Potential Benefits of Integrating Artificial Intelligence into the Education System

Abstract

In the 21st century, rapidly advancing technological developments are radically transforming the lifestyles of societies. In this transformation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as one of the most important technologies. Digital tools enriched with AI open new horizons in many fields by profoundly affecting the way individuals think, learn and interact. With the rapid development of AI technologies, radical transformations are also taking place in the field of education. Because AI has significantly impacted the field of education and brought new dimensions and transformed our perception of education. Indeed, AI, which is considered one of the most striking technological developments of the 21st century, attracts the attention of educators, researchers and policymakers with its potential to personalize learning processes, improve teaching methods and enrich educational experiences. AI has been integrated more rapidly into educational processes, especially with the increasing need for digital learning that emerged with the limitation of physical interactions during global health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to the proliferation of AI-supported education practices and the re-questioning of the traditional understanding of education. Moreover, it is thought that studies on the use of AI in education can revolutionize learning environments and shape the future of the education system. In this context, in this study, the potential benefits of AI in the field of education are examined in the light of the existing literature and it is aimed to raise awareness about the integration of this technology into the education system and to guide future research.

Keywords

• Educational technologies
• artificial intelligence in education
• potential benefits.

Yapay Zekânın Eğitim Sistemine Entegrasyonunun Potansiyel Faydaları

Abstract

21. yüzyılda hızla ilerleyen teknolojik gelişmeler, toplumların yaşam biçimlerini köklü bir şekilde dönüştürmektedir. Bu dönüşümde Yapay Zekâ (YZ), ön plana çıkan en önemli teknolojilerden biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. YZ ile zenginleştirilen dijital araçlar, bireylerin düşünme, öğrenme ve etkileşim kurma şekillerini derinden etkileyerek birçok alanda yeni ufuklar açmaktadır. YZ teknolojilerinin hızla gelişmesiyle birlikte, eğitim alanında da köklü dönüşümler yaşanmaktadır. Çünkü YZ, eğitim alanına da önemli ölçüde etki ederek yeni boyutlar kazandırmış ve bu durum eğitim algımızı dönüştürmüştür. Nitekim 21. yüzyılın en çarpıcı teknolojik gelişmelerinden biri olarak kabul edilen YZ, öğrenme süreçlerini kişiselleştirme, öğretim yöntemlerini iyileştirme ve eğitim deneyimlerini zenginleştirme potansiyeliyle eğitimcilerin, araştırmacıların ve politika yapıcıların dikkatini çekmektedir. YZ, özellikle COVID-19 pandemisi gibi küresel sağlık krizleri sırasında fiziksel etkileşimlerin sınırlandırılmasıyla ortaya çıkan dijital öğrenme ihtiyacının artmasıyla birlikte eğitim süreçlerine daha hızlı bir şekilde entegre olmuştur. Bu durum, YZ destekli eğitim uygulamalarının yaygınlaşmasına ve geleneksel eğitim anlayışının yeniden sorgulanmasına yol açmıştır. Dahası YZ’nin eğitimde kullanımıyla ilgili yapılan çalışmaların, öğrenme ortamlarında devrim yaratabileceği ve eğitim sisteminin geleceğini şekillendirebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, YZ’nin eğitim alanındaki potansiyel faydaları, mevcut literatür ışığında incelenerek bu teknolojinin eğitim sistemine entegrasyonu konusunda farkındalık yaratılması ve gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara yön verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

• Eğitim teknolojileri
• eğitimde yapay zekâ
• potansiyel faydalar.

