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Aktif Yeşil Alanların Yeni Yaşam Düzenindeki Yerine Kentli Yaklaşımı

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 191 - 200, 05.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.1452383

Abstract

Amaç: Küresel pandeminin yarattığı bilinmezlik ve endişe dünya çapında acil ve katı tedbirler alınmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Toplumsal boyutu nedeniyle alışık olunan yaşam düzeninin yerini kısıtlamalar almıştır. İnsanların alışık olmadıkları şekilde kısıtlandıkları bu şartlar altında beden ve ruh sağlığını korumak önemli olmuştur. Beden ve ruh sağlığını korumak, onu geliştirmek için en değerli varlık doğadır. Doğanın kentlerdeki yansıması ise yeşil alanlardır. Bu dönemdeki kısıtlamalar yeşil alanlarda da uygulanmıştır. Öte yandan bu kısıtlamalar, yeşil alanların kentlilerin yaşamlarındaki önemini daha güçlü göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada; İstanbul’da yaşayan insanların, Kovid-19 “pandemisi öncesi”, yoğun tedbirlerin uygulandığı “tam kapanma süreci”, kısıtlamaların kalktığı "normalleşme süreci" ve “günümüz” aktif yeşil alan kullanımına ilişkin değerlendirmeleri tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Böylece pandeminin kısıtlı şartları ile pandeminin üzerinden uzun bir süre geçip, kısıtlanma psikolojisi ve tedirginlikler atlatıldıktan sonrası arasında insanların algı değişimi tespit edilebilmiştir.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışma alanı olarak Türkiye’nin en kalabalık kenti İstanbul seçilmiştir. Çalışmada standart anket yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Anketler, “Google Form” platformu üzerinden çevrimiçi olarak hazırlanmış ve hazırlanan anketlerin kullanıcılara dağıtımı çeşitli sosyal ağlar (Instagram ve Facebook) ve iletişim kanalları (WhatsApp ve E-posta) üzerinden kartopu yaklaşımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yanıtlar, anonim olarak kabul edilmiştir. Anket, toplamda 20 sorudan oluşmuş olup bu sorular 6 kategoride hazırlanmıştır.
Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırmaya göre; aktif yeşil alanlarda yürüyüş yapılabilmesi her dönemde en çok önemsenen aktivite olmuştur.
Günümüzde bu alanlara yakın olmak ve açık alanda olabilmek önemli görülmüştür. Sosyal mesafe önemlidir fakat katılımcılara göre; sosyalleşmeye engel oluşturmamaktadır. Katılımcılar pandemi sürecinde açık yeşil alanda vakit geçirmeyi özlediklerini belirtmişlerdir. Katılımcıların çoğu, pandeminin tekrarlanması halinde açık yeşil alanların kapatılmaması gerektiğini ifade etmiştir.
Sonuç: Kovid-19 pandemisi, yaşattığı tüm olumsuzluklara rağmen; kent yöneticileri için kentli ihtiyaçlarını yeniden değerlendirmek noktasında fırsattır. Bu çalışmanın kentlilerin beklenti, istek ve değerlendirmelerini derlemek ve analiz etmek yolu ile kent yöneticilerine yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmada kullanılan anket formu, Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu tarafından (02.11.2023 tarihinde, 2023-181 karar sayısı ile) etik olarak uygun bulunmuştur.

