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ANGLO-SAKSON İNGİLTERE’DE KULLANILAN “ORTAK TARLA SİSTEMİ” NEDİR?

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 42, 284 - 300
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1591189

Abstract

Anglo-Sakson İngiltere’sinde kullanılan toprak sistemleri üzerine yapılan ilk araştırmalar, H. L. Gray’ın “İngiliz Tarla Sistemi” (English Field System) ve C. S. ve C. S. Orwins’in “Açık Tarla” (The Open Fields) adlı eserleridir. Her iki eserde ortak tarla sisteminin (common-field system) kökenini açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Gray, bunu Anglo-Saksonlar tarafından Kıta’dan ithal edilen hazır bir ekim planı olarak görmektedir. Orwin’ler ise bu iş birliğini açlığa ve kıtlığa karşı bir sigorta olan öncü koşullarda sağduyulu bir çiftçilik yöntemi olarak görüyorlardı. Her iki teori de onların yerine henüz hiçbir alternatifin sunulmamış olması gibi basit bir nedenden ötürü hala belirli bir ölçüde destek görüyor. Ancak son yıllarda tarımla ilgili konularda yapılan bir dizi çalışma, eski çerçeveye pek uymayan kanıtlar ortaya koydu ve konunun yeni bir değerlendirilmesi henüz yapılmadı.
Bu değerlendirmeyi yaparken Batı Avrupa’daki biriken yabancı literatürü de hesaba katmamız gerekiyor çünkü hepsinde ortak tarla sistemi kullanılmıştır. Bunların İngiltere’deki sistemle benzer yönleri bulunabilir. Ortak tarla sistemi dört temel unsurdan oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak, tarla ve çayırlar çiftçiler arasında şeritlere bölünür. İkincisi, hasattan sonra ve nadas mevsimlerinde hem tarım alanları hem de çayırlar tüm halk tarafından ortak otlatmaya açılır. Üçüncüsü, çiftçilerin hayvan otlatma, kereste, taş ve kömür gibi diğer ürünleri toplama hakkına sahip olduğu ortak otlak ve boş araziler vardır. Dördüncüsü, bu faaliyetlerin düzeni, orta çağda çoğu yerde ve townshiplerde birden fazla manorun bulunduğu durumlarda, bir köy toplantısında, çiftçilerden oluşan bir meclis olan manor mahkemesi tarafından düzenlenirdi. Bu çalışmanın amacı konuyla ilgili bu zamana kadar hem İngiltere’de hem de Batı Avrupa’da yapılan önemli çalışmalar incelenerek ortak tarla sisteminin kökeni hakkında yeni bir teori sunmaktır.

