Uniting on Constitutional Ground: Introduction to Concepts and Roadmaps

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 25, 207 - 230, 20.10.2024

Ahmet Erdem

Abstract

Unification on constitutional grounds or through constitutions is a goal that is often desired but difficult to realise. The study focuses on the unifying effect of constitutions and the searches from the perspective of unification in constitutions and the concepts thought to be related to these searches. The sustainability of constitutions, both in the process of making them and in their implementation, is directly related to the concepts we address in this study. Unification may be of vital importance especially for a deeply divided society. Accordingly, this study seeks answers to the questions of how to unite on constitutional grounds and how a constitution can fulfil expectations. Our basic claim is that in order to unite on constitutional grounds, the constitution should be reflective of consensus rather than coercive. While investigating how to meet on what kind of ground, an answer has been sought to a research question that is not descriptive but normative, that is, dealing with what should be. The theoretical research method has been used, comparative law has been utilised and especially foreign literature has been examined. It is aimed that the study will contribute to the Turkish reader, who is frequently exposed to constitutional debates, to speak with a common set of concepts and to meet first in terminology, which is the first step to meet on a common ground.

Keywords

Constitutional Unification, Constitutional Legitimacy, Constitutional Faith, Constitutional Loyalty, Constitutional Pluralism, Constitutional Represantation

Anayasal Zeminde Birleşmek: Kavramlar ve Yol Haritalarına Giriş

Abstract

Anayasal zeminde ya da anayasa yoluyla birleşme sıkça arzulanan ancak gerçekleştirilmesi zor bir hedeftir. Çalışmada anayasaların birleştirici etkisi ve anayasalarda birleşme perspektifinden arayışlara ve bu arayışlarla ilintili olduğu düşünülen kavramlara odaklanılmaktadır. Anayasaların hem yapım süreçleri hem de uygulanma aşamalarındaki sürdürülebilirlik bu çalışma kapsamında ele aldığımız kavramlarla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Birleşmek özellikle derinden bölünmüş bir toplum için hayatî
önem taşıyabilir. Bu doğrultuda anayasal zeminde nasıl birleşilebileceği ve bir anayasanın kendinden beklentileri nasıl karşılayabileceği sorularına cevap aranmaktadır. Temel iddiamız anayasal zeminde birleşmek için anayasanın uzlaşmaya zorlayıcı değil uzlaşmayı yansıtıcı olması gerektiği şeklindedir. Nasıl bir zeminde buluşulacağı araştırılırken tasviri değil normatif yani olması gereken ile ilgilenen bir araştırma sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Teorik araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak karşılaştırmalı hukuktan faydalanılmış, özellikle yabancı literatür incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın anayasa tartışmalarına sıklıkla maruz kalan Türk okuyucusuna ortak bir zeminde buluşmanın ilk adımı olan ortak bir kavram setiyle konuşmak ve önce terminolojide buluşmak noktasında katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.

Keywords

Anayasalarda Birleşme, Anayasal Meşruiyet, Anayasal İnanç, Anayasal Sadakat, Anayasal Çoğulculuk, Anayasal Temsiliyet

