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Modern Dönem Türk Filmlerinde Trafik Kazaları: Nitel Bir Çalışma

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 489 - 509, 28.10.2021

Abstract

Trafik kazaları, travmatik sonuçları olabilecek olaylardandır. Sonuç üzerinde etki edebilecek etmenlerin sayısı fazla olsa da bu olay, travma-sonrası stres ve travma-sonrası büyüme şeklinde iki farklı psikolojik tepki ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Medya kanallarının olayları çerçeveleyişi, travmaya ilişkin bir sosyal gerçeklik oluşturabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, medya kanallarının travmatik olayları çerçeveleyişini incelemek önem kazanmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada, trafik kazası içeren modern dönem Türk filmlerinin çerçeveleniş ve içeriğini incelemek amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel materyallerini, “Yol Ayrımı”, “Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi” ve “Müslüm” isimli üç Türk filmi oluşturmaktadır. Tematik Analiz süreci sonucunda üç temaya ulaşılmıştır: “Fiziksel değişimler”, “Psikolojik değişimler” ve “Çevreyle etkileşim”. Bu temaların sırasıyla iki, beş ve üç alt teması bulunmaktadır. “Fiziksel değişimler” teması kazaların karakterler üzerindeki fizyolojik etkilerini içermektedir. “Psikolojik değişimler” teması karakterlerin kaza öncesi ve sonrasındaki psikolojik değişimlerini yansıtmaktadır. Son olarak, “Çevreyle etkileşim” teması trafik kazası geçirdikten sonra karakterlerin çevreleriyle ilişkilerinin nasıl farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Temaların birbiriyle ilişkisi incelendiğinde, “Psikolojik değişimler” temasının alt temalarının sıklıkla birlikte görüldüğü bulunmuştur. Bu bulgu, psikolojik süreçlerin birbiriyle sıkı bir ilişki içerisinde olduğu şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Üç film karşılaştırıldığında, Müslüm ve Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi’nin çoğunlukla trafik kazalarının olumsuz ya da travma-sonrası stres ögelerini, Yol Ayrımı’nın ise çoğunlukla kazaların olumlu ya da travma-sonrası büyüme ögelerini barındırdığı söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak incelenen filmlerin bazı yönleriyle gerçekliği yansıttığı bazı yönleriyle ise yansıtamadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bulgular literatür ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • Aitken, L. M., Davey, T. M., Ambrose, J., Connelly, L. B., Swanson, C., & Bellamy, N. (2007). Health outcomes of adults 3 months after injury. Injury, 38(1), 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2006.05.020
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publications.
  • Avcı, E. (Producer), & Turgul, Y. (Director). (2017). Yol ayrımı [Motion Picture]. Turkey: TMC Film.
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671-682. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101.
  • Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Terry, G. (2014). Thematic Analysis. In P. Rohleder & A. Lyons (Eds.), Qualitative Research in Clinical and Health Psychology. Red Globe Press. doi: 10.1007/978-1-137-29105-9_7
  • Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748-766.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. In R.G. Tedeschi, C. L.Park, & L.G. Calhoun (Ed.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 215-238). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Çatay, K. (Producer), & Deren, K. (Director). (2014). Bi küçük Eylül meselesi [Motion Picture]. Turkey: Ay Yapım, Beng’S Production.
  • Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001). The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6(1), 13.
  • Entman, R. M. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House's frame after 9/11. Political Communication, 20(4), 415-432. doi: 10.1080/10584600390244176
  • Finnegan, L. (2006). No questions asked: News coverage since 9/11. Wesport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Franzén, C., Björnstig, U., & Jansson, L. (2006). Injured in traffic: Experiences of care and rehabilitation. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 14(2), 104–110. doi: 10.1016/j.aaen.2006.01.003
  • Groenland, E., & Dana, L. P. (2020). Qualitative methodologies and data collection methods: Toward increased rigour in management research. New Jersey: World Scientific.
  • Göker, N. (2018). Sinema seyirci ilişkisini etki çerçevesinde düşünmek bir izleyici araştırmasının sonuçları. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (29), 270-292.
  • Guay, S., Billette, V., & Marchand, A. (2006). Exploring the links between posttraumatic stress disorder and social support: Processes and potential research avenues. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(3), 327-338.
  • Guest, R., Tran, Y., Gopinath, B., Cameron, I. D., & Craig, A. (2016). Psychological distress following a motor vehicle crash: A systematic review of preventative interventions. Injury, 47(11), 2415–2423. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.09.006
