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The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region

Year 2024, , 130 - 150

Abstract

The Doha Agreement signed between US and Taliban can be seen as a beginning of the decreasing US influence in Middle East. This evolving landscape is especially important for Türkiye as a pivotal regional power. Although Türkiye’s relations with the region have been unstable, the decreasing role of US in Middle East creates opportunities for Turkish diplomacy to pursue its regional leadership. This article explores its adaptation to shifting dynamics and argues that Türkiye’s focus shifted from regional military operations to country-specific diplomacy. US influence on Türkiye's foreign policy remains at the same level but redirected towards the Aegean Sea.

References

  • Antalya Diplomasi Forumu, 147 ülkeden temsilcileri ağırlayacak. (2024a) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/antalya-diplomasi-forumu-147-ulkeden-temsilcileri-agirlayacak/3150780#
  • Ayalon, A., Raz, I. G., & Amiel, B. (2022). The United States Withdrawal from Afghanistan after Two Decades of a Global War on Terrorism. A Multidisciplinary Journal on National Security, 36.
  • Aydın, M. K. (2020). Türkiye ve Bağdat Pakti. International Journal of Social Science Research, 9(2), 135-153.
  • BBC Türkçe, (2024). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın Irak Ziyareti: Kalkınma Yolu Projesi’nde İmzalar Atıldı. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp0gddnemjlo.amp
  • Carter, J.E. (1980) “State of the Union address 1980”, Joint Session of the 96th US Congress, Washington, DC, 23 January 1980. https://ballotpedia.org/Jimmy_Carter%27s_State_of_the_Union_Address,_1980
  • Carter, M. (2019). “What a Withdrawal From Afghanistan Would Look Like – Learning to Live With Taliban Rule,” Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2019-10-21/what-withdrawal-afghanistan-would-look
  • Central Bank of Türkiye (2024). Uluslararası Yatırım Pozisyonu. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/cb23c98d-d9a5-465f-8c9c-9f84b533aaf8/uyp.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-cb23c98d-d9a5-465f-8
  • Cordesman, A. (2020). America’s Failed Strategy in the Middle East: Losing Iraq and the Gulf. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/americas-failed-strategy-middle-east-losing-iraq-and-gulf
  • Council on Foreign Relations (2005). Iraq: US- Turkey Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-us-turkey-relations
  • Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: (İsveç) NATO’ya üyelik konusunda bizden hayırhahlık beklemesin. (2023a) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-isvec-nato-ya-uyelik-konusunda-bizden-hayirhahlik-beklemesin/2795164
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2012). Stratejik Derinlik. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 110.
  • Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (2003). TBMM Tutanak Dergisi, 4üncü cilt Fihristi. https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d22/c004/tbmm22004fih.pdf
  • Grigoriadis, I.N. (2020) Greek-Turkish Relations and Regional Stability in the Eastern Mediterranean, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Growing US military presence in Greece can lead to undesired scenarios in Aegean, experts warn. (2022) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/growing-us-military-presence-in-greece-can-lead-to-undesired-scenarios-in-aegean-experts-warn/2596928
  • Güler, E. Z. (2010). Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın Davos “Şovu” ve Etkileri. Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, 5(13), 205-231. Hakan Fidan Döneminde MİT’te Neler Değişti? Bakan Fidan’ın 14 Yıllık MİT Serüveni. YouTube, CNN Turk, 19 March 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-m5XwOL_AA
  • Joint Declaration Between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan,” U.S. Department of State, February 29, 2020, https://www.state.gov/ wp-content/uploads/2020/02/02.29.20-US-Afghanistan-Joint-Declaration.pdf.
  • Kazakistan ile Türkiye bu yıl ortak tatbikat gerçekleştirecek. (2024b) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/kazakistan-ile-turkiye-bu-yil-ortak-tatbikat-gerceklestirecek/3122967
  • Ker-Lindsay, J. (2012) The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press. Ministry of Defense of Republic of Türkiye (2021). Türkiye-Katar Ortak Tatbikati (Al Adeid 2021 Tatbikati) Basin Duyurusu. https://www.msb.gov.tr/Basin-ve-Yayin/Aciklamalar/turkiye-katar-ortak-tatbikati-al-adeid-2021-tatbikati-basin-duyurusu-132021
  • Ministry of Defense of Republic of Türkiye (2024a). CİNNAH-2024 Tatbikatı Basın Duyurusu. https://www.msb.gov.tr/Basin-ve-Yayin/Aciklamalar/54c8bad1bcff40108f62a35c015f8f83
