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HIRVAT ULUSAL KİMLİĞİNİN İNŞASINDA OSMANLI-TÜRK İMGESİ

Year 2024, , 513 - 554, 25.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1606802

Abstract

Balkan toplumları arasında, Osmanlı Devleti’yle ilgili çok sayıda olumsuz anlatı ve mitler vardır. Osmanlı karşıtı anlatı ve mitler, siyasal ulusal bir kimlik oluşturulması amacıyla kurgulanmış ve bilinçli olarak Balkan uluslarının kolektif hafızasına yerleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, bir Balkan ülkesi olan Hırvatistan’ın ulusal belleğinde yer alan Osmanlı-Türk imgesine ilişkin anlatılar ve mitler ele alınmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti, Hırvat topraklarının tamamına hükmetmemiş, nispeten kısa denebilecek bir süre Hırvatistan’ın doğu bölgesinde ve Dalmaçya kıyılarında yer alan belirli yerleri yönetimi altına almıştır. Buna rağmen Hırvat ulusal belleğinde, Osmanlı-Türk imgesi yoğun biçimde geleneksel kutlamalarda, halk edebiyatı ürünlerinde ve dinsel ritüellerde önemli bir yer işgal etmektedir. Bu kapsamda Hırvatistan’da geleneksel olarak yüzyıllarca kutlanagelen iki etkinlik incelenmiştir. Bu iki etkinlik Đurđevac (Curcevaç) ve Sinj (Sinye) kentlerinde gerçekleşmektedir. Etkinliklerin ortak özelliği, Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı verilen mücadeleyi hayali öğelerden yola çıkarak bir anlatı ve mit haline gelmiş olmalarıdır. Ulus inşasında anlatı ve mitler, toplulukların ortak bir kimlik ve aidiyet duygusu geliştirmesinde etkin bir rol oynar. Anlatı ve mitler, bir ulusun kökenini, tarihini, kültürel değerlerini ve kahramanlarını yaratmada toplumu bir araya getirir, ayrıca ulusun tesis edilmesinde siyasi ve kültürel bir meşruiyet sağlar. Ulus inşasında anlatı ve mitler, tarihsel gerçeklikleri yüceltir, idealize eder ve çoğu zaman bunları çarpıtarak ortak bir bilinç yaratırlar. Çalışmada Đurđevac ve Sinj kentlerinde kutlanan iki etkinlik aracılığıyla Hırvat ulusunun yaratılması sürecinde anlatı ve mitlerin nasıl kurgulandığı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma, nitel bir yaklaşım çerçevesinde tasarlanmış ve veri toplama sürecinde “durum çalışması” deseni takip edilmiştir.