References

1. Adamson, D., Dyke, G., Jang, H., & Rosé, C. P. (2014). Towards an agile approach to adapting dynamic collaboration support to student needs. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 4, 92-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-013-0012-6
2. Ager, D. J. (1984). The peterson reaction. Synthesis, 1984(5), 384-398. DOI: 10.1055/s-1984-30849
3. Akgün, S., & Greenhow, C. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K 12 settings. AI and Ethics, 2, 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00096-7
4. Aktay, S., Gök, S., & Uzunoğlu, D. (2023). ChatGPT in education. Türk Akademik Yayınlar Dergisi (TAY Journal), 7(2), 378-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.29329/tayjournal.2023.543.03
5. Akyel, Y., & Tur, E. (2024). Yapay zekanın potansiyelinin ve eğitim bilimlerindeki uygulamalarının araştırılması ve araştırmalarda beklentiler, zorluklar ve gelecek yönelimleri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 1-1. DOI: 10.29299/kefad.1322341
6. Alam, A. (14-15 February, 2023). Intelligence unleashed: an argument for ai-enabled learning ecologies with real world examples of today and a peek into the future. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2717(1), 126-144. AIP Publishing. Ashta, India. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0129803
7. Aleven, V., McLaughlin, E. A., Glenn, R. A., & Koedinger, K. R. (2016). Instruction based on adaptive learning technologies. In Mayer, R. E. & Alexander, P. A. (Eds,), Handbook of research on learning and instruction, (2nd ed., pp. 522-560). Routledge.
8. Alqahtani, T., Badreldin, H. A., Alrashed, M., Alshaya, A. I., Alghamdi, S. S., bin Saleh, K., & Albekairy, A. M. (2023). The emergent role of artificial intelligence, natural learning processing, and large language models in higher education and research. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 19(8), 1236-1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.05.016

9. Altun, D. (2019). Sanal gerçeklik ve yapay zeka. İçinde G. Telli (Ed.), Yapay zeka ve gelecek (ss. 139-157). Doğu Kitapevi.
10. An, R., & Xi, T. (2020). Research on the Service Design of Smart Campus Based on Sustainable Strategy – Taking Smart Canteen as an Example. In Marcus, A., Rosenzweig, E. (Eds.), Design, user experience, and usability. case studies in public and personal ınteractive systems (Vol. 12202 LNCS, pp. 20-30). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49757-6_2
11. Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C. F., & Reiser, B. J. (1985). Intelligent tutoring systems. Sience, 228(4698) 456-462. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4698.456
12. Anyoha, R. (2017). The history of artificial intelligence. Harvard University. https://rb.gy/utgtua (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2024).
13. Arslan, K. (2020). Eğitimde yapay zeka ve uygulamaları. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 71-88.
14. Aslan, A. A. (2019). Müze eğitiminde yapay zekanın kullanılması [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
15. Aşık F., Yıldız, A., Kılınç, S., Aytekin, N., Adalı, R., & Kurnaz, K. (2023). Yapay zekânın eğitime etkileri. International Journal of Social Humanities Siıences Research, 10(98), 2100-2107. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8307107
16. Ayala-Pazmiño, M. F. (2023). Inteligencia artificial en la educación: Explorando los beneficios y riesgos potenciales. 593 Digital Publisher CEIT, 8(3), 892-899. https://doi.org/10.33386/593dp.2023.3.1827
17. Aydın Yıldız, T. (2023). The impact of ChatGPT on language learners‟ motivation. Journal of Teacher Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(2), 582-597. https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1314355
18. Bahçeci, F. (2011). Kişiye özgü öğretim portalının öğrenenlerin akademik başarısı ve tutumları üzerindeki etkisi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Fırat Üniversitesi.
19. Baker, T., Smith, L., & Anissa, N. (2019). Educ-AI-tion rebooted? Exploring the future of artificial intelligence in schools and colleges [Report]. Nesta. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/education-rebooted/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2024).
20. Balta, A. (2018). Makine öğrenmesi teknikleri ile ekolojik verilerin değerlendirilmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Fırat Üniversitesi.
21. Barre, B., Mills, A., & Weber, S. (2023). ChatGPT and other cutting-edge learning tech [Presentation, Virtual Forum]. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://rb.gy/4m6cic (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2024).
22. Bayındır, E. (2023). Eğitim alanında yapılan yapay zeka çalışmalarının sosyal ağ analizi ile incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi.