References

  • Anonim, (2020a). Daily Sabah (2020). (https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/turkey-remains-firm-calm-as-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed/news) (Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2023).
  • Anonim, (2023a). Urban Population (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?end=2022&start=1960&view=chart) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.11.2023).
  • Anonim, (2020b). Türkiye'nin Koronavirüsle Etkin Mücadelesi, (https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/T%C3%BCrkiyenin_koronavir%C3%BCsle_etkin_m%C3%BCcadelesi_compressed.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023).
  • Anonim, (2020c). Independent (2020). (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-lockdown-break-rules-exercise-ban-a9447896.html) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2023).
  • Anonim, (2023b). The 17 Goals. (https://sdgs.un.org/goals) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.11.2023).
  • Berdejo‐Espinola, V., Suárez‐Castro, A. F., Amano, T., Fielding, K. S., Oh, R. R. Y., & Fuller, R. A. (2021). Urban green space use during a time of stress: A case study during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Brisbane, Australia. People and Nature, 3(3), 597-609.
  • Bherwani, H., Indorkar, T., Sangamnere, R., Gupta, A., Anshul, A., Nair, M. M., Singh, A., & Kumar, R. (2021). Investigation of Adoption and Cognizance of Urban Green Spaces in India: Post COVID-19 Scenarios. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, Volume 3, 100088.
  • Burnett, H., Olsen, J. R., Nicholls, N., & Mitchell, R. (2021). Change in time spent visiting and experiences of green space following restrictions on movement during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative cross-sectional study of UK adults. BMJ Open, 11(3), e044067.
  • Chawla, L. (2015). Benefits of nature contact for children. Journal of Planning Literature, 30 (4), 433-452.
  • Daşdemir, İ. (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 1. Basım. Ankara.
  • Derks, J., Giessen, L., & Winkel, G. (2020). COVID-19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure. Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 118, 102253.
  • Dzhambov, A. M., Dimitrova, D. D., & Dimitrakova, E. D. (2014). Association between Residential Greenness and Birth Weight. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 13 (4), 621–29.
  • Erdönmez, C., & Atmiş, E. (2021). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on green space use in Turkey: Is closing green spaces for use a solution?. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 64, 127295.
  • Fjørtoft, I., & Sageie, J. (2000). The natural environment as a playground for children. Landscape description and analyses of a natural playscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48(1–2), 83–97.
  • Ginsburg, K. R., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Communications ve American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. (2007). The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds. Pediatrics. Jan, 119(1), 182-91.
  • Güngör, S., & Bütüner, F. (2021). Pandemi sürecinde Konya ilinde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerde meydana gelen sosyal ve psikolojik değişimlerin peyzaj mimarlığı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9, 2458-2465.
  • Güngör, S., & Öner, B. (2020). Covid-19 sonrası normalleşme sürecinde rekreasyonel aktivite kullanımlarının değişimi ve kentsel yeşil alan özlemi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8, 8-12.
  • Hu, Z., Liebens, J., & Rao, K. R. (2008). Linking stroke mortality with air pollution, income, and greenness in northwest Florida: An ecological geographical study. Int J Health Geogr 7, 20.
  • Jabbar, M., & Yusoff, M. M. (2022). Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human well-being: A systematic review. GeoJournal 87, 4405–4423.
  • Korpilo, S., Kajosaari, A., Rinne, T., Hasanzadeh, K., Raymond, C.M., & Kyttä, M. (2021). Coping With Crisis: Green Space Use in Helsinki Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, 713977.
  • Laaksoharju, T., Rappe, E., & Kaivola, T. (2012). Garden affordances for social learning, play, and for building nature-child relationship. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 11(2), 195–203.
  • Larcher, F., Pomatto, E., Battisti, L., Gullino, P., & Devecchi, M. (2021). Perceptions of Urban Green Areas during the Social Distancing Period for COVID-19 Containment in Italy. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 55.
  • LeBrasseur, R. (2022). Linking human wellbeing and urban greenspaces: Applying the SoftGIS tool for analyzing human wellbeing interaction in Helsinki, Finland. Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 10.
  • Lee, A. C. K., & Maheswaran, R. (2011). The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence. J Public Health (Oxf), 33(2), 212-22.
  • Legeby, A., & Koch, D. (2021). The changing of urban habits during the Corona pandemic in Sweden. Festival dell'Architettura Magazine, 52-53, 198-203.
  • Lin, D., Sun, Y., Yang, Y., Han, Y., & Xu, C. (2023). Urban park use and self-reported physical, mental, and social health during the COVID-19 pandemic: An on-site survey in Beijing, China. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 79, 127804.
  • Maury-Mora, M., Gómez-Villarino, M. T., & Varela-Martínez, C. (2022). Urban green spaces and stress during COVID-19 lockdown: A case study for the city of Madrid. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 69, 127492.
  • Poortinga, W., Bird, N., Hallingberg, B., Phillips, R., & Williams, D. (2021). The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. Landscape and Urban Planning, 211, 104092.
  • Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., Cariñanos, P., Dobbs, C., Ostoić, S. K., … & Sanesi, G. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 56, 126888.
  • Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Pearlmutter, D., & Sanesi, G. (2021). Usage of urban green space and related feelings of deprivation during the COVID-19 lockdown: Lessons learned from an Italian case study. Land Use Policy, 105, 105437.
  • United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report. (2022). (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.11.2023).
  • Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234-244.
  • Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., & Sun, D. (2020). Urban Parks as Green Buffers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 12(17), 6751.

