Fındık ıslahında gelişmeler

Year 2019, , 167 - 174, 31.12.2019

Ali İslam

https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.667662

Cited By: 17

Abstract

Dünya fındık üretimi son yılların ortalamalarına
göre yaklaşık olarak 900 bin ton olup bu üretim sürekli artış eğilimindedir. En
önemli fındık çeşitleri doğal yetişme alanlarındaki geniş bir popülasyon
içerisinden üretici gözlemlerine dayalı seleksiyonlarla ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Buna en güzel örnek üstün kalitesi ile ‘Tombul’ çeşidi verilebilir. Fındık
ıslahında dikkate alınan temel özellikler meyve ve verim özellikleri,
morfolojik ve fenolojik özellikler, dayanıklılık ve anaç üzerine
yoğunlaşmaktadır. Türkiye ve İtalya en büyük üretici ülke olmasına rağmen son
yıllarda fındık ıslahı konusunda en geniş çalışmalar ABD’de yürütülmektedir.
Son yıllarda moleküler marker tekniklerine dayalı çalışmalar üzerine
yoğunlaşılmış ve önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. EFB ye dayanıklı yeni çeşit
olarak ‘Gasaway’ geliştirilmiş ve sonraki çalışmalarda bu dayanıklılık genleri
kullanılmıştır. ‘Okay28’, ‘Giresun Melezi’, ‘Allahverdi’, ‘Jefferson’,
Webster’, ‘Yamhill’, ‘PollyO’ son yıllarda geliştirilen yeni çeşitlere örnek olarak
verilebilir. Çeşit ve anaç ıslahı uzun süreli ve sabır isteyen bir iştir. Çok
yönlü, kapsamlı ve sürdürülebilir olan çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulur. Farklı
ekolojiler için yüksek verimli, kaliteli, biotik ve abiyotik koşullara
dayanıklı çeşitler elde etmek esastır. Farklı tüketim alışkanlıklarına uygun
çeşitlerin de geliştirilmesi arzulanmaktadır. Ayrıca rekreasyonel açıdan da
peyzaj tasarımlarında fındık ıslahı önem taşımaktadır. 

