Çalışmanın amacı, 14-18 yaş arası ergenler için bozulmuş yeme ile ilgili davranış ve tutumlarını değerlendiren bir ölçek geliştirmektir. “Bozulmuş Yeme Ölçeği” (BYÖ) adı verilen bu ölçeğin faktör yapısı toplam 1379 katılımcının katılımıyla ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Faktör analizi sonuçlarına göre ölçek 14 maddeden oluşmakta ve ölçeğin üç alt boyutu bulunmaktadır. Bu üç alt boyut toplam varyansın %58.46’sını açıklamaktadır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık değeri .86 iken test-tekrar test korelasyonu .90 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçüt geçerlik için BYÖ ile Yeme Bozukluğu İnceleme Ölçeği (YBİÖ) arasındaki korelasyon .86’dır. İşlem karakteristik analizi sonuçlarına göre ≥31 kesme noktası için duyarlılık .930 ve özgüllük .911’dir. Ortaya çıkan yapıyı doğrulamak için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Her iki uygulama için de uyum indeksleri x2 = 287.43, df = 73, x2/df = 3.94, RMSEA = 0.079, CFI = 0.938, TLI = 0.922 ve SRMR = 0.045’tir. Ortaya çıkan yapı, bozulmuş yemenin kısıtlama, kilo kaygısı ve çıkarma-kontrol davranışları alt boyutlarında ve toplamda 14 madde ile ölçülebileceğini göstermektedir. BYÖ’nün yeme bozukluğu tanısı olan ve olmayan ergenlerde, olası psikopatolojiye ilişkin olumsuz tutum ve davranışları taramak ve değerlendirmek için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceği bulunmuştur.
Alvarenga, M. S., Pereira, R. F., Scagliusi, F. B., Philippi, S. T., Estima, C. C. P., & Croll, J. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (DEAS). English version. Appetite, 55(2), 374-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.07.003
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Aydemir, Ö., Köksal, B., Yalın-Sapmaz, Ş., & Yüceyar, H. (2015). Kadın üniversite öğrencilerinde REZZY Yeme Bozuklukları Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16, 31-35. https://doi.org/ 10.5455/apd.174219
Bandalos, D. L., & Boehm-Kaufman, M. R. (2008). Four common misconceptions in exploratory factor analysis. In C. E. Lance & R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 61–87). Taylor & Francis.
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Breland, J. Y., Donalson, R., Dinh, J., Nevedal, A., & Maguen, S. (2016). Women veterans’ treatment preferences for disordered eating. Women’s Health Issues, 26(4), 429-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.04.006
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (1st ed.). Guilford Publications.
Bryne S., & McLean, N. (2001). Eating disorders in athletes: A review of the literature. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 4(2), 145-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(01)80025-6
Coniglio, K. A., Becker, K. R., Tabri, N., Keshishian, A. C., Miller, J. D., Eddy, K. T., & Thomas, J. J. (2018). Factorial integrity and validation of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI). Eating Behaviors, 31, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.07.004
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (4th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
de Morais Sato, P., da Rocha Pereira, P., de Carvalho Stelmo, I., Unsain, R. F., Ulian, M. D., Sabatini, F., Martins, P. A., & Scagliusi, F. B. (2014). Eating practices and habitus in mothers. A Brazilian population-based survey. Appetite, 82, 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.002
Depoy, E., & Gitlin, L. N. (2015). Introduction to research: Understanding and applying multiple strategies (5th ed.). Elsevier.
Ergüney-Okumuş, F. E., & Sertel-Berk, H. Ö. (2019). Yeme Tutum Testi kısa formunun (YTT-26) Üniversite örnekleminde Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 40(1), 57-78.
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self‐report questionnaire? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-%23
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows (1st ed.). Sage Publications.
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172650
Hill, L. S., Reid, F., Morgan, J. F., & Lacey, J. H. (2010). SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(4), 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20679
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kimball, H., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., De Paoli, T., McKinlay, A., & Krug, I. (2019). Testing a new interpersonal model of disordered eating between Australian and East-Asian women: The relationships between theory of mind, maladaptive schemas, and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Psychiatry Research, 275, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.065
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford.