Urban Approach to the Place of Active Green Areas in the New Life Order

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 191 - 200, 05.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.1452383

Abstract

Objective: The uncertainty and anxiety caused by the global pandemic made it necessary to take urgent and strict measures worldwide. Due to its social dimension, restrictions have replaced the usual living order. Under these conditions, where people are restricted in ways they are not used to, it has been important to protect their physical and mental health. The most valuable asset for protecting and improving physical and mental health is nature. The reflection of nature in cities is green spaces. Green spaces have also been affected by restrictions. On the other hand, these restrictions have shown the importance of green spaces in the lives of urbanites more strongly. In this study it was aimed to determine the evaluations of people living in Istanbul regarding the use of active green spaces "before the Covid-19 pandemic", during the "full lockdown process" when intensive measures were implemented, during the "normalization process" when restrictions were lifted and "today". Thus, the change in people's perception could be detected between the limited conditions of the pandemic and after a long period of time passed after the pandemic and the psychology of restriction and anxiety were overcome.
Materials and Methods: Istanbul, the most populous city in Turkiye, was selected as the study area. A standardized survey method was applied in the study. The questionnaires were prepared online through the "Google Form" platform and the distribution of the prepared questionnaires to the users was carried out with a snowball approach through various social networks (Instagram and Facebook) and communication channels (WhatsApp and e-mail). Responses were considered anonymous. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions in total and these questions were prepared in 6 categories.
Results: According to the findings, walking in active green areas has been the most important activity in every period. Today, being close to these areas and being in an open space are considered important. Social distance is important, but according to the participants; it does not prevent socialization. Participants stated that they missed spending time in open green spaces during the pandemic. Most of the participants stated that open green areas should not be closed if the pandemic recurs.
Conclusion: Despite all the negativities caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, it is an opportunity for city managers to re-evaluate urban needs. It is thought that this study will help city managers by compiling and analyzing the expectations, requests and evaluations of urbanites.