References

• Alberts, Susan. “How Constitutions Constrains.” Comparative Politics 41, no. 2 (January 2009): 127-143.
• Balkin, Jack M. Constitutional Redemption. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Harvard University Press, 2011.
• Berns, Walter. “Freedom and Loyalty.” The Journal of Politics 18, No. 1 (February, 1956): 17-27.
• Brown, Nathan J. Constitutions in a Nonconstitutional World. New York: State University of New York Press, 2001.
• Cassese, Sabino. “The Italian constitutional architecture: from unification to the present day.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 17, no. 1 (2012): 2-9.
• Christodoulidis, Emilios A. “The Aporia of Sovereignty: On the Representation of the People in Constitutional Discourse.” King's Law Journal 12, no. 1 (2001): 111-135.
• Dikmen Caniklioğlu, Meltem. “Yeni Bir Anayasa İçin/İçinde Haklar ve Özgürlükler.” Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 1, no. 1 (2012): 233-258.
• Eisenstadt, Todd A., A. Carl LeVan and Tofigh Maboudi. Constituents before Assembly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• Foweraker, Joe and Roman Krznaric. “Measuring Liberal Democratic Performance: an Empirical and Conceptual Critique.” Political Studies 48, no. 4 (2000): 759-787.
• Foweraker, Joe and Todd Landman. “Constitutional Design and Democratic Performance.” Democratization 9, no. 2 (2002): 43-66.
• Friedman, Robert S. and Sybil L. Stokes. “The Role of Constitution-Maker as Representative.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 9, no. 2 (May 1965): 148-166.
• Galligan, Denis J. “The Sovereignty Deficit of Modern Constitutions.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 33, no. 2 (Winter 2013): 703-732.
• Gamper, Anna. “On Loyalty and th (Federal) Constitution,” Vienna Journal On International Constitutional Law 4, no.2 (2020): 157-170.
• Ginsburg, Tom, Zachary Elkins ve Justin Blount. “Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5, (2009): 201–223.
• Gould, Jonathan S. “The Law of Legislative Represantation.” Virginia Law Review 107, no. 4 (June 2021): 765-843.
• Gönenç, Levent. “Meşruiyet Kavramı ve Anayasaların Meşruiyet Problemi.” Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 50, no. 1 (Şubat 2001): 131-152.
• Gönenç, Levent. “Siyasi İktidar Kavramı Bağlamında Anayasa Çalışmaları İçin Bir Kavramsal Çerçeve Önerisi.” Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 56, no. 1 (2007): 145-168.
• Gönenç, Levent. “Where To Start To Discuss The Constitution? The Importance of Constitutional Engineering in Constitution Debates.” TEPAV Nisan 2011, Accessed November, 2023. http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/ 1304946027Where_to_Start_to_Discuss_the_Constitution.pdf.
• Grimm, Dieter. “Integration by Constitution.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 3, no. 2 & 3 (May 2005): 193-210.
• Gutmann, Jerg, Roee Sarel and Stefan Voight. “Measuring Constitutional Loyalty: Evidence from the Covid-19 Pandemic.” University of Hamburg Institute of Law and Economics Working Paper Series, no. 55 (2022).
• İnceoğlu, Sibel. “Yazılı Anayasa, Yaşayan Anayasa: Anayasal Süreçte Kimlikler.” Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 1, no. 2 (2012): 309-314.
• Kaboğlu, İbrahim Ö. “Akdenizde Anayasacılık Hareketleri Karşısında Türkiye.” Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 1, no. 2 (2012): 37-67.
• Kay, Richard S. “Constitutional Chrononomy.” Ratio Juris 13, no. 1 (March 2000): 31-48.
• Lee, H. P. "A Unifying Constitution for a Diverse Nation." University of New South Wales Law Journal 24, no. 3 (November 2001): 605-609.
• Lerner, Hanna and Aslı Bali. "Constitutional Design without Constitutional Moments: Lessons from Religiously Divided Societies." Cornell International Law Journal 49, no. 2, Article 1 (2016): 227-308.
• Levinson, Sanford. Constitutional Faith. Princeton and Oxford: Prince University Press, 2011.
• Lieblich, Eliav. “How to Do Research in International Law? A Basic Guide For Beginners.” Harvard International Law Journal Online, no. 62 (2021): 42-67.
• Lijphart, Arend. “Constitutional Design For Divided Societies.” Journal of Democracy 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 96-109.
• Loughlin, Martin. “The Constitutional Imagination.” The Modern Law Review 78, no. 1 (January 2015): 1-25.
• Low-Beer, John R. “The Constitutional Imperative of Proportional Representation.” The Yale Law Journal 94, no. 1 (November 1984): 163-188.
• Mbaku, John Mukum. “Constitutional Engineering and the Transition to Democracy in Post-Cold War Africa.” The Independent Review II, no. 4 (Spring 1998): 501-517.
• Rousseau, Jean-Jaques. Toplum Sözleşmesi 10. Basım, Çeviren Vedat Günyol. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013.
• Saunders, Cheryl. “Constitution-making in the 21st century.” International Review of Law 4, (2012).
• Schwartz, Paul M. "Constitutional Change and Constitutional Legitimation: The Example of German Unification." Houston Law Review 31, no. 4 (Winter 1994): 1027-1104.
• Urbinati, Nadia and Mark E. Warren. “The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 11, (2008): 387–412.
• Urbinati, Nadia. “The Democratic Tenor of Political Represenatation.” In Reclaiming Representation, edited by Monica Brito Vieira, 184-210. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.
• Vieria, Monica Brito and David Runciman. Representation. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008.
• Walker, Neil. “The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism.” The Modern Law Review 65, no. 3 (May 2002): 317-359.
• Wheare, Kenneth C. Modern Anayasalar. Çeviren Mehmet Turhan. Ankara: Değişim Yayınları, 1985.