Keywords

Fındık, Corylus, seleksiyon, melezleme

References

• Akbas, B., Degirmenci, K. 2010. Simultaneous detection of Apple mosaic virus in cultivated hazelnuts by one-tube RT-PCR. African Journal of Biotechnology 9(12), 1753–7. doi:10.5897/AJB10.1749.
• Anon. 2019. ‘Allahverdi’ hazelnut cultivar. Available at: https ://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/findik.
• Ava, H., Javadi, S., Bahman, D. T. 2010. Selection of Suitable Polinazer for Selected Hazelnut Cultivars. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Iran, 30p.
• Balık, H. İ. 2018. Investigations of xenia and metaxenia in hazelnut. PhD thesis. Ondokuz Mayis University Department of Horticulture, Samsun, 274p.
• Balık, H. İ., Balık, S. K., Köse, Ç., Duyar, Ö., Sıray, E., Sezer, A., Turan, A., Beyhan, N., Erdoğan, V., İslam, A., Kurt, H., Ak, K., Kalkışım, Ö. 2014. Development of the new cultivars of hazelnut by selection from Tombul hazelnut populations in Giresun and Trabzon Provinces. In: International Mesopotamia Agriculture Congress, Proceeding Books. GAP International Research and Training Center, Diyarbakır, Turkey, pp. 172–9.
• Balık, H. İ., Kayalak Balık, S., Okay, A. N. 2015. New hazelnut cultivars (Okay 28 and Giresun Melezi). The Journal of Harran. Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri 19(2), 104–9.
• Bassil, N. V., Botta, R., Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2005. Microsatellite markers in hazelnut: isolation, characterization, and cross-species amplification. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130(4), 543–9. doi:10.21273/JASHS.130.4.543.
• Bassil, N., Boccacci, P., Botta, R., Postman, J., Mehlenbacher, S. 2013. Nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers to assess genetic diversity and evolution in hazelnut species, hybrids and cultivars. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60(2), 543–68. doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9857-z.
• Beltramo, C., Valentini, N., Portis, E., Torello Marinoni, D., Boccacci, P., Sandoval Prando, M. A., Botta, R. 2016. Genetic mapping and QTL analysis in European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Molecular Breeding 36(3), 27. doi:10.1007/s11032-016-0450-6.
• Beyhan, N. 1993. Flower biology of some important nut varieties. PhD thesis. Ondokuzmayıs University, Institute of Science, Department of Horticulture, Samsun, 175p (in Turkish).
• Beyhan, N. 1998. Some biological observations and investigations in hazelnut. Project results. Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, Samsun (in Turkish).
• Beyhan, N. 2000. Fertilization biology of hazelnut. Ondokuzmayıs University Journal of Agricultural Faculty 15(2), 116–22 (in Turkish).
• Bhattarai, G., Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2018. Discovery, characterization, and linkage mapping of simple sequence repeat markers in hazelnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143(5), 347–62. doi:10.21273/JASHS04461-18.
• Boccacci, P., Akkak, A., Bassil, N. V., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Botta, R. 2005. Characterization and evaluation of microsatellite loci in European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and their transferability to other Corylus species. Molecular Ecology Notes 5(4), 934–7. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01121.x.
• Boccacci, P., Akkak, A., Botta, R. 2006. DNA typing and genetic relations among European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars using microsatellite markers. Genome 49(6), 598–611. doi:10.1139/g06-017.
• Botta, R., Gianotti, C., Me, G. 1997. Kernel quality in hazelnut cultivars and selections analysed for sugars, lipids and fatty acid composition. In: IV International Symposium on Hazelnut (vol. 445), pp. 319–26.
• Botu, M., Achim, G., Cosmulescu, S. 2015. Germplasm evaluation, conservation and breeding of nut crops in Romania. In: 1st European Fruit Research Institutes Network Shell Fruit Species Meeting, Abstract Book, 23.
• Botu, M., Botu, I., Achim, G., Preda, S., Scutelnicu, A., Giura, S. 2017. Conservation of fruit tree genetic resources and their use in the breeding process. Annals “Valahia” University of Targoviste – Agriculture 11(1), 66–9. doi:10.1515/agr-2017-0013.
• Capik, J. M., Muehlbauer, M., Novy, A., Honig, J. A., Molnar, T. J. 2013. Eastern filbert blight-resistant hazelnuts from Russia, Ukraine and Poland. HortScience 48(4), 466– 73. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.48.4.466.
• Çayan, M., İslam, A. 2019. Clonal selection in ‘Çakıldak’ cultivar grown in Gürgentepe district. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 8(1), 25–32 (in Turkish).
• Chen, H., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Smith, D. C. 2007. Hazelnut accessions provide new sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight. HortScience 42(3), 466–9. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.3.466.
• Colburn, B. C., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Sathuvalli, V. R. 2017. Development and mapping of microsatellite markers from transcriptome sequences of European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and use for germplasm characterization. Molecular Breeding 37(2), 16. doi:10.1007/s11032-016-0616-2.
• Coyne, C. J., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Smith, D. C. 1998. Sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight in hazelnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123(2), 253–7. doi:10.21273/JASHS.123.2.253.