References

  • 1890. Walter of Henley’s Husbandry. Çev. Elizabeth Lamond. London: Longmans, Green and CO.
  • 1962. The Historical Study of the Welsh Law books. Çev. Royal Historical Society.
  • Abel, Wilhelm. 1978. Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft vom frühen Mittelalter bis zum 19. Jahrhundert. Ulmer.
  • Amphlett, John ve Hamilton, S. Graves. Ed. 1912. Court Rolls of the Manor of Hales. Worcestershire Historical Society.
  • Aston, T. H. 1958. The Origins of the Manor in England. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8: 59-83.
  • Attenborough, F. L. 1922. The Laws of the Earliest English Kings. London: Fetter Lane.
  • Baildon, W. Paley. Ed. 1906. Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield 1297-1309. Printed for the Society.
  • Barker, Alan R. H. 1964. Open Fields and Partible Inheritance on a Kent Manor. The Economic History Review, 17 (1): 1-23.
  • Beresford, M. W. 1943. Lot Acres. The Economic History Review 13 (1/2): 74-79.
  • Bishop, T. A. M. 1935. Assarting and the Growth of the Open Field. The Economic History Review, 6 (1): 13-29.
  • Bodvall, Gunnar. 1957. “Periodic Settlement, Land-Clearing and Cultivation. With Special Reference to the Boothlands of North Hälsingland”. Geografiska Annaler 39 (4): 213-256.
  • Bracton, Henry. 1822. De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ. Ed. G. C. Woodbine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brandon, P. F. 1962. Arable Farming in a Sussex Scrp-foot Parish during the late Middle Ages. Sussex Archaeological Collections 100: 60-72.
  • Butlin, R. A. 1964. “Northumberland Field Systems”. The Agricultural History Review, 12 (2): 99-120.
  • Davenport, F. G. 1906. The Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor 1086-1565. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dunn, W. Ed. 1891-1894. Calendar of Charters and Documets Relating to Selborne and its Priory. London: Simpkin & Co.
  • Ernle, R. E. 1912. English Farming Past and Present. London: Longmans, Green.
  • Finberg, H. P. R. (1955). Gloucestershire. Leicester University Press.
  • --------------------. 1961. The Early Charters of the West Midlands. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
  • Foster, C. W. 1931. The Registrum Antiquissimum of the Cathedral Church of Lincoln. Lincoln: Lincoln Record Society.
  • Gray, H. L. 1905. English Field Systems. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Hale, W. 1858. The Domesday of St. Paul’s of the year M.CC.XXII. Westminster: Printer for the Camden Society.
  • Hart, W. H. Ed. 1867. Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriæ. London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.
  • Helmfrid, S. 1962. “Östergotland ‘Vastanstang’ Studien unber die Altere Agrarlandschaft und Ihre Genese”. Geografiska Annaler 44 (1 / 2): 1-277.
  • Hilton, R. H. 1947) The Economic Development of Some Leicestershire Estates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • ----------------. 1960. The Stoneleigh Leger Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Holdsworth, W. S. 1923. A History of English Law. London: Methuen & CO.
  • Hollings, M. (Ed.). (1934). The Red Book of Worcester. Worcester: Historical Society.
  • Homans, G. C. 1936. “Terroirs ordonnés et champs orientés: une hypothèse sur le village anglais”. Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 8 (41): 438-448.
  • -----------------. 1960. English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century. New York: Russel & Russell.
  • Hoskins, W. G. ve Dudley. 1963. Stamp. The Common Lands of England and Wales. London: Collins.
  • James, M. 1966. Social Problems and Policy During The Puritan Revolution 1640-1660. New York: Barnes & Noble.

WHAT IS THE DESIGNATION OF THE “COMMON FİELD SYSTEM” UTILIZED IN ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND?

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 42, 284 - 300
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1591189

Abstract

The initial studies of the land systems employed in Anglo-Saxon England were conducted by H. L. Gray in his work, "English Field System," and by C. S. and C. S. Orwins in "The Open Fields." The objective of both works is to elucidate the genesis of the common-field system. Gray posits that it was a pre-existing plan of cultivation that was imported from the continent by the Anglo-Saxons. The Orwins regarded this collaboration as a prudent approach to agriculture in the context of pioneering settlements, providing a safeguard against starvation and famine. Both theories continue to enjoy a degree of support, largely due to the absence of alternative explanations. However, a body of recent research in agricultural studies has yielded evidence that challenges the traditional framework, and a comprehensive re-evaluation of the subject remains to be undertaken.
In undertaking this assessment, it is essential to consider the body of literature from Western Europe, given the widespread adoption of the common field system across the region. Such systems may exhibit comparable characteristics to those observed in England. The common field system is comprised of four fundamental elements. The first aspect to be considered is the division of fields and meadows into strips among the farmers. Secondly, following the harvest and throughout the fallow season, both the agricultural fields and the meadows are opened to common grazing by the general population. Thirdly, there are common pastures and vacant lands where farmers have the right to graze animals and collect other products, including timber, stone and coal. Fourthly, the sequence of these activities was regulated by the manor court, an assembly of farmers, at a village meeting in the majority of cases during the Middle Ages, as well as in instances where there was a greater number of manors in townships. This study presents a novel theory regarding the genesis of the common field system, which is developed through an examination of the significant studies conducted on the subject in England and Western Europe to date.