  • Ministry of Defense of Republic of Türkiye (2024b). Desert Flag-2024 Tatbikatı Basın Duyurusu. https://www.msb.gov.tr/Basin-ve-Yayin/Aciklamalar/b195aa7935e74adf89142cb900bdd644
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2024b). Türkiye Yüzyılında Türk Dış Politikası. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/turkiye-yuzyili-nda-turk-dis-politikasi-2024-kitapcik.pdf
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Türkiye (2024a). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile Irak Cumhuriyeti Arasında Gerçekleştirilen Güvenlik Mekanizması Görüşmesine İlişkin Ortak Sonuç Bildirisi, 14 Mart 2024. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-ile-irak-cumhuriyeti-arasinda-gerceklestirilen-guvenlik-mekanizmasi-gorusmesine-iliskin-ortak-sonuc-bildirisi.tr.mfa
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye (n.d). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/militarization-of-eastern-aegean-islands-contrary-tp-the-provisions-of-international-agreements.en.mfa
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye (1949). No.7171 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/7171.pdf
  • Özbekistan ve Türkiye özel kuvvetler ortak tatbikatı sona erdi. (2021) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ozbekistan-ve-turkiye-ozel-kuvvetler-ortak-tatbikati-sona-erdi/2188191
  • Savunma Sanayi ST (2024). ABD’den Türkiye’ye F-16 Blok 70 Yunanistan’a F-35 bildirimi. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/abdden-turkiyeye-f-16-blok-70-yunanistana-f-35-bildirimi/
  • Schwartz, I. (2016). “Trump on Iraq: How Could We Have Been So Stupid?”, RealClear Politics. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/02/17/trump_on_iraq_how_could_we_have_been_so_stupid_one_of_the_worst_decisions_in_the_history_of_the_country.html
  • Serbest, M. B. (2016). Bağdat Paktı'nın kuruluş süreci ve gelişiminde Türkiye'nin rolü. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 401-424. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/577483
  • Sırım, Ö. Ü. V. (2018). Türkiye-Ortadoğu ülkeleri ekonomik ilişkilerinde 1973 petrol krizinin yeri. In The Second International Conference on Current Trends in the Middle East 2018 Proceedings Book (p. 41).
  • Sözen, A. (2019) Turkey-Greece Relations in the Context of the Cyprus Problem, SETA Foundation.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2024). Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf
  • The Guardian, (2023). Biden Ratchets Up Efforts to Secure Sweden’s Nato Membership Ahead of Key Summit. https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/06/biden-ratchets-up-efforts-to-secure-swedens-nato-membership-ahead-of-key-summit
  • The Independent Uganda (2019). Trump: US Going to Middle East Was ‘Worst Decision Ever’.https://www.independent.co.ug/trump-us-going-into-middle-east-was-worst-decision-ever/
  • Theophanous, A. (2017) Cyprus: A Contemporary Problem in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Topçu, İ (2018). Türkiye-İsrail İlişkilerinin İlk Yılları (1948-1952). History Studies, 10(2), 161- 175. 10.9737/hist.2018.589 https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/303221/turkiye-israil-iliskilerinin-ilk-yillari-1948-1952#
  • Triantaphyllou, D. (2006). "The Turkish-Greek Rapprochement: A Decade of Missing Opportunities." Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-13.
  • Turan, İ. (2018). The Aegean Dispute: Problems and Prospects. Middle East Technical University.
  • Türkiye ve Azerbaycan'dan 100. yıla özel ortak tatbikatlar. (2023b) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/turkiye-ve-azerbaycandan-100-yila-ozel-ortak-tatbikatlar-/3026904
  • Wechsler, W. F. (2019). US withdrawal from the Middle East: perceptions and reality. The MENA region: A great power competition, 13-38. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/MENA-Chapter-one.pdf
  • Yeni Şafak, (2023). Hakan Fidan’ın Sözleri Dünyada Manşet: Türkiye Baskılardan Etkilenmeyecek. https://www.yenisafak.com/amphtml/dunya/hakan-fidanin-sozleri-dunyada-manset-turkiye-baskilardan-etkilenmeyecek-4543001
  • Yeşilyurt, B.K. (2023). Türkiye-Ortadoğu İlişkileri: 100 Yılın Muhasebesi, 1923-2023. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, Özel Sayı: Cumhuriyetin 100.Yılında Türkiye, 1-23.
  • Yom, S. (2020). US foreign policy in the Middle East: The logic of hegemonic retreat. Global Policy, 11(1), 75-83. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1758-5899.12777
  • The White House (2021). Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/07/08/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-drawdown-of-u-s-forces-in-afghanistan/