References

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  • BERGER, Stefan, “On the Role of Myths and History in the Construction of National Identity in Modern Europe”, European History Quarterly, 2009, June 15, ss. 490-502.
  • BLAŽEVİĆ, Zrinka, “The Image of the Wall -The Antemurale Christianitatis Myth from an Imagological Perspective”, National Stereotyping, Identity Politics, European Crises, (eds.) Jürgen Barkhoff and Joep Leerssen Leiden, Brill - Boston 2021, ss. 160-172.
  • BUDAK, Neven, POSAVEC, Vladimir, “Rađanje suvremene Hrvatske i Europe od seobe naroda do apsolutizma”, Udžbenik povijesti za 6. razred osnovne škole (Tarih Ders Kitabı), Profil, Zagreb 2002.
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  • DŹWIGOŁ, Henryk, BAROSZ, Piotr, “Observation as A Research Method in Social Science”, Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology, Organization and Management Series, Issue 148, 2020, ss. 141-149.
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  • GRGIN, Borislav, “Preceeding the Triplex Confinium -The Battle of Krbava Field, September 9th, 1493”, Zbornik Drage Roksandića, 2019, ss. 75-87.
  • _______, “The Ottoman in Fluences on Croatia in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century”, Povijesni prilozi, 21 (23), 2002, ss. 87-102.
  • HABSBAWM, Eric, TheInventiıon of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013.
  • HEIMER, Zeljko, “The Croatian County Flags”, (ed.) Jan Oskar Engene, Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Vexillology, Rotterdam August 2013, ss. 305-360.
  • HEKA, László, “Hrvatski Ban: Prava i ovlasti tijekom tisućgodišnje opstojnosti”, Zbornik pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2023, ss. 435-454.
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  • İNALCIK, Halil, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest”, Studia Islamica, No: 2, 1954, ss. 103-129.
  • JURKOVİĆ, Ivan, “Socijalni status i prisilni raseljenici podrijetlom iz hrvatskih plemićkih obitelji u zemljama njihovih doseoba za trajanja osmanske ugroze”, Zbornik odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, Vol. 23, 2005, ss. 63-85. KEDOURIE, Elie, Nationalism, Hutchinson, London, 1960.
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  • KOZLICA, Ivan, Alka u politici – politika u Alki, Kulturno društvo Trilj i Hrvatski centar za ratne žrtve, Zagreb 2014.
  • MADDEN, Thomas F., “The Fires of the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople. 1203-1204; A Damage Assessment”. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Vol. 84-85, No. 1-2, 1992, ss. 72-93.
  • MARK, Bevir, “Objectivity in History”, History and Theory, 33 (3), 1994, ss. 328–344.
  • MARKOVIĆ, Ivan, “Sinj i njegovo slavlje: god. 1887”, Spomen knjiga, Matica hrvatska, Sinj 1998.
  • MAVRIĆ-ANTIĆ, Roberta, “Trka na prstenac Barban”, Diplomski rad degree grantor, ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski, stručni stupanj, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, 2020. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:137:358468 (11.12.2023).
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  • MUJADŽEVIĆ, Dino, “The Image of Ottomans in Croatian Historiography: Changing Narratives in Elementary School Textbooks in Croatia from 1980s to 2000s”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2014, 34 (3), ss. 293–302.
  • ÖZKIRIMLI, Umut, Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2010. PATAFTA, Daniel, “Croatian Franciscans at the Frontier between Christianity and Islamfromthe 15th tothe 17th Century”, Unityand Dialogu, 74, 2, 2019, ss. 195-218.
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  • VLAŠIĆ, Anđelko, KOVAČ, Janja, “Elements of Ottoman Legacy in the Alka of Sinj (Croatia)”, Balkanlar’da Osmanlı Mirası ve Defter-i Hâkânî, Libra, İstanbul 2015, ss. 507-528.
  • VUKUŠIĆ, Ana-Marija, “Tradicija i sjećanje: Sinjska Alka”, Narodna umjetnost: Hrvatski časopis za etnologiju i folkloristiku, 42/2, 2005, ss. 93-108.
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OTTOMAN-TURKISH IMAGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CROATIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

Year 2024, , 513 - 554, 25.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1606802

Abstract

There are many negative narratives and myths about the Ottoman Empire among Balkan societies. Anti-Ottoman narratives and myths were constructed with the aim of creating a national identity and were intentionally placed in the collective memory of the Balkan nations. The study examines narratives and myths related to the Ottoman-Turkish image in the national memory of Croatia, as a Balkan country. The Ottoman Empire did not rule over all of Croatian territory, but rather took control of certain areas in the eastern part of Croatia and the Dalmatian coast for a relatively short period of time. Despite this, the Ottoman-Turkish image occupies an important place in Croatian national memory, especially in traditional celebrations, folk literature, and religious rituals. In this context, two events that have been traditionally celebrated in Croatia for centuries were examined. These two events are celebrated in the cities of Đurđevac and Sinj. The common feature of the events is that they have transformed the struggle against the Ottoman Empire into a narrative and myth based on imaginary elements. In nation-building, narratives and myths play an important role in developing a common identity and sense of belonging. Narratives and myths bring society together in creating the origins, history, cultural values and heroes of a nation, and also provide political and cultural legitimacy in the establishment of the nation. Also narratives and myths glorify, idealize and often distort historical realities, creating a common consciousness. In the study, it was tried to explain how narratives and myths were constructed in the process of creating the Croatian nation through two events celebrated in the cities of Đurđevac and Sinj. The study was designed within the framework of a qualitative approach and for data collection process “case study” design was followed.

