Investigation of the presence of some antibiotics in Raw Goat milk collected from Ankara, Kırıkkale and Çankırı provinces

Abstract

Antibiotics used in food producing-animals may cause residual problems in food in terms of public health. This situation can lead to serious problems in terms of human health. Raw milk is one of the foods that are likely to contain antibiotics, even in trace amounts. This study aimed to determine the residue levels of commonly used antibiotics of raw goat's milk samples offered for sale in Ankara, Çankırı and Kırıkkale. One active ingredient was selected from the five most commonly used antibiotic groups in animals and it determined the residue levels of these substances in milk. For this purpose, within one year and in two different periods, 150 raw goat milks analyzed in terms of antibiotics using HPLC method. The values for enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, penicillin G and oxytetracycline were 7.9, 9.7, 11.5, 5.4 and 7.3 minutes for retention times, 1.47, 0.8; 7.51; 2.69 and 8.89 µg/L for limit of detection (LOD) and 4.47, 2.44, 22.78, 8.16 and 26.96 µg/L for limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively. No antibiotic residues were detected in the goat milk samples. It is predicted that the higher resistance of goats to diseases compared to other milk-producing animals, and therefore the lower use of antibiotics in these animals, leads to this result. The findings obtained as a result of this study are valuable in terms of public health. It is important that no antibiotic residues are found in the analyzes.

Keywords

• Ankara
• antibiotic residue
• Çankırı
• goat’s milk
• Kırıkkale

References

1. Akan E, Kınık Ö (2015): Keçi sütü kalitesinde yeni gelişmelere bir bakış. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi, 15, 34-45.
2. Altıntaş L (2015): Akılcı ilaç kullanımı. Vet Farm Toks Dern Bult, 11, 5-6.
3. Altun D, Sarıcı S (2017): Keçi sütü: bebek beslenmesinde ilk tercih mi olmalı? Cocuk Sagligi ve Hastaliklari Derg, 60, 22-33.
4. Anitaş Ö, Bingöl S, Mevliyaoğulları E (2018): Türkiye keçi sütü üretimi ve keçi sütünün özellikleri. Available at https://www.ruminant besleme.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2020/03/ozgul-keci-sutu.pdf. (Accessed 20 July 2021).
5. Avcı T (2010): Sığırlara parenteral yolla uygulanan bazı makrolid grubu antibiyotiklerin sütteki seviyelerinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
6. Bhattarai RR (2012): Importance of Goat Milk. J Food Sci & Technol Nepal, 7, 107-111.
7. Botsoglou NA, Fletouris DJ (2000): Drug residues in food. pharmacology, food safety and analysis new drug residues in food. Pharmacology Food Safety and Analysis. New York, USA.
8. Boultif L (2015): Détection et quantification des résidus de terramycine et de pénicilline dans le lait de vache par chromatographie liquide haute performance (HPLC). These Presentee En Vue De L’obtention Du Doctorat En Sciences.

9. Helio A, Martins J, Tereza A, et al (2007): A rapid method to determine antibiotic residues in milk using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Braz Chem Soc, 18, 52-71.
10. Jenness R (1980): Composition and characteristics of goat milk: review 1968-1979. J Dairy Sci, 63, 1605-1630.
11. Kaya S (2014): Veteriner Farmakoloji Cilt 1, Baskı 6. ISBN: 978-9757774-75-7. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
12. Koşum N (2010): Her yönüyle keçi sütü. Available at https://atafenblog.com/ her-yonuyle-keci-sutu-haziran-2010/. (Accessed 20 July 2021).
13. Manyi-Loh C, Mamphweli S, Meyer E, et al (2018): Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23, 795.
14. Navratilova P, Borkovcova I, Vyhnalkova J, et al (2011): Fluoroquinolone residues in raw cow’s milk. Czech J Food Sci, 29, 641-646.
15. Nina B, Bozika K, Ivana V, et al (2011): Veterinary drug residues determination in raw milk in Croatia. Food Control, 22, 1941-1948.
16. Oruç H, Sonal S (2005): Determination of oxytetracycline, penicillin G and sulphadimidine residues in cow milks in Bursa. Uludağ Univ J Fac Vet Med, 24, 11-13.
17. Pena-Pereira F, Lavilla I, Bendicho C (2009): Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liquid-liquid extraction and their application in inorganic ultratrace analysis and speciation: a review. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 64, 1-15.
18. Psillakis E, Kalogerakis N (2003): Developments in liquid-phase microextraction. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem, 22, 565-574.
19. Raynal-Ljutovac K, Lagriffoul G, Paccard P, et al (2008): Composition of goat and sheep milk products. An update. Small Rumin Res, 79, 57-72.
20. Şen F (2013): İnek sütlerinde bazı penisilin kalıntılarının HPLC yöntemiyle belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
21. Şenyuva HZ, Gilbert J (2006): Metot geliştirme ve validasyonu için basit kullanım kılavuzu. ISBN 975-00884-0-9. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hastaneler Basımevi. Ankara.
22. Şenyuva H, Gilbert J (2015): Hayvansal gıda maddelerinde veteriner ilaç kalıntılarının taranması. Available at http://docplayer.biz.tr/3173220-Hayvansal-gida-maddelerinde-veteriner-ilackalintilarinin-taranmasi.html. (Accessed 20 July 2021).
23. UKİP (2018): Gıda ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü. Ulusal Kalıntı İzleme Planı. Türkiye.
24. Yaralı E, Atay O, Gökdal Ö, et al (2013): Keçi sütünün insan beslenmesi açısından önemi ve Türkiye’de ve dünyada keçi sütü üretimi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
25. Yılmaz A (2021): Kimyasal analizlerde metot validasyonu ve verifikasyonu. Available at http://turklab.org/tr/ TURKLAB_Rehber_01_Rev.2.pdf. (Accessed 20 July 2021).
26. Yılmaz ÖT, Hızlısoy H, Onmaz NE, et al (2018): Sütte antibiyotik kalıntı durumunun incelenmesi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 15, 169-178.
27. Yu H, Mu H, Hu YM (2011): Determination of fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines multiresidues simultaneously in porcine tissue by MSPD and HPLC–DAD. J Pharm Anal, 2, 76-81.