Amerika'nın Orta Doğu'dan Çekilmesinin Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu Politikası Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2024, , 130 - 150

Abstract

ABD ve Taliban arasında imzalanan Doha Anlaşması ABD’nin Ortadoğu’daki azalan etkisinin başlangıcı olarak görülebilmektedir. Bu gelişme kritik bir bölgesel güç olarak Türkiye için de özellikle önemlidir. Türkiye'nin bölgeyle olan tarihsel ilişkileri oldukça istikrarsız olsa da ABD'nin Ortadoğu'daki rolünün azalması, Türk diplomasisinin bölgesel liderlik rolünü sürdürmesi için fırsatlar yaratabilir. Bu makale, Türkiye’nin bölgedeki değişen dinamiklere adaptasyonunu incelemekte ve Türkiye’nin bu süreçte odağını bölgesel askeri operasyonlardan ülke bazlı diplomasiye kaydırdığını savunmaktadır. ABD’nin ise Türkiye’nin dış politikası üzerindeki etkisinin aynı seviyede kalmaya devam ettiği ancak odağını Ege Denizi ve uluslararası organizasyonlara kaydırdığı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Antalya Diplomasi Forumu, 147 ülkeden temsilcileri ağırlayacak. (2024a) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/antalya-diplomasi-forumu-147-ulkeden-temsilcileri-agirlayacak/3150780#
  • Ayalon, A., Raz, I. G., & Amiel, B. (2022). The United States Withdrawal from Afghanistan after Two Decades of a Global War on Terrorism. A Multidisciplinary Journal on National Security, 36.
  • Aydın, M. K. (2020). Türkiye ve Bağdat Pakti. International Journal of Social Science Research, 9(2), 135-153.
  • BBC Türkçe, (2024). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın Irak Ziyareti: Kalkınma Yolu Projesi’nde İmzalar Atıldı. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp0gddnemjlo.amp
  • Carter, J.E. (1980) “State of the Union address 1980”, Joint Session of the 96th US Congress, Washington, DC, 23 January 1980. https://ballotpedia.org/Jimmy_Carter%27s_State_of_the_Union_Address,_1980
  • Carter, M. (2019). “What a Withdrawal From Afghanistan Would Look Like – Learning to Live With Taliban Rule,” Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2019-10-21/what-withdrawal-afghanistan-would-look
  • Central Bank of Türkiye (2024). Uluslararası Yatırım Pozisyonu. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/cb23c98d-d9a5-465f-8c9c-9f84b533aaf8/uyp.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-cb23c98d-d9a5-465f-8
  • Cordesman, A. (2020). America’s Failed Strategy in the Middle East: Losing Iraq and the Gulf. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/americas-failed-strategy-middle-east-losing-iraq-and-gulf
  • Council on Foreign Relations (2005). Iraq: US- Turkey Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-us-turkey-relations
  • Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: (İsveç) NATO’ya üyelik konusunda bizden hayırhahlık beklemesin. (2023a) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-isvec-nato-ya-uyelik-konusunda-bizden-hayirhahlik-beklemesin/2795164
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2012). Stratejik Derinlik. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 110.
  • Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (2003). TBMM Tutanak Dergisi, 4üncü cilt Fihristi. https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d22/c004/tbmm22004fih.pdf
  • Grigoriadis, I.N. (2020) Greek-Turkish Relations and Regional Stability in the Eastern Mediterranean, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Growing US military presence in Greece can lead to undesired scenarios in Aegean, experts warn. (2022) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/growing-us-military-presence-in-greece-can-lead-to-undesired-scenarios-in-aegean-experts-warn/2596928