  • Heron-Delaney, M., Kenardy, J., Charlton, E., & Matsuoka, Y. (2013). A systematic review of predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for adult road traffic crash survivors. Injury, 44(11), 1413-1422.
  • Hoekstra, T., & Wegman, F. (2011). Improving the effectiveness of road safety campaigns: Current and new practices. IATSS Research, 34(2), 80-86.
  • Iezzi, T., & Duckworth, M. P. (2018). Motor vehicle collisions and their consequences—Part 1: Common physical, psychosocial, and cognitive outcomes. Psychological Injury and Law, 11(3), 202–217. doi: 10.1007/s12207-018-9331-0
  • Irish, L., Ostrowski, S. A., Fallon, W., Spoonster, E., Dulmen, M. V., Sledjeski, E. M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2008). Trauma history characteristics and subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(4), 377-384.
  • Kaçan, B. (2017). The path from traffic accident to posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, and driver behavior change: An examination with rumination and transtheoretical model. [Electronic resource]. METU. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=cat06966a&AN=metu.b2317700&site=eds-live
  • Kalayjian, A., & Abdolian, L. (2010). Trauma and the Media: How Films can Create and Relieve Trauma. In Gregerson M. (eds) The Cinematic Mirror for Psychology and Life Coaching (pp. 155-169). New York, NY: Springer. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1114-8_8
  • Mailhan, L., Azouvi, P., & Dazord, A. (2005). Life satisfaction and disability after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 19(4), 227-238.
  • Mayou, R., & Bryant, B. (2003). Consequences of road traffic accidents for different types of road user. Injury, 34(3), 197–202. doi: 10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00285-1
  • Merecz, D., Waszkowska, M., & Wezyk, A. (2012). Psychological consequences of trauma in MVA perpetrators–Relationship between post-traumatic growth, PTSD symptoms and individual characteristics. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(5), 565-574.
  • Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 52-73. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.129.1.52
  • Papadakaki, M., Tsalkanis, A., Sarris, M., Pierrakos, G., Ferraro, O. E., Stamouli, M. A., ... & Özkan, T. (2018). Physical, psychological and economic burden of two-wheel users after a road traffic injury: evidence from intensive care units of three EU countries. Journal of Safety Research, 67, 155-163.
  • Pérez-Núñez, R., Pelcastre-Villafuerte, B., Híjar, M., Ávila-Burgos, L., & Celis, A. (2012). A qualitative approach to the intangible cost of road traffic injuries. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 19(1), 69-79.
  • Sabet, F. P., Tabrizi, K. N., Khankeh, H. R., Saadat, S., Abedi, H., & Bastami, A. (2016). Experiences of encountering physical trauma caused by traffic accidents: A qualitative study. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 1(4), 187–192. doi: 10.18869/nrip.hdq.1.4.187
  • Sehgal, M., & Kaur Sethi, K. V. (2016). Psychosocial factors contributing to post traumatic growth. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 11(2), 437-445.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-472.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). " Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
  • Tiamiyu, M. F., Gan, Y., Kwiatkowski, D., Foreman, K. C., Dietrich, A., Elliott, K., & Elhai, J. D. (2016). Relationships between latent factors of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(5), 344-348.
  • Uslu, M. (Producer), Yıldırım, N. (Producer), Ketche (Director), & Ulkay, C. (Director). (2018). Müslüm[Motion Picture]. Turkey: Dijital Sanatlar Production.
  • Üzümcüoğlu, Y., Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Morandi, A., Orsi, C., Papadakaki, M., & Chliaoutakis, J. (2016). Life quality and rehabilitation after a road traffic crash: A literature review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 40, 1-13.
  • Walker, J. (2001). Trauma cinema: false memories and true experience. Screen, 42(2), 211- 216. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/42.2.211
  • Wang, Y., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wu, J., & Liu, X. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth in accidentally injured patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 20(1), 3-12.
  • Weinberg, M., & Gil, S. (2016). Trauma as an objective or subjective experience: The association between types of traumatic events, personality traits, subjective experience of the event, and posttraumatic symptoms. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(2), 137-146.
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya’an earthquake: The role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214.
  • Zoellner, T., Rabe, S., Karl, A., & Maercker, A. (2008). Posttraumatic growth in accident survivors: openness and optimism as predictors of its constructive or illusory sides. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 245-263. doi:10.1002/jclp.20441