• Crepinsek, Z., Stampar, F., Bogataj, L., Solar, A. 2012. The response of Corylus avellana L. phenology to rising temperature in north-eastern Slovenia. International Journal of Biometeorology 56(4), 681–94. doi:10.1007/s00484-011-0469-7.
• Danielsson-Santesson, B. 1951. Fortsatta Undersökningar av polyploid hassel. (Investigations of polyploid hazels) Sveriges Pom. Fören. Årsskrift 52, 84–94. (In Germain)
• Demir, T., Beyhan, N. 2000. Research on the selection of hazelnuts grown in Samsun. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 24, 173–83.
• Erdoğan, V., Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2000. Interspecific hybridization in Hazelnut (Corylus). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125(4), 489–97.doi:10.21273/JASHS.125.4.489.
• Erdoğan, V., Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2001. Incompatibility in wild Corylus species. In: Proceedings of the Vth International Congress on Hazelnut, 30 July 2001, ISHS. Acta Horticulturae (vol. 556), pp. 163–9. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.556.22.
• Erdoğan, V., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Köksal, A. İ., Kurt, H. 2005. Incompatibility alleles expressed in pollen of Turkish hazelnut cultivars. Turkish Journal of Biology 29, 111–6. FAO. 2016. Food and Agricultural Organization. Available at: www.fao.org.
• Farinelli, D., Boco, M., Tombesi, A. 2009. Productive and organoleptic evaluation of new hazelnut crosses. Acta Horticulturae 845(845), 651–6. doi:10.17660/ ActaHortic.2009.845.102.
• Fattahi, R., Mohammadzedeh, M., Khadivi-Khubb, A. 2014. Influence of different pollen sources on nut and kernel characteristics of hazelnut. Scientia Horticulturae 173, 15–9. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.04.031.
• Germain, E. 1994. The reproduction of hazelnut (Corylus avellana): a review. In: 3rd International Congress on Hazelnut, 14–18 September, Alba, Italy.
• Grimová, L., Winkowska, L., Konrady, M., Ryšán, P. 2016. Apple mosaic virus. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 55(1), 1–19.
• Gökirmak, T., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Bassil, N. V. 2009. Characterization of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars using SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56(2), 147–72. doi:10.1007/s10722-008-9352-8.
• Gürcan, K., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Botta, R., Boccacci, P. 2010. Development, characterization, segregation, and mapping of microsatellite markers for Europeanhazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from enriched genomic libraries and usefulness in genetic diversity studies. Tree Genetics and Genomes 6(4), 513–31. doi:10.1007/ s11295-010-0269-y.
• Hosseinpour, A., Seifi, E., Javadi, D., Ramezanpour, S. S. 2015. A preliminary study on pollen compatibility of some hazelnut cultivars in Iran. Advances in Horticultural Science 29(1), 13–6.
• İslam, A. 2000. Clonal selection in hazelnut cultivars grown in Ordu Province. PhD thesis. University of Çukurova, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Islam, A. 2003. Clonal selection in ‘Uzunmusa’ hazelnut. Plant Breeding 122(4), 368–71. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00853.x. İslam, A. 2018. Hazelnut culture in Turkey. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 7(2), 259–66. doi:10.29278/azd.476665.
• Islam, A., Ozgüven, A. I. 2001. Clonal selection in the Turkish hazelnut cultivars grown in Ordu Province. Acta Horticulturae 556(556), 203–8. doi:10.17660/ ActaHortic.2001.556.29.
• Islam, A., Turan, A., Kurt, H. 2005. Effect of Ocak and single trunk training systems on yield and nut quality. Acta Horticulturae 686, 259–62.
• Janick, J., Paull, E. R. 2008. The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cambridge University Press, UK.
• Kasapligil, B. 1968. Chromosome studies in the genus Corylus. Sci. Rept. Faculty Sci. Ege University. İzmir. No. 59. (in Turkish)
• Korkmaz, Ş., Ak, B. E., Sakar, E., Turanoğlu, İ., Söylemez, S. 2015. Incompatibility mechanism in fruit trees. Journal of Harran Agriculture and Food Sciences 19(3), 180–6 (In Turkish).
• Lagerstedt, H. 1993. The evolution of a clonal filbert rootstock. Proceedings of the Nut Growers Association of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia 78, 89–101.
• Liu, J., Zhang, H., Cheng, Y., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Geng, W. 2014. Comparison of ultrastructure, pollen tube growth pattern and starch contain in developing abortive ovaries during the progamic phase in hazel. Frontiers in Plant Science 5, 528.
• Lunde, C. F., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Smith, D. C. 2000. Survey of hazelnut cultivars for response to eastern filbert blight inoculation. HortScience 35, 729–31.
• Ma, Q., Wang, G., Liang, W., Chen, X., Liang, L., Zhao, T. 2013. Progress on pollenstigma compatibility in Corylus (hazelnuts): a review. Journal of Forestry Research 24(3), 397–402. doi:10.1007/s11676-013-0372-7.