References

  • ABERBACH, David, “The Poetry of Nationalism”, Nations and Nationalism, 2003, 9 (2), ss. 255-275.
  • ABİZADEH, Arash, “Historical Truth, National Myths and Liberal Democracy: On the Coherence of Liberal Nationalism”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 2004, 12, ss. 291-313.
  • AGOSTON, Gabor, “The Ottoman Empireand Europe”, The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750, Vol. 2, New York, Oxford University Press 2021, ss. 612-637.
  • ALTHUSSER, Louis, İdeoloji ve Devletin İdeolojik Aygıtları, (çev.) Alp Tümenekin, İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • ANDERSON, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Originand Spread of Nationalism, Verso, London 1991.
  • BELL, Duncan, S. A., “Mythscapes: Memory, Mythology, And National Identity”, British Journal of Sociology, 54 (1), April 2003, ss. 63-81.
  • BERGER, Stefan, “On the Role of Myths and History in the Construction of National Identity in Modern Europe”, European History Quarterly, 2009, June 15, ss. 490-502.
  • BLAŽEVİĆ, Zrinka, “The Image of the Wall -The Antemurale Christianitatis Myth from an Imagological Perspective”, National Stereotyping, Identity Politics, European Crises, (eds.) Jürgen Barkhoff and Joep Leerssen Leiden, Brill - Boston 2021, ss. 160-172.
  • BUDAK, Neven, POSAVEC, Vladimir, “Rađanje suvremene Hrvatske i Europe od seobe naroda do apsolutizma”, Udžbenik povijesti za 6. razred osnovne škole (Tarih Ders Kitabı), Profil, Zagreb 2002.
  • ČORALİĆ, Lovorka, MARKULİN, Nikola, “Bitka za Sinj 1715. godine”, Zbornik odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, Vol. 34, 2016, ss. 147-180.
  • BALİĆ, Dragana, “300. obljetnica slavne obrane Sinja 1715. godine (1715. – 2015.)”, Zbornik Radova s međunarodnoga znanstvenog skupa održanog u Zagrebu 12. Svibnja, u Sinju od 14. do 17. Svibnja 2015. godine, (haz.) Josip Dukić i Josip Grbavac, Franjevački Samostan u Sinju, Povijesni Prilozi, Vol. 39, No. 58, April 2020, ss. 168-172.
  • CRESWELL, John W., Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five, Sage Publishing, London 2007.
  • DOĞAN, Güner, “Girit Muharebesi Sonrası Osmanlı-Venedik Sınırı (1671)”, ÇKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı Özel, Aralık 2019, ss.1-18.
  • DRAGIĆ, Marko, “Legende i svjedočanstva o čudotvornoj slici Gospe Sinjske” Croatica et Slavica Iadertina, 2017, ss. 153-177.
  • DŹWIGOŁ, Henryk, BAROSZ, Piotr, “Observation as A Research Method in Social Science”, Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology, Organization and Management Series, Issue 148, 2020, ss. 141-149.
  • ELIADE, Mircea, Mitlerin Özellikleri, (çev.) Sema Rifat, Om Yayınları, İstanbul 2001.
  • ERKAN, Ümmet, Türk Milliyetçiliğinin Doğuşu: Türk Yurdu Dergisi (1911-1931), Akademisyen Yayıncılık, Ankara 2018.
  • ERNEST, Renan, Ulus Nedir?, (çev.) Gökçe Yavaş, Pinhan Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • ERÖZDEN, Ozan M., “The practical limits of inventing traditions: the failed reinvention of the Sinjska Alka”, Nations and Nationalism, 19 (3), 2013, ss. 475-492.
  • __________, “Hırvatistan Tarih Ders Kitapları”, Balkan ve Karadeniz Ülkelerinde Güncel Tarih Ders Kitaplarında Osmanlı-Türk İmajı, (ed.) Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Balkan ve Karadeniz Araştırmaları Merkezi (BALKAR), İstanbul 2020, ss. 163-182.