Traffic Accidents in Contemporary Turkish Films A Qualitative Study

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 489 - 509, 28.10.2021

Abstract

Traffic accidents can be traumatic events. These traumatic events end up with different psychological reactions such as post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth. Media channels' framing can create social reality about trauma. Thus, examining media channels' framing of traumatic events gains importance. In the current study, examining the framing and content of contemporary Turkish movies, which includes traffic accidents, was aimed. Primary materials of this study were three Turkish movies, namely "Yol Ayrımı", "Müslüm", and "Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi". Thematic Analysis (TA) revealed three themes: namely, "Physical changes", "Psychological changes", and "Interaction with the environment". These three themes had two, five, and three subthemes, respectively. "Physical changes" theme included physiological impacts of the accidents on the characters. "Psychological changes" theme reflected the psychological differences in the characters during pre and post-accident. Finally, the "Interaction with the environment" theme revealed how the characters' relations with the environment changed after having a traffic accident. When the interaction of subthemes was examined, it was found that the subthemes of Psychological changes occur together frequently. This can be interpreted as psychological processes being closely connected with each other. When the three movies were compared, it can be said that Müslüm and Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi generally reflect negative or post-traumatic stress effects of the accident; and Yol Ayrımı generally reflects positive or post-traumatic growth sides of the accident. As a result, while movies reflect reality in some aspects, they cannot cover the parts of the reality in some aspects. The findings were evaluated in the light of the literature.