23. Becker, S. A., Brown, M., Dahlstrom, E., Davis, A., DePaul, K., Diaz, V., & Pomerantz, J. (2018). NMC Horizon report 2018: Higher education edition. EDUCAUSE (pp. 1-60). https://library.educause.edu/resources/2018/8/2018-nmc-horizon-report (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2024).
24. Benke, K., & Benke, G. (2018). Artificial intelligence and big data in public health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15(12), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122796
25. Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing the theory of formative assessment. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-008-9068-5
26. Carbonell, J. R. (1970). AI in CAI: An artificial-intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11(4), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMMS.1970.299942
27. Cardona, M. A. Rodríguez, R. J., & Ishmael, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence and future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology. https://tech.ed.gov/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2024).
28. Casamayor, A. Amandi, A., & Campo, M. (2009). Intelligent assistance for teachers in collaborative e-learning environments. Computers & Education, 53(4), 1147-1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.025
29. Catlin, D., & Blamires, M. (2019). Designing robots for special needs education. technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24, 291-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9378-8
30. Chan, K. S., & Zary, N. (2019). Applications and challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in medical education: Integrative review. JMIR Medical Education, 5(1), e13930. https://doi.org/10.2196/13930
31. Chassignol, M. Khoroshavin, A. Klimova, A., & Bilyatdinova, A. (2018). Artificial intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview. Procedia Computer Science, 136, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.233
32. Chaudhary, A. A., Arif, S., Calimlim, R. F., Khan, S. Z., & Sadia, A. (2024). The impact of AI-powered educational tools on student engagement and learning outcomes at higher education level. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(2), 2842-2852. https://ijciss.org/index.php/ijciss/article/view/1027
33. Chen, X., Xie, H., Zou, D., & Hwang, G. J. (2020). Application and theory gaps during the rise of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100002
34. Clancey, W. J. (1979). Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 11(1), 25-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(79)80004-8
35. Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Oxford University Press, 58(1), 7-19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3328150
36. Colchester, K., Hagras, H., Alghazzawi, D., & Aldabbagh, G. (2017). A survey of artificial intelligence techniques employed for adaptive educational systems within e-learning platforms. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, 7(1), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1515/jaiscr-2017-0004
37. Coşkun, F., & Gülleroğlu, H. D. (2021). Yapay zekanın tarih içindeki gelişimi ve eğitimde kullanılması. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 54(3), 947-966. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.916220
38. Crowder, N. C. (1960). “Automatic tutoring by means of intrinsic programming.” In Lumsdaine, A. A. & Glaser, R. (Eds.), Teaching machines and programmed learning: A source book. (Volume 116, pp. 286-298). American Psychological Association.
39. Cui, W., Xue, Z., & Thai, K. P. (2019). Performance comparison of an AI-based adaptive learning system in China. 2018 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), 3170-3175. CAC 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAC.2018.8623327
40. Cui, Z., & Wang, J. E. (2017). Research of an intelligent experimental teaching platform based on internet. Procedia Computer Science, 107, 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.03.059
41. Çelik, İ., Dindar, M., Muukkonen, H., & Järvelä, S. (2022). The promises and challenges of artificial intelligence for teachers: A systematic review of research. TechTrends, 66, 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00715-y
42. Çetin, M., & Aktaş, A. (2021). Yapay zeka ve eğitimde gelecek senaryoları. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(Eğitim Bilimleri Özel Sayısı), 4225-4268. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.911444
43. Çukurova, M., Luckin, R., Millán, E., & Mavrikis, M. (2018). The NISPI framework: Analysing collaborative problem-solving from students’ physical interactions. Computers & Education, 116, 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.08.007
44. Della Ventura, M. (2017). Creating inspiring learning environments by means of digital technologies: A case study of the effectiveness of WhatsApp in music education. ICST Transactions on e-Education and e-Learning, 4(14), 36-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-7-2017.152906
45. Druga, S., Vu, S. T., Likhith, E., & Qiu, T. (2019). Inclusive AI literacy for kids around the world. Proceedings of FabLearn, 2019, 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1145/3311890.3311904
46. Eaton, S. (2023). Academic integrity and artificial intelligence: Implications for plagiar ism and academic writing (Conference Session). PUPP. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QNNPVSC24w
47. Eğitim Sanayi ve Teknoloji Enstitüsü [ESTEN]. (2019). Eğitimde yapay zekâ çalıştayı 6: Sonuç raporu. https://tls.tc/EpevC (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2024).