References

  • 1890. Walter of Henley’s Husbandry. Çev. Elizabeth Lamond. London: Longmans, Green and CO.
  • 1962. The Historical Study of the Welsh Law books. Çev. Royal Historical Society.
  • Abel, Wilhelm. 1978. Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft vom frühen Mittelalter bis zum 19. Jahrhundert. Ulmer.
  • Amphlett, John ve Hamilton, S. Graves. Ed. 1912. Court Rolls of the Manor of Hales. Worcestershire Historical Society.
  • Aston, T. H. 1958. The Origins of the Manor in England. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8: 59-83.
  • Attenborough, F. L. 1922. The Laws of the Earliest English Kings. London: Fetter Lane.
  • Baildon, W. Paley. Ed. 1906. Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield 1297-1309. Printed for the Society.
  • Barker, Alan R. H. 1964. Open Fields and Partible Inheritance on a Kent Manor. The Economic History Review, 17 (1): 1-23.
  • Beresford, M. W. 1943. Lot Acres. The Economic History Review 13 (1/2): 74-79.
  • Bishop, T. A. M. 1935. Assarting and the Growth of the Open Field. The Economic History Review, 6 (1): 13-29.
  • Bodvall, Gunnar. 1957. “Periodic Settlement, Land-Clearing and Cultivation. With Special Reference to the Boothlands of North Hälsingland”. Geografiska Annaler 39 (4): 213-256.
  • Bracton, Henry. 1822. De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ. Ed. G. C. Woodbine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brandon, P. F. 1962. Arable Farming in a Sussex Scrp-foot Parish during the late Middle Ages. Sussex Archaeological Collections 100: 60-72.
  • Butlin, R. A. 1964. “Northumberland Field Systems”. The Agricultural History Review, 12 (2): 99-120.
  • Davenport, F. G. 1906. The Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor 1086-1565. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dunn, W. Ed. 1891-1894. Calendar of Charters and Documets Relating to Selborne and its Priory. London: Simpkin & Co.
  • Ernle, R. E. 1912. English Farming Past and Present. London: Longmans, Green.
  • Finberg, H. P. R. (1955). Gloucestershire. Leicester University Press.
  • --------------------. 1961. The Early Charters of the West Midlands. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
  • Foster, C. W. 1931. The Registrum Antiquissimum of the Cathedral Church of Lincoln. Lincoln: Lincoln Record Society.
  • Gray, H. L. 1905. English Field Systems. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Hale, W. 1858. The Domesday of St. Paul’s of the year M.CC.XXII. Westminster: Printer for the Camden Society.
  • Hart, W. H. Ed. 1867. Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriæ. London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.
  • Helmfrid, S. 1962. “Östergotland ‘Vastanstang’ Studien unber die Altere Agrarlandschaft und Ihre Genese”. Geografiska Annaler 44 (1 / 2): 1-277.
  • Hilton, R. H. 1947) The Economic Development of Some Leicestershire Estates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • ----------------. 1960. The Stoneleigh Leger Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Holdsworth, W. S. 1923. A History of English Law. London: Methuen & CO.
  • Hollings, M. (Ed.). (1934). The Red Book of Worcester. Worcester: Historical Society.
  • Homans, G. C. 1936. “Terroirs ordonnés et champs orientés: une hypothèse sur le village anglais”. Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 8 (41): 438-448.
  • -----------------. 1960. English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century. New York: Russel & Russell.
  • Hoskins, W. G. ve Dudley. 1963. Stamp. The Common Lands of England and Wales. London: Collins.
  • James, M. 1966. Social Problems and Policy During The Puritan Revolution 1640-1660. New York: Barnes & Noble.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medieval European History
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sultan Gürsoy 0000-0002-7689-0121

Early Pub Date March 12, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date November 25, 2024
Acceptance Date January 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 42

Cite

APA Gürsoy, S. (2025). ANGLO-SAKSON İNGİLTERE’DE KULLANILAN “ORTAK TARLA SİSTEMİ” NEDİR?. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(42), 284-300. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1591189

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