References

  • Aitken, L. M., Davey, T. M., Ambrose, J., Connelly, L. B., Swanson, C., & Bellamy, N. (2007). Health outcomes of adults 3 months after injury. Injury, 38(1), 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2006.05.020
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publications.
  • Avcı, E. (Producer), & Turgul, Y. (Director). (2017). Yol ayrımı [Motion Picture]. Turkey: TMC Film.
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671-682. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101.
  • Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Terry, G. (2014). Thematic Analysis. In P. Rohleder & A. Lyons (Eds.), Qualitative Research in Clinical and Health Psychology. Red Globe Press. doi: 10.1007/978-1-137-29105-9_7
  • Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748-766.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. In R.G. Tedeschi, C. L.Park, & L.G. Calhoun (Ed.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 215-238). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Çatay, K. (Producer), & Deren, K. (Director). (2014). Bi küçük Eylül meselesi [Motion Picture]. Turkey: Ay Yapım, Beng’S Production.
  • Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001). The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6(1), 13.
  • Entman, R. M. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House's frame after 9/11. Political Communication, 20(4), 415-432. doi: 10.1080/10584600390244176
  • Finnegan, L. (2006). No questions asked: News coverage since 9/11. Wesport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Franzén, C., Björnstig, U., & Jansson, L. (2006). Injured in traffic: Experiences of care and rehabilitation. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 14(2), 104–110. doi: 10.1016/j.aaen.2006.01.003
  • Groenland, E., & Dana, L. P. (2020). Qualitative methodologies and data collection methods: Toward increased rigour in management research. New Jersey: World Scientific.
  • Göker, N. (2018). Sinema seyirci ilişkisini etki çerçevesinde düşünmek bir izleyici araştırmasının sonuçları. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (29), 270-292.
  • Guay, S., Billette, V., & Marchand, A. (2006). Exploring the links between posttraumatic stress disorder and social support: Processes and potential research avenues. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(3), 327-338.
  • Guest, R., Tran, Y., Gopinath, B., Cameron, I. D., & Craig, A. (2016). Psychological distress following a motor vehicle crash: A systematic review of preventative interventions. Injury, 47(11), 2415–2423. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.09.006
  • Heron-Delaney, M., Kenardy, J., Charlton, E., & Matsuoka, Y. (2013). A systematic review of predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for adult road traffic crash survivors. Injury, 44(11), 1413-1422.
  • Hoekstra, T., & Wegman, F. (2011). Improving the effectiveness of road safety campaigns: Current and new practices. IATSS Research, 34(2), 80-86.
  • Iezzi, T., & Duckworth, M. P. (2018). Motor vehicle collisions and their consequences—Part 1: Common physical, psychosocial, and cognitive outcomes. Psychological Injury and Law, 11(3), 202–217. doi: 10.1007/s12207-018-9331-0
  • Irish, L., Ostrowski, S. A., Fallon, W., Spoonster, E., Dulmen, M. V., Sledjeski, E. M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2008). Trauma history characteristics and subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(4), 377-384.
  • Kaçan, B. (2017). The path from traffic accident to posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, and driver behavior change: An examination with rumination and transtheoretical model. [Electronic resource]. METU. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=cat06966a&AN=metu.b2317700&site=eds-live
  • Kalayjian, A., & Abdolian, L. (2010). Trauma and the Media: How Films can Create and Relieve Trauma. In Gregerson M. (eds) The Cinematic Mirror for Psychology and Life Coaching (pp. 155-169). New York, NY: Springer. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1114-8_8
  • Mailhan, L., Azouvi, P., & Dazord, A. (2005). Life satisfaction and disability after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 19(4), 227-238.
  • Mayou, R., & Bryant, B. (2003). Consequences of road traffic accidents for different types of road user. Injury, 34(3), 197–202. doi: 10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00285-1
  • Merecz, D., Waszkowska, M., & Wezyk, A. (2012). Psychological consequences of trauma in MVA perpetrators–Relationship between post-traumatic growth, PTSD symptoms and individual characteristics. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(5), 565-574.
  • Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 52-73. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.129.1.52
  • Papadakaki, M., Tsalkanis, A., Sarris, M., Pierrakos, G., Ferraro, O. E., Stamouli, M. A., ... & Özkan, T. (2018). Physical, psychological and economic burden of two-wheel users after a road traffic injury: evidence from intensive care units of three EU countries. Journal of Safety Research, 67, 155-163.
  • Pérez-Núñez, R., Pelcastre-Villafuerte, B., Híjar, M., Ávila-Burgos, L., & Celis, A. (2012). A qualitative approach to the intangible cost of road traffic injuries. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 19(1), 69-79.
  • Sabet, F. P., Tabrizi, K. N., Khankeh, H. R., Saadat, S., Abedi, H., & Bastami, A. (2016). Experiences of encountering physical trauma caused by traffic accidents: A qualitative study. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 1(4), 187–192. doi: 10.18869/nrip.hdq.1.4.187
  • Sehgal, M., & Kaur Sethi, K. V. (2016). Psychosocial factors contributing to post traumatic growth. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 11(2), 437-445.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-472.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). " Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
  • Tiamiyu, M. F., Gan, Y., Kwiatkowski, D., Foreman, K. C., Dietrich, A., Elliott, K., & Elhai, J. D. (2016). Relationships between latent factors of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(5), 344-348.
  • Uslu, M. (Producer), Yıldırım, N. (Producer), Ketche (Director), & Ulkay, C. (Director). (2018). Müslüm[Motion Picture]. Turkey: Dijital Sanatlar Production.
  • Üzümcüoğlu, Y., Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Morandi, A., Orsi, C., Papadakaki, M., & Chliaoutakis, J. (2016). Life quality and rehabilitation after a road traffic crash: A literature review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 40, 1-13.
  • Walker, J. (2001). Trauma cinema: false memories and true experience. Screen, 42(2), 211- 216. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/42.2.211
  • Wang, Y., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wu, J., & Liu, X. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth in accidentally injured patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 20(1), 3-12.
  • Weinberg, M., & Gil, S. (2016). Trauma as an objective or subjective experience: The association between types of traumatic events, personality traits, subjective experience of the event, and posttraumatic symptoms. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(2), 137-146.
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya’an earthquake: The role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214.
  • Zoellner, T., Rabe, S., Karl, A., & Maercker, A. (2008). Posttraumatic growth in accident survivors: openness and optimism as predictors of its constructive or illusory sides. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 245-263. doi:10.1002/jclp.20441
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gizem Fındık 0000-0001-8245-6324

Bilgesu Kaçan 0000-0001-6139-0944

Duygu Cantekin 0000-0003-4778-6832

Publication Date October 28, 2021
Submission Date August 24, 2020
Acceptance Date May 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Fındık, G., Kaçan, B., & Cantekin, D. (2021). Traffic Accidents in Contemporary Turkish Films A Qualitative Study. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(3), 489-509.