48. Ellis, R. A., & Goodyear, P. (2010). Students’ experiences of e-learning in higher education: TheeEcology of sustainable innovation. Routledge.
49. Erdurmuş, M. (2023). Yapay zekanın sanat eğitiminde kullanılmasına yönelik bir uygulama örneği [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
50. Erkoç, M. F. (2008). Yapay zeka perspektifinde eğitime yönelik uzman sistem modellemesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
51. Fadel, C., Holmes, W., & Bialik, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Centre for Curriculum Redesign.
52. Fahimirad, M., & Kotamjani, S. S. (2018). A review on application of artificial intelligence in teaching and learning in educational contexts. International Journal of Learning and Development, 8(4), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v8i4.14057
53. Francess, P., Miguel, S., Axel, R., & Paula, V. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. The Global Education 2030 Agenda. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366994 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2024).
54. Ganzfried, S., & Yusuf, F. (2018). Optimal weighting for exam composition. Education and Science, 8(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8010036
55. Gayed, J. M., Carlon, K. J., Oriola, A. M., & Cross, J. S. (2022). Exploring an AI-based writing Assistant's impact on English language learners. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100055
56. Goel, A.K., & Polepeddi, L. (2016). Jill watson: A virtual teaching assistant for online education (Technical Report). Presented to the Learning Engineering for Online Learning Workshop, Harvard University. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/59104 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2024).
57. Göksel, N., & Bozkurt, A. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Current insights and future perspectives. In S. Sisman-Ugur, & G. Kurubacak (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism (pp. 224-236). IGI Global.
58. Gültekin Talayhan, Ö., & Babayiğit, M. V. (2023). Yapay zekâ yazma araçlarının öğrenci yazılarının içeriği ve organizasyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Yabancı dil olarak ingilizce eğitmenlerinin algılarına odaklanması. Journal of Current Debates in Social Sciences, 6(2), 83-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/cudes.71701
59. Gündüz, A. Y. (2023). Eğitimde yapay zekâ ve oyunlaştırma. İçinde M. A. Ocak & Ö. Çakır (Eds.), Eğitim ve kültür çalışmalarında yenilikçi yaklaşımlar (ss. 1-14). Berikan Yayınevi.
60. Güzey, C., Çakır, O., Athar, M. H., & Yurdaöz, E. (2023). Eğitimde yapay zekâ üzerine gerçekleştirilmiş araştırmalardaki eğilimlerin incelenmesi. Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 5(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.53694/bited.1060730
61. Hammond, Z. L. (2014). Culturally responsive teaching and the brain: Promoting authentic engagement and rigor among culturally and linguistically diverse students. Corwin Press.
62. Heizenberg, J. (2024). AI is creating new roles and skills in data & analytics. Gartner. https://tls.tc/c1Ojp (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2024).
63. Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and Implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign. https://curriculumredesign.org/wp-content/uploads/AIED-Book-Excerpt-CCR.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2024).
64. Holstein, K., McLaren, B.M., & Aleven, V. (2019). Co-designing a real-time classroom orchestration tool to support teacher–AI complementarity. Journal of Learning Analytics, 6(2). 27-52. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2019.62.3
65. Huang, J., Saleh, S., & Liu, Y. (2021). A Review on artificial intelligence in education. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3), 206-217. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0077
66. Hwang, G.-J., Xie, H., Wah, B.W., & Gašević, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001
67. İşler, B., & Kılıç, M. (2021). Eğitimde yapay zekâ kullanımı ve gelişimi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 5(1), 1-11.
68. Johnson, W. L., & Soloway, E. (6-10 August, 1984). Intention-based diagnosis of programming errors. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 162-168). AAAI Press. Austin Texas. https://tls.tc/O89Yn (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2024).
69. Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004
70. Karabulut, E. (2024). Yapay zeka destekli sohbet botlarının İngilizce hazırlık öğrencilerinin yazma becerilerine olan etkilerinin incelenmesi: Deneysel bir çalışma [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
71. Karaca, B., & Telli, G. (2019). Yapay zekanın çeşitli süreçlerdeki rolü ve tahminleme fonksiyonu. İçinde G. Telli (Ed.), Yapay zeka ve gelecek (ss. 172-185). Doğu Kitapevi.
72. Keklik, G., & Özcan, B. D. (2023). Genetik algoritmaların işleyişi ve genetik algoritma uygulamalarında kullanılan operatörler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 1052-1066. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1161413
73. Kengam, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education. Research Gate, 18, 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16375.65445
74. Kjaerulff, U. B., & Madsen, A. L. (2013). Bayesian networks and influence diagrams: A guide to construction and analysis (2nd Edition). Springer.
75. Kong, F. (2020). Application of artificial intelligence in modern art teaching. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15, 238-251. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i13.15351
76. Köse, U. (2010). Bulanık mantık ve yapay sinir ağları eğitim yazılımı geliştirilmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
77. Lakhal, S., Bateman, D., & Bédard, J. (2017). Blended synchronous delivery modes in graduate programs: A literature review and how it is implemented in the master teacher program. Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching, 10, 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/celt.v10i0.4747
78. Lameras, P., & Arnab, S. (2022). Power to the teachers: An exploratory review on artificial intelligence in education. Information, 13(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13010014
79. Lemaignan, S., Warnier, M., Sisbot, E. A., Clodic, A., & Alami, R. (2017). Artificial cognition for social human–robot interaction: An implementation. Artificial Intelligence, 247, 45-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2016.07.002
80. Leonard, N. (2021). Emerging artificial intelligence, art and pedagogy: Exploring discussions of creative algorithms and machines for art education. Digital Culture & Education, 13(1), 20-41. https://rb.gy/kgh8yr (Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2024).
81. Marr, B. (2018). How is AI used in education -- real world examples of today and a peek into the future. Forbes. https://tls.tc/9OMuo (Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2024).
82. Marzuki, Widiati, U., Rusdin, D., Darwin, & Indrawati, I. (2023). The impact of AI writing tools on the content and organization of students’ writing: EFL teachers’ perspective. Cogent Education, 10(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2236469
83. Mostow, J., Aist, G., Burkhead, P., Corbett, A., Cuneo, A., Eitelman, S., Huang, C., Junker, B., Sklar, M. B., & Tobin, B. (2003). Evaluation of an automated reading tutor that listens: Comparison to human tutoring and classroom instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 29(1), 61–117. https://doi.org/10.2190/06AX-QW99-EQ5G-RDCF
84. Museum of Modern Art [MoMA]. (2023). AI art: How artists are using and confront ing machine learning [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2XdZIC3AM8 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2024).
85. Ndukwe, I. G., Daniel, B. K., & Amadi, C. E. (2019). A machine learning grading system using chatbots. In S. Isotani, E. Millán, A. Ogan, P., Hastings, B. McLaren, & R. Luck (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education. AIED 2019. (Vol. 11626, pp. 365-368). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23207-8_67
86. Nguyen, A., Ngo, H. N., Hong, Y., Dang, B. & Nguyen, B. P. T. (2023). Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in education. Education and Information Technologies, 28(4), 4221-4241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11316-w
87. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2016). Innovating education and educating for innovation: The power of digital technologies and skills. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264265097-en
88. Osoba, O. A., & Welser IV, W. (2017). An intelligence in our image: The risks of bias and errors in artificial intelligence. Rand Corporation.
89. Özgeldi, M. (2019). Yapay zeka ve insan kaynakları. İçinde G. Telli (Ed.), Yapay zeka ve gelecek (ss. 198-222). Doğu Kitapevi.