Krug, I., King, R. M., Youssef, G. J., Sorabji, A., Wertheim, E. H., Le Grange, D., Hughes, E. K., Letcher, P., & Olsson, C. A. (2016). The effect of low parental warmth and low monitoring on disordered eating in mid-adolescence: findings from the Australian Temperament Project. Appetite, 105, 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.015
Lohr, K. N. (2002). Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: Attributes and review criteria. Quality of Life Research, 11(3), 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015291021312
Lombardo, C., Russo, P. M., Lucidi, F., Iani, L., & Violani, C. (2004). Internal consistency, convergent validity and reliability of a brief Questionnaire on Disordered Eating (DEQ). Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 9(2), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325051
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to factor-analyze your data right: Do’s, don’ts, and how-to’s. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.854
Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., Owen, C., & Beumont, P. J. V. (2004). Validity of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in screening for eating disorders in community samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42 (2004), 551-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00161-X
Moorman, E., Warnick, J., Acharya, R., & Janicke, D. (2020). The use of internet sources for nutritional information is linked to weight perception and disordered eating in young adolescents. Appetite, 154,104782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104782
Nasrallah, C., Kimmel, L., & Khaled, S. M. (2020). Associations between weight loss difficulty, disordered eating behaviors and poor weight loss outcomes in Arab female university students. Eating Behaviors, 36, 101363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101363
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications (1st ed.). Sage Publications.
Nowak, J. A., Roberson-Nay, R., Strong, D. R., Bucceri, J., & Lejuez, C. W. (2003). Using item response theory in the development and validation of the College-Oriented Eating Disorders Screen. Eating Behaviors, 4(4), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00054-0
Pearson, C. M., Guller, L., McPherson, L., Lejuez, C. W., & Smith, G. T. (2013). Validation of an existing measure of eating disorder risk for use with early adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.006
Thompson, K. A., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2019). Disordered eating behaviors and attitudes and their correlates among a community sample of older women. Eating Behaviors, 34, 101301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.05.004
Tsong, Y., & Smart, R. (2015). The role of cultural beliefs in disordered eating among Asian-American women. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(4), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000029
von Ranson, K. M., Klump, K. L., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2005). The Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey: A brief measure of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Eating Behaviors, 6(4), 373-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.12.002
Yoon, C., Mason, S. M., Hooper, L., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2020). Disordered eating behaviors and 15-year trajectories in body mass index: Findings from project Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults (EAT). Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.012
Yücel, B., Polat, A., İkiz, T., Düşgör-Pirim B., Yavuz, A. E., & Sertel Berk, Ö. (2011). The Turkish version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: Reliability and validity in adolescents. European Eating Disorders Review, 19(6), 509-511. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1104
Zou, K. H., O’Malley, A. J., & Mauri, L. (2007). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation, 115(5), 654-657. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594929
Development of the Disordered Eating Scale for Adolescents Aged 14-18
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 73 - 92, 31.01.2024
This study aimed to develop a scale for evaluating disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among adolescents aged 14 to 18. The scale’s factor structure was examined with a total of 1379 participants, revealing 14 items and three sub-dimensions that accounted for 58.46% of the total variance. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .86) and test-retest reliability (r = .90). Regarding criterion validity, the correlation between the Disordered Eating Scale (DES) and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) was found to be .86. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis results indicated a sensitivity of .930 and a specificity of .91 for the ≥31 cut-off point. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, and the model fit indexes for both applications were as follows: x2 = 287.43, df = 73, x2/df = 3.94, RMSEA = 0.079, CFI = 0.938, TLI = 0.922, and SRMR = 0.045. These findings supported the three-dimensional model, suggesting that disordered eating can be measured through restriction, weight anxiety, and extraction-control behaviors dimensions with a total of 14 items. The DES is deemed suitable for screening and evaluating negative eating behaviors and potential psychopathology in adolescents, including those with and without clinical eating disorder symptoms.
Alvarenga, M. S., Pereira, R. F., Scagliusi, F. B., Philippi, S. T., Estima, C. C. P., & Croll, J. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (DEAS). English version. Appetite, 55(2), 374-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.07.003
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Aydemir, Ö., Köksal, B., Yalın-Sapmaz, Ş., & Yüceyar, H. (2015). Kadın üniversite öğrencilerinde REZZY Yeme Bozuklukları Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16, 31-35. https://doi.org/ 10.5455/apd.174219
Bandalos, D. L., & Boehm-Kaufman, M. R. (2008). Four common misconceptions in exploratory factor analysis. In C. E. Lance & R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 61–87). Taylor & Francis.
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Breland, J. Y., Donalson, R., Dinh, J., Nevedal, A., & Maguen, S. (2016). Women veterans’ treatment preferences for disordered eating. Women’s Health Issues, 26(4), 429-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.04.006
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (1st ed.). Guilford Publications.