• Marinoni, D., Me, G., Valentini, N. 2000. Evaluation of ‘Tonda Gentile Delle Langhe’ clones. In: Proceedings of the Vth International Congress on Hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae (vol. 556), pp. 209–18.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2003. Progress and prospects in nut breeding. Acta Horticulturae 622(622), 57–79. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.622.4.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2018a. Advances in genetic improvement of hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae 1226(1226), 1–12. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1226.1.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2018b. Breeding hazelnuts resistant to eastern filbert blight. Acta Horticulturae 1226, 73–8. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1226.10.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A., Smith, D. C. 1991. Partial self-compatibility in ‘Tombul’ and ‘Montebello’ hazelnuts. Euphytica 56(3), 231–6. doi:10.1007/BF00042369.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A., Thompson, M. M. 1988. Dominance relationships among S alleles in Corylus avellana L. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 76, 669–72.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A., Thompson, M. M., Cameron, H. R. 1991. Occurrence and inheritance of resistance to eastern filbert blight in ‘Gasaway’ hazelnut. HortScience 26(4), 410–1. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.26.4.410.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A., Smith, D. C., McCluskey, R. L. 2009. ‘Yamhill’ hazelnut. HortScience 44(3), 845–7. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.845.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A., Smith, D. C., McCluskey, R. 2011. ‘Jefferson’ hazelnut. HortScience 46(4), 662–4.
• Mehlenbacher, S. A., Smith, D. C., McCluskey, R. 2014. ‘Wepster’ hazelnut. HortScience 49(3), 346–9.
• Miljković, I. 2017. Growth and yield of hazelnut varieties on the rootstock Corylus colurna and their own root in ecological conditions of Istria. Pomologia Croatica 21(1–2), 3–12. doi:10.33128/pc.21.1-2.1.
• Monastra, F., Raparelli, E., Fanigliulo, R. 1996. Clonal selection of ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’. In: Symposium on Hazelnut (vol. 445), pp. 52–6.
• Ninić-Todorović, J., Čukanović, J., Kurjakov, A., Mladenović, E., Lazović, R., Todorović, I. 2012. Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) seedling characteristics as rootstock for hazelnut cultivar grafting. Contemporary Agriculture 61(3–4), 240–6.
• Okay, A. N. 1999. Hazelnut crossbreeding project report. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hazelnut Research Directorate, Giresun (in Turkish).
• Olsen, J. L., Mehlenbacher, S. A., Azarenko, A. N. 2000. Hazelnut pollination. HortTechnology 10(1), 113–5. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH.10.1.113.
• Petriccione, M., Ciarmiello, L. F., Boccacci, P., De Luca, A., Piccirillo, P. 2010. Evaluation of ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) clones. Scientia Horticulturae 124(2), 153–8. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.12.019.
• Rahemi, M., Mojadad, D. 2001. Effect of pollen source on nut and kernel characteristics of hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae 556, 371–6. doi:10.17660/Acta Hortic.2001.556.55.
• Rovira, M., Romero, M., Clave, J. 1996. Clonal selection of ‘Gironell’ and ‘Negret’ hazelnut cultivars. In: IV International Symposium on Hazelnut (vol. 446), pp. 35–9.
• Rovira, M., Cristofori, V., Silvestri, C., Celli, T., Hermoso, J. F., Tous, J., Romero, A. 2012. Last results in the evaluation of ‘Negret’ hazelnut cultivar grafted on nonsuckering rootstocks in Spain. Acta Horticulturae 1052, 145–50. doi:10.17660/ ActaHortic.2014.1052.18
• Salesses, G. 1973. Cytological study of genus Corylus. A heterozygotic translocation in some low male fertile varieties of hazelnut (C. avellana). Annales de l'amélioration des plantes 23, 59–66.
• Salimia, S., Hoseinovab, S. 2012. Selecting hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) rootstocks for different climatic conditions of Iran. Crop Breeding Journal 2(2), 139–44.
• Salvador, F. R., Lolletti, D., Sabelli, A. 2009. Current progress in the hazelnut breeding program at the fruit tree research Centre-Rome. Acta Horticulturae 845(845), 133–8. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.845.15.
• Thompson, M. M., Lagerstedt, H. B., Mehlenbacher, S. A. 1996. Hazelnuts Fruit Breeding, Volume III: Nuts. Janick, J., Moore, J. N. (Eds). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. ISBN: 0-471-12669-1.
• Turan, A. 2007. Clonal selection in Tombul cv grown in Giresun. BSc thesis. OMÜ Fen Bilimleri Enst, Samsun (in Turkish). Ünal, M. 2009. Bitki Angiosperm Embriyolojisi. Nobel yayın no: 1024:4, 141–58 (in Turkish).
• Valentini, N., Me, G., Vallania, R., Zeppa, G. 2001. New hazelnuts selections for direct consumption. Acta Horticulturae 556(556), 103–8. doi:10.17660/ ActaHortic.2001.556.13.
• Valentini, N., Calizzano, F., Boccacci, P., Botta, R. 2014. Investigation on clonal variants within the hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivar ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’. Scientia Horticulturae 165, 303–10. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.11.027.
• Wang, G. X., Ma, Q. H., Zhao, T. T., Liang, L. S. 2018. Resources and production of hazelnut in China. Acta Horticulturae 1226(1226), 59–64. doi:10.17660/ ActaHortic.2018.1226.8.
• Whitcher, I. N., Wen, J. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of Corylus (Betulaceae): inference from ITS sequences. Systematic Botany 26, 283–98.
• Xie, M., Liu, Z. P. 2014. Studies on pollen viability and pollen-stigma compatibility of hybrid hazelnut. In: Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress on Hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae (vol. 1052), pp. 117–9. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1052.14.
• Zhai, X. J., Dong, F. X., Zhang, R. Q., Wang, G. X., Yi, M. P., Liang, L. S. 2009. Research on the compatibility of five Corylus specie. Journal of Central South University of Forestry and Technology 29(4), 26–30.