  • Güler, E. Z. (2010). Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın Davos “Şovu” ve Etkileri. Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, 5(13), 205-231. Hakan Fidan Döneminde MİT’te Neler Değişti? Bakan Fidan’ın 14 Yıllık MİT Serüveni. YouTube, CNN Turk, 19 March 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-m5XwOL_AA
  • Joint Declaration Between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan,” U.S. Department of State, February 29, 2020, https://www.state.gov/ wp-content/uploads/2020/02/02.29.20-US-Afghanistan-Joint-Declaration.pdf.
  • Kazakistan ile Türkiye bu yıl ortak tatbikat gerçekleştirecek. (2024b) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/kazakistan-ile-turkiye-bu-yil-ortak-tatbikat-gerceklestirecek/3122967
  • Ker-Lindsay, J. (2012) The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press. Ministry of Defense of Republic of Türkiye (2021). Türkiye-Katar Ortak Tatbikati (Al Adeid 2021 Tatbikati) Basin Duyurusu. https://www.msb.gov.tr/Basin-ve-Yayin/Aciklamalar/turkiye-katar-ortak-tatbikati-al-adeid-2021-tatbikati-basin-duyurusu-132021
  • Ministry of Defense of Republic of Türkiye (2024a). CİNNAH-2024 Tatbikatı Basın Duyurusu. https://www.msb.gov.tr/Basin-ve-Yayin/Aciklamalar/54c8bad1bcff40108f62a35c015f8f83
  • Ministry of Defense of Republic of Türkiye (2024b). Desert Flag-2024 Tatbikatı Basın Duyurusu. https://www.msb.gov.tr/Basin-ve-Yayin/Aciklamalar/b195aa7935e74adf89142cb900bdd644
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2024b). Türkiye Yüzyılında Türk Dış Politikası. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/turkiye-yuzyili-nda-turk-dis-politikasi-2024-kitapcik.pdf
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Türkiye (2024a). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile Irak Cumhuriyeti Arasında Gerçekleştirilen Güvenlik Mekanizması Görüşmesine İlişkin Ortak Sonuç Bildirisi, 14 Mart 2024. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-ile-irak-cumhuriyeti-arasinda-gerceklestirilen-guvenlik-mekanizmasi-gorusmesine-iliskin-ortak-sonuc-bildirisi.tr.mfa
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye (n.d). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/militarization-of-eastern-aegean-islands-contrary-tp-the-provisions-of-international-agreements.en.mfa
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye (1949). No.7171 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/7171.pdf
  • Özbekistan ve Türkiye özel kuvvetler ortak tatbikatı sona erdi. (2021) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ozbekistan-ve-turkiye-ozel-kuvvetler-ortak-tatbikati-sona-erdi/2188191
  • Savunma Sanayi ST (2024). ABD’den Türkiye’ye F-16 Blok 70 Yunanistan’a F-35 bildirimi. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/abdden-turkiyeye-f-16-blok-70-yunanistana-f-35-bildirimi/
  • Schwartz, I. (2016). “Trump on Iraq: How Could We Have Been So Stupid?”, RealClear Politics. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/02/17/trump_on_iraq_how_could_we_have_been_so_stupid_one_of_the_worst_decisions_in_the_history_of_the_country.html
  • Serbest, M. B. (2016). Bağdat Paktı'nın kuruluş süreci ve gelişiminde Türkiye'nin rolü. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 401-424. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/577483
  • Sırım, Ö. Ü. V. (2018). Türkiye-Ortadoğu ülkeleri ekonomik ilişkilerinde 1973 petrol krizinin yeri. In The Second International Conference on Current Trends in the Middle East 2018 Proceedings Book (p. 41).
  • Sözen, A. (2019) Turkey-Greece Relations in the Context of the Cyprus Problem, SETA Foundation.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2024). Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf
  • The Guardian, (2023). Biden Ratchets Up Efforts to Secure Sweden’s Nato Membership Ahead of Key Summit. https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/06/biden-ratchets-up-efforts-to-secure-swedens-nato-membership-ahead-of-key-summit
  • The Independent Uganda (2019). Trump: US Going to Middle East Was ‘Worst Decision Ever’.https://www.independent.co.ug/trump-us-going-into-middle-east-was-worst-decision-ever/
  • Theophanous, A. (2017) Cyprus: A Contemporary Problem in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Topçu, İ (2018). Türkiye-İsrail İlişkilerinin İlk Yılları (1948-1952). History Studies, 10(2), 161- 175. 10.9737/hist.2018.589 https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/303221/turkiye-israil-iliskilerinin-ilk-yillari-1948-1952#
  • Triantaphyllou, D. (2006). "The Turkish-Greek Rapprochement: A Decade of Missing Opportunities." Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-13.
  • Turan, İ. (2018). The Aegean Dispute: Problems and Prospects. Middle East Technical University.
  • Türkiye ve Azerbaycan'dan 100. yıla özel ortak tatbikatlar. (2023b) Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/turkiye-ve-azerbaycandan-100-yila-ozel-ortak-tatbikatlar-/3026904
  • Wechsler, W. F. (2019). US withdrawal from the Middle East: perceptions and reality. The MENA region: A great power competition, 13-38. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/MENA-Chapter-one.pdf
  • Yeni Şafak, (2023). Hakan Fidan’ın Sözleri Dünyada Manşet: Türkiye Baskılardan Etkilenmeyecek. https://www.yenisafak.com/amphtml/dunya/hakan-fidanin-sozleri-dunyada-manset-turkiye-baskilardan-etkilenmeyecek-4543001
  • Yeşilyurt, B.K. (2023). Türkiye-Ortadoğu İlişkileri: 100 Yılın Muhasebesi, 1923-2023. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, Özel Sayı: Cumhuriyetin 100.Yılında Türkiye, 1-23.
  • Yom, S. (2020). US foreign policy in the Middle East: The logic of hegemonic retreat. Global Policy, 11(1), 75-83. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1758-5899.12777
  • The White House (2021). Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/07/08/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-drawdown-of-u-s-forces-in-afghanistan/
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Studies, Middle East Studies, Turkish Foreign Policy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Shangtao Gao This is me 0009-0000-2031-9869

Jessica Durdu 0009-0000-2315-9661

Early Pub Date December 23, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date September 27, 2024
Acceptance Date December 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Gao, S., & Durdu, J. (2024). The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi130-150.
AMA Gao S, Durdu J. The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region. BAD. Published online December 1, 2024:130-150.
Chicago Gao, Shangtao, and Jessica Durdu. “The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, December (December 2024), 130-50.
EndNote Gao S, Durdu J (December 1, 2024) The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi 130–150.
IEEE S. Gao and J. Durdu, “The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region”, BAD, pp. 130–150, December 2024.
ISNAD Gao, Shangtao - Durdu, Jessica. “The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi. December 2024. 130-150.
JAMA Gao S, Durdu J. The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region. BAD. 2024;:130–150.
MLA Gao, Shangtao and Jessica Durdu. “The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2024, pp. 130-5.
Vancouver Gao S, Durdu J. The Impact Of US Withdrawal From Middle East On Turkish Foreign Policy In The Region. BAD. 2024:130-5.