Bryne S., & McLean, N. (2001). Eating disorders in athletes: A review of the literature. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 4(2), 145-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(01)80025-6
Coniglio, K. A., Becker, K. R., Tabri, N., Keshishian, A. C., Miller, J. D., Eddy, K. T., & Thomas, J. J. (2018). Factorial integrity and validation of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI). Eating Behaviors, 31, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.07.004
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (4th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
de Morais Sato, P., da Rocha Pereira, P., de Carvalho Stelmo, I., Unsain, R. F., Ulian, M. D., Sabatini, F., Martins, P. A., & Scagliusi, F. B. (2014). Eating practices and habitus in mothers. A Brazilian population-based survey. Appetite, 82, 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.002
Depoy, E., & Gitlin, L. N. (2015). Introduction to research: Understanding and applying multiple strategies (5th ed.). Elsevier.
Ergüney-Okumuş, F. E., & Sertel-Berk, H. Ö. (2019). Yeme Tutum Testi kısa formunun (YTT-26) Üniversite örnekleminde Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 40(1), 57-78.
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self‐report questionnaire? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-%23
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows (1st ed.). Sage Publications.
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172650
Hill, L. S., Reid, F., Morgan, J. F., & Lacey, J. H. (2010). SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(4), 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20679
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kimball, H., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., De Paoli, T., McKinlay, A., & Krug, I. (2019). Testing a new interpersonal model of disordered eating between Australian and East-Asian women: The relationships between theory of mind, maladaptive schemas, and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Psychiatry Research, 275, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.065
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford.
Krug, I., King, R. M., Youssef, G. J., Sorabji, A., Wertheim, E. H., Le Grange, D., Hughes, E. K., Letcher, P., & Olsson, C. A. (2016). The effect of low parental warmth and low monitoring on disordered eating in mid-adolescence: findings from the Australian Temperament Project. Appetite, 105, 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.015
Lohr, K. N. (2002). Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: Attributes and review criteria. Quality of Life Research, 11(3), 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015291021312
Lombardo, C., Russo, P. M., Lucidi, F., Iani, L., & Violani, C. (2004). Internal consistency, convergent validity and reliability of a brief Questionnaire on Disordered Eating (DEQ). Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 9(2), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325051
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to factor-analyze your data right: Do’s, don’ts, and how-to’s. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.854
Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., Owen, C., & Beumont, P. J. V. (2004). Validity of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in screening for eating disorders in community samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42 (2004), 551-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00161-X
Moorman, E., Warnick, J., Acharya, R., & Janicke, D. (2020). The use of internet sources for nutritional information is linked to weight perception and disordered eating in young adolescents. Appetite, 154,104782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104782
Nasrallah, C., Kimmel, L., & Khaled, S. M. (2020). Associations between weight loss difficulty, disordered eating behaviors and poor weight loss outcomes in Arab female university students. Eating Behaviors, 36, 101363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101363
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications (1st ed.). Sage Publications.
Nowak, J. A., Roberson-Nay, R., Strong, D. R., Bucceri, J., & Lejuez, C. W. (2003). Using item response theory in the development and validation of the College-Oriented Eating Disorders Screen. Eating Behaviors, 4(4), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00054-0
Pearson, C. M., Guller, L., McPherson, L., Lejuez, C. W., & Smith, G. T. (2013). Validation of an existing measure of eating disorder risk for use with early adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.006
Thompson, K. A., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2019). Disordered eating behaviors and attitudes and their correlates among a community sample of older women. Eating Behaviors, 34, 101301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.05.004
Tsong, Y., & Smart, R. (2015). The role of cultural beliefs in disordered eating among Asian-American women. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(4), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000029
von Ranson, K. M., Klump, K. L., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2005). The Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey: A brief measure of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Eating Behaviors, 6(4), 373-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.12.002
Yoon, C., Mason, S. M., Hooper, L., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2020). Disordered eating behaviors and 15-year trajectories in body mass index: Findings from project Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults (EAT). Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.012
Yücel, B., Polat, A., İkiz, T., Düşgör-Pirim B., Yavuz, A. E., & Sertel Berk, Ö. (2011). The Turkish version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: Reliability and validity in adolescents. European Eating Disorders Review, 19(6), 509-511. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1104
Zou, K. H., O’Malley, A. J., & Mauri, L. (2007). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation, 115(5), 654-657. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594929
Kermen, U., & Ümmet, D. (2024). Development of the Disordered Eating Scale for Adolescents Aged 14-18. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1215819