References

  • Anonim, (2020a). Daily Sabah (2020). (https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/turkey-remains-firm-calm-as-first-coronavirus-case-confirmed/news) (Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2023).
  • Anonim, (2023a). Urban Population (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?end=2022&start=1960&view=chart) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.11.2023).
  • Anonim, (2020b). Türkiye'nin Koronavirüsle Etkin Mücadelesi, (https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/T%C3%BCrkiyenin_koronavir%C3%BCsle_etkin_m%C3%BCcadelesi_compressed.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023).
  • Anonim, (2020c). Independent (2020). (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-lockdown-break-rules-exercise-ban-a9447896.html) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2023).
  • Anonim, (2023b). The 17 Goals. (https://sdgs.un.org/goals) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.11.2023).
  • Berdejo‐Espinola, V., Suárez‐Castro, A. F., Amano, T., Fielding, K. S., Oh, R. R. Y., & Fuller, R. A. (2021). Urban green space use during a time of stress: A case study during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Brisbane, Australia. People and Nature, 3(3), 597-609.
  • Bherwani, H., Indorkar, T., Sangamnere, R., Gupta, A., Anshul, A., Nair, M. M., Singh, A., & Kumar, R. (2021). Investigation of Adoption and Cognizance of Urban Green Spaces in India: Post COVID-19 Scenarios. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, Volume 3, 100088.
  • Burnett, H., Olsen, J. R., Nicholls, N., & Mitchell, R. (2021). Change in time spent visiting and experiences of green space following restrictions on movement during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative cross-sectional study of UK adults. BMJ Open, 11(3), e044067.
  • Chawla, L. (2015). Benefits of nature contact for children. Journal of Planning Literature, 30 (4), 433-452.
  • Daşdemir, İ. (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 1. Basım. Ankara.
  • Derks, J., Giessen, L., & Winkel, G. (2020). COVID-19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure. Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 118, 102253.
  • Dzhambov, A. M., Dimitrova, D. D., & Dimitrakova, E. D. (2014). Association between Residential Greenness and Birth Weight. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 13 (4), 621–29.
  • Erdönmez, C., & Atmiş, E. (2021). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on green space use in Turkey: Is closing green spaces for use a solution?. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 64, 127295.
  • Fjørtoft, I., & Sageie, J. (2000). The natural environment as a playground for children. Landscape description and analyses of a natural playscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48(1–2), 83–97.
  • Ginsburg, K. R., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Communications ve American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. (2007). The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds. Pediatrics. Jan, 119(1), 182-91.
  • Güngör, S., & Bütüner, F. (2021). Pandemi sürecinde Konya ilinde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerde meydana gelen sosyal ve psikolojik değişimlerin peyzaj mimarlığı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9, 2458-2465.
  • Güngör, S., & Öner, B. (2020). Covid-19 sonrası normalleşme sürecinde rekreasyonel aktivite kullanımlarının değişimi ve kentsel yeşil alan özlemi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8, 8-12.
  • Hu, Z., Liebens, J., & Rao, K. R. (2008). Linking stroke mortality with air pollution, income, and greenness in northwest Florida: An ecological geographical study. Int J Health Geogr 7, 20.
  • Jabbar, M., & Yusoff, M. M. (2022). Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human well-being: A systematic review. GeoJournal 87, 4405–4423.
  • Korpilo, S., Kajosaari, A., Rinne, T., Hasanzadeh, K., Raymond, C.M., & Kyttä, M. (2021). Coping With Crisis: Green Space Use in Helsinki Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, 713977.
  • Laaksoharju, T., Rappe, E., & Kaivola, T. (2012). Garden affordances for social learning, play, and for building nature-child relationship. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 11(2), 195–203.
  • Larcher, F., Pomatto, E., Battisti, L., Gullino, P., & Devecchi, M. (2021). Perceptions of Urban Green Areas during the Social Distancing Period for COVID-19 Containment in Italy. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 55.
  • LeBrasseur, R. (2022). Linking human wellbeing and urban greenspaces: Applying the SoftGIS tool for analyzing human wellbeing interaction in Helsinki, Finland. Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 10.
  • Lee, A. C. K., & Maheswaran, R. (2011). The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence. J Public Health (Oxf), 33(2), 212-22.
  • Legeby, A., & Koch, D. (2021). The changing of urban habits during the Corona pandemic in Sweden. Festival dell'Architettura Magazine, 52-53, 198-203.
  • Lin, D., Sun, Y., Yang, Y., Han, Y., & Xu, C. (2023). Urban park use and self-reported physical, mental, and social health during the COVID-19 pandemic: An on-site survey in Beijing, China. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 79, 127804.
  • Maury-Mora, M., Gómez-Villarino, M. T., & Varela-Martínez, C. (2022). Urban green spaces and stress during COVID-19 lockdown: A case study for the city of Madrid. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 69, 127492.
  • Poortinga, W., Bird, N., Hallingberg, B., Phillips, R., & Williams, D. (2021). The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. Landscape and Urban Planning, 211, 104092.
  • Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., Cariñanos, P., Dobbs, C., Ostoić, S. K., … & Sanesi, G. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 56, 126888.
  • Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Pearlmutter, D., & Sanesi, G. (2021). Usage of urban green space and related feelings of deprivation during the COVID-19 lockdown: Lessons learned from an Italian case study. Land Use Policy, 105, 105437.
  • United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report. (2022). (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 29.11.2023).
  • Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234-244.
  • Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., & Sun, D. (2020). Urban Parks as Green Buffers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 12(17), 6751.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Muhibe Aslı Alp 0000-0003-2828-7261

Merve Eminel Kutay 0000-0001-6422-0174

Ömer Atabeyoğlu 0000-0001-7230-8598

Publication Date July 5, 2024
Submission Date March 14, 2024
Acceptance Date June 10, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alp, M. A., Eminel Kutay, M., & Atabeyoğlu, Ö. (2024). Aktif Yeşil Alanların Yeni Yaşam Düzenindeki Yerine Kentli Yaklaşımı. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 13(1), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.1452383