Literature, 39 (2): 321-389.
  • Nichols, Theo, Nadir Sugur ve Ali C. Tasiran (2003), “Signs of change in Turkey’s working class: workers’ age-related perceptions in the modern manufacturing sector”, British Journal of Sociology, 54 (4): 527–545.
  • Pirie, Madsen (1988), Privatization: Theory, practice and choice (Brookfield, VT: Gower).
  • Platman, K. (2004), “Flexible employment in later life: public policy panaceas in the search for mechanisms to extend working lives”, Social Policy and Society, 3(2), 181-188.
  • Savas, E. S. (1987). Privatization: The Key to Better Government (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House).
  • Savran, Sungur (2014), “Sınıfları Haritalandırmak: Sınıflar Birbirinden Nasıl Ayrılır?”, Savran, Sungur, Tanyılmaz, Kurtar ve Tonak, E. Ahmet (Der.), Marksizm ve Sınıflar: Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Sınıflar ve Mücadeleleri (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap): 25-67.
  • Seifert, Hartmut ve Andranik Tangian (2008), "European Flexicurity: Flexibility and Precariousness of Work–Empirical Findings", Les Enjeux et Défis: 23: 265.
  • Sülker, Kemal (2004), Türkiye Sendikacılık Tarihi (İstanbul: Tüstav).
  • Sümerbank Ereğli Bez Fabrikası (1967) Otuzuncu Yıl (Ereğli: Sümerbank Yayını).
  • Sümerbank Personel Rehberi (1976) (Ankara: Sümerbank Yayını).
  • Therborn, Göran (2013), “21. Yüzyılda Sınıf”, Praksis, 32 (2): 91-113.
  • Thompson, E. P. (2006), İngiliz İşçi Sınıfının Oluşumu (İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları) (Çev. Ayşe Buğra)
  • Van der Land, Marco (2007), “Cursory Connections: Urban Ties of the New Middle Class in Rotterdam”, Urban Studies, 44 (3): 477– 499.
  • Vickers, John ve George Yarrow (1989), Privatization: An Economic Analysis (Cambridge: MIT Press).
  • Weber, M. (2004), Sosyoloji Yazıları (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları) (Çev. Taha Parla).
  • World Bank (2000) The quality of growth (New York: Oxford University Press).
  • Wyatt, S. C., (1934) “Turkey: The Economic Situation and the Five-Year Plan”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939”, 13 (6): 826-844.
  • Yarrow, George (1986) "Privatization in Theory and Practice," Economic Policy, 2: 324-377.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Bahadır Nurol

Publication Date November 3, 2015
Submission Date November 3, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 70 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Nurol, B. (2015). Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu ve Modernleşme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 70(3), 541-570. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002363
AMA Nurol B. Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu ve Modernleşme. SBF Dergisi. November 2015;70(3):541-570. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002363
Chicago Nurol, Bahadır. “Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu Ve Modernleşme”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 70, no. 3 (November 2015): 541-70. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002363.
EndNote Nurol B (November 1, 2015) Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu ve Modernleşme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 70 3 541–570.
IEEE B. Nurol, “Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu ve Modernleşme”, SBF Dergisi, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 541–570, 2015, doi: 10.1501/SBFder_0000002363.
ISNAD Nurol, Bahadır. “Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu Ve Modernleşme”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 70/3 (November 2015), 541-570. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002363.
JAMA Nurol B. Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu ve Modernleşme. SBF Dergisi. 2015;70:541–570.
MLA Nurol, Bahadır. “Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu Ve Modernleşme”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, vol. 70, no. 3, 2015, pp. 541-70, doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002363.
Vancouver Nurol B. Kayıp Sınfın Peşinde: Anadolu’da Sınıf Oluşumu ve Modernleşme. SBF Dergisi. 2015;70(3):541-70.