90. Pask, G. (1982). “SAKI: Twenty-five years of adaptive training into the microprocessor era.” International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 17(1), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(82)80009-6
91. Peras, C. M. B., Aviluna, J. M., Barbadillo, N. R. A., Canoy, A. T., Eslet, M. E. R., Española, J. B. O., Miras, L. J. R., & Nepangue, J. (2023). Artificial intelligence as a tool in increasing academic performance. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(6), 1151-1155.
92. Popenici, S. A., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(22), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8
93. Pressey, S. L. (1926). “A simple device for teaching, testing, and research in learning.” School and Society, 23, 373-376.
94. Pressey, S. L. (1950). Development and appraisal of devices providing immediate automatic scoring of objective tests and concomitant self-instruction. The Journal of Psychology, 29(2), 417-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1950.9916043
95. Qin, F., Li, K., & Yan, J. (2020). Understanding user trust in artificial intelligence based educational systems: Evidence from China. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(5), 1693-1710. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12994
96. Rahim, T. N. T. A., Aziz, Z. A., Rauf, R. H. A., & Shamsudin, N. (2018). Automated exam question generator using genetic algorithm. 2017 IEEE Conference on e-Learning, e-Management and e-Services, (IC3e) (pp. 12-17). Miri, Malaysia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IC3e.2017.8409231
97. Remian, D. (2019). Augmenting education: Ethical considerations for ıncorporating artificial intelligence in education. [Master thesis]. University of Massachusetts Boston. Open Access Capstone. https://scholarworks.umb.edu/instruction_capstone/52 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2024).
98. Rienties, B., Simonsen, H. K., & Herodotou, C. (2020). Defining the boundaries between artificial intelligence in education, computersupported collaborative learning, educational data mining, and learning analytics: A need for coherence. Frontiers in Education, 5, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00128
99. Ritter, S., Anderson, J.R., Koedinger, K.R. & Corbett, A. (2007). Cognitive tutor: Applied research in mathematics education. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 249–255 https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194060
100. Rivas, A., González-Briones, A., Hernández, G., Prieto, J., & Chamoso, P. (2021). Artificial neural network analysis of the academic performance of students in virtual learning environments. Neurocomputing, 423, 713-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.02.125
101. Roll, I., & Wylie, R. (2016). Evolution and revolution in artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(2), 582–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0110-3
102. Safi, S. S., & Belaid, B. (2015). Printed noisy greek characters recognition using hidden markov model, kohonen network, k nearest neighbours and fuzzy logic. International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, 8(10), 241-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsip.2015.8.10.26
103. Sánchez, E., & Lama, M. (2009). Artificial intelligence and education. In J. Rabuñal Dopico, J. Dorado, & A. Pazos (Eds.), Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence (pp. 138-143). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-849-9.ch021
104. Sayıcı, G. (2013). Karar ağaçları, bayes ağları ve etki diyagramları aracılığı ile bilgi keşfi ve karar verme [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi.
105. Schleicher, A. (2012). Preparing teachers and developing school leaders for the 21st century: Lessons from around the world. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264174559-en
106. Schuster, E. (1986). The role of native grammars in correcting errors in second language learning. Computational Intelligence, 2(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00074.x Sharma, S., & Kumar, N. (2023). The future of education: Implications of artificial intelligence integration in learning environments. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Educational Development, 11(5), 129-133.
107. Sharma, S., & Kumar, N. (2023). The future of education: Implications of artificial intelligence integration in learning environments. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Educational Development, 11(5), 129-133.
108. Shen, L., Wang, M., & Shen, R. (2009). Affective e-learning: using “emotional” data to improve learning in pervasive learning environment. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 12(2), 176-189.
109. Shulman, C., & Bostrom, N. (2012). How hard is artificial intelligence? Evolutionary arguments and selection effects. Journal of Consciousness studies, 19(7-8), 103-130.
110. Shute, V. J. (2008). “Focus on formative feedback.” Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153-89. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654307313795
111. Shute, V. J., & Psotka, J. (1994). Intelligent tutoring systems: Past, present, and future. Armstrong Lab Brooks Afb Tx Human Resources Dırectorate.
112. Skinner, B. F. (1954). The science of learning and the art of teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 24, 86-97.
113. Skinner, B. F. (1958). “Teaching machines.” Science, 128(3330), 969-977. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1126/science.128.3330.969 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2024).
114. Smith, A. (2016). Big data technology, evolving knowledge skills and emerging roles. Legal Information Management, 16(4), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1472669616000499
115. Southgate, E. (2019). Artificial intelligence in schools: An ethical storm is brewing. EduResearch Matters, Australia Association for Research in Education. https://www.aare.edu.au/blog/?p=4325 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2024).
116. Southgate, E., Blackmore, K., Pieschl, S., Grimes, S., McGuire, J., & Smithers, K. (2018). Artificial intelligence and emerging technologies (virtual, augmented and mixed reality) in schools: A research report. University of Newcastle, Australia.
117. Stenbom, A. (2023). Defining artificial intelligence. In M. Jaakkola (Ed.), Reporting on artificial ıntelligence (pp. 27-36). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). https://doi.org/10.58338/HSMK8605
118. Şenocak, D. (2020). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenme ortamlarında yapay zekâ: Sunduğu fırsatlar ve yarattığı endişeler. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(3), 56-78.
119. Tang, K. H. D. (2024). Implications of artificial intelligence for teaching and learning. Acta Pedagogia Asiana, 3(2), 65-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/apga.v3i2.404
120. Tasso, C., Fum, D., & Giangrandi, P. (1992). The use of explanation-based learning for modelling student behavior in foreign language tutoring [Conference paper]. In M. L. Swartz & M. Yazdani, (Eds.), Intelligent tutoring systems for foreign language learning (Volume: 80, pp. 151-170). NATO ASI Series. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77202-3_10
121. Tchounikine, P., Rummel, N., & Mclaren, B. (2010). Computer supported collaborative learning and intelligent tutoring systems. In Nkambou, R., Bourdeau, J., Mizoguchi, R. (Eds.), Advances in intelligent tutoring systems: Studies in computational intelligence (Volume 308, pp. 447-463). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14363-2_22
122. Tegmark, M. (2019). Yaşam 3.0 yapay zeka çağında insan olmak. Pegasus.
123. Temur, S. (21-22 Ağustos, 2024). Yapay zeka kategorizasyonu ve tarihsel gelişim süreci. EJONS 17th Internatıonal Congress: "Artificial Intelligence and Society: Theory to Practice" (ss. 258-270). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye. 614b1f_b5d8ed4965844608917777f386513304.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23.10.2024).
124. The Consortium for School Networking (CoSN). (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) in K-12. https://www.cosn.org/tools-and-resources/resource/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-k-12/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2024).
125. Thorndike, E. L. (1927). The law of effect. The American Journal of Psychology, 39(1/4) 212-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/1415413
126. Timms, M. J. (2016). Letting artificial intelligence in education out of the box: Educational cobots and smart classrooms. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26, 701-712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0095-y
127. Tuğluk, M. N., & Gök-Çolak, F. (2019). Sanayi toplumu ve eğitimi. İçinde A. D. Öğretir-Özçelik ve M. N. Tuğluk (Eds.), Eğitimde ve endüstride 21. yüzyıl becerileri (ss. 305-335). Pegem Akademi.
128. Tuomi, I. (2018). The impact of artificial intelligence on learning, teaching, and education: Policies for the future. Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/12297
129. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu [TÜBİTAK]. (2022). Yapay zekâ ekosistem çağrısı. https://tubitak.gov.tr/sites/default/files/26723/1711_yapay_zeka_ekosistem_cagrisi_2022.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2024).
130. Türkiye Bilişim Derneği [TBD]. (2020). Türkiye’de yapay zekanın gelişimi için görüş ve öneriler. https://www.tbd.org.tr/pdf/yapay-zeka-raporu.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2024).
131. Türkiye Yapay Zeka İnisiyatifi [TRAI]. (2022). TRAI 5.yıl çalıştay raporu. https://tls.tc/NTHs3 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2024).
132. Türkiye Yapay Zeka İnisiyatifi [TRAI]. (2024). https://tls.tc/Lz3BH (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2024).
133. UN General Assembly (2018). Special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expressions. https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-freedom-of-opinion-and-expression (Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2024).
134. Uslu, B. (2023). Üniversitelerde yapay zekanın kullanım alanları: Potansiyel yararları ve olası zorluklar. Eğitimde Kuram Ve Uygulama, 19(2), 227-239. https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.1355304
135. Utah State University. (2017). Blind instructor now uses Amazon Alexa to manage her classroom. https://www.usu.edu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2024).
136. Van Der Vorst, T., & Jelicic, N. (16th-19th June, 2019). Artificial intelligence in education can AI bring the full potential of personalized learning to education?. 30th European Regional ITS Conference, International Telecommunications Society (ITS) (pp. 1-21). Helsinki, Finland. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/205222
137. VanLehn, K. (2011) The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems. Educational Psychologist, 46(4), 197-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2011.611369
138. Viljoen, J. (2023). AI in higher education-A tool for better learning. University World News. https://rb.gy/zin4b5 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2024).
139. Villegas, A. M. (1991). Culturally responsive pedagogy for the 1990s and beyond (trends and issues paper No. 6). ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED339698 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2024).
140. Virvou, M., & Moundridou, M. (2000). A web-based authoring tool for algebra-related intelligent tutoring systems. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 3(2), 61-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.3.2.61
141. Virvou, M., & Tsiriga, V. (2000). Involving effectively teachers and students in the life cycle of an intelligent tutoring system. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 3(3), 511-521. http://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.3.3.511
142. Virvou, M., Maras, D., & Tsiriga, V. (2000). Student modelling in an intelligent tutoring system for the passive voice of english language. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 3(4), 139-150. http://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.3.4.139
143. Watkins, C. J. C. H. (1989). Learning from delayed rewards [Doctoral Thesis]. King's College, Cambridge.
144. Williams, R., Park, H. W., Oh, L., & Breazeal, C. (2019, July). Popbots: Designing an artificial intelligence curriculum for early childhood education. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33(1), 9729-9736. Honolulu, USA. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019729
145. Wood, L. J., Zaraki, A., Robins, B., & Dautenhahn, K. (2019). Developing kaspar: A humanoid robot for children with autism. International Journal of Social Robotics, 13, 491-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-019-00563-6
146. Woolf, S. H. (1990). Practice guidelines: A new reality in medicine: I. Recent developments. Archives of internal medicine, 150(9), 1811-1818. doi:10.1001/archinte.1990.00390200025005
147. Yang, W. (2022). Artificial intelligence education for young children: Why, what, and how in curriculum design and implementation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100061
148. Yeşilyurt, S., Dündar, R., & Aydın, M. (2024). Sosyal bilgiler eğitimi alanında lisansüstü eğitimini sürdüren öğrencilerin yapay zekâ hakkındaki görüşleri. Asya Studies-Academic Social Studies / Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar, 8(27), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1406649
149. Yetişensoy, O. (2022). Sosyal bilgiler öğretiminde yapay zekâ uygulaması örneği olarak chatbotların kullanımı [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Anadolu Üniversitesi.
150. Yuan, X. (2021). Retracted: Design of college english teaching information platform based on artificial intelligence technology. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1852, 1-7. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1852/2/022097
151. Zapata-Rivera, J. D., & Greer, J. (2004). Inspectable Bayesian student modelling servers in multi-agent tutoring systems, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 61(4), 535-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.12.017
152. Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education - where are the educators?. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 16-39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
153. Zeide, E. (2019). Artificial intelligence in higher education: Applications, promise and perils, and ethical questions. Educause Review, 54(3), 1-11.
154. Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J. B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021). "A review of artificial intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020". Complexity, 2021(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8812542
155. Zhou, C., Chai, C., Liao, J., Chen, Z., & Shi, J. (12-13 December, 2020). "Artificial intelligence augmented design iteration support," 2020 13th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design (ISCID) (pp. 354-358). IEEE. Hangzhou, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCID51228.2020.00086