  • FRIAS, Francisco, LOPEZ, Javier, ISIDORI, Emanuele, HADJISTEPHANOU-PAPAELLINA, Clea, “Greek Mythology and Education: From Theory to Practice”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 197, 2015, ss. 595-599.
  • FUKUYAMA, Francis, Identity: The Demand for Dignityand the Politics of Resentment, Farrar Strausand Giroux, New York 2019.
  • GRAČANİN, Hrvoje, vd., Udžbenik iz povijesti za 6. razred osnovne škole, Meridijani, Samobor 2007.
  • GRGIN, Borislav, “Preceeding the Triplex Confinium -The Battle of Krbava Field, September 9th, 1493”, Zbornik Drage Roksandića, 2019, ss. 75-87.
  • _______, “The Ottoman in Fluences on Croatia in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century”, Povijesni prilozi, 21 (23), 2002, ss. 87-102.
  • HABSBAWM, Eric, TheInventiıon of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013.
  • HEIMER, Zeljko, “The Croatian County Flags”, (ed.) Jan Oskar Engene, Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Vexillology, Rotterdam August 2013, ss. 305-360.
  • HEKA, László, “Hrvatski Ban: Prava i ovlasti tijekom tisućgodišnje opstojnosti”, Zbornik pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2023, ss. 435-454.
  • HORVAT, Rudolf, Hrvatska Podravina, Hrvatsko povijesno društvo Koprivnica, 1997.
  • IVANIŠEVİĆ, Marinko, “Kako je nastajala scenska izvedba Legenda o Picoku”, Podravski zbornik, 32, 2006, ss. 253-263.
  • İNALCIK, Halil, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest”, Studia Islamica, No: 2, 1954, ss. 103-129.
  • JURKOVİĆ, Ivan, “Socijalni status i prisilni raseljenici podrijetlom iz hrvatskih plemićkih obitelji u zemljama njihovih doseoba za trajanja osmanske ugroze”, Zbornik odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, Vol. 23, 2005, ss. 63-85. KEDOURIE, Elie, Nationalism, Hutchinson, London, 1960.
  • KEKEZ, Hrvoje, “The Consequences of the Battle of Krbava (1493) -As Seen by Its Contemporaries”, Review of Croatian History, 14/2018, No. 1, ss. 63-90.
  • KOZLICA, Ivan, Alka u politici – politika u Alki, Kulturno društvo Trilj i Hrvatski centar za ratne žrtve, Zagreb 2014.
  • MADDEN, Thomas F., “The Fires of the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople. 1203-1204; A Damage Assessment”. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Vol. 84-85, No. 1-2, 1992, ss. 72-93.
  • MARK, Bevir, “Objectivity in History”, History and Theory, 33 (3), 1994, ss. 328–344.
  • MARKOVIĆ, Ivan, “Sinj i njegovo slavlje: god. 1887”, Spomen knjiga, Matica hrvatska, Sinj 1998.
  • MAVRIĆ-ANTIĆ, Roberta, “Trka na prstenac Barban”, Diplomski rad degree grantor, ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski, stručni stupanj, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, 2020. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:137:358468 (11.12.2023).
  • MCNEILL, William Hardy, Mythistory and Other Essays, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1986.
  • MILJAN, Suzana, KEKEZ, Hrvoje, “The Memory of the Battle of Krbava (1493) and the Collective Identity of the Croats”, The Hungarian Historical Review, 4 (2), 2015, ss. 283–313.
  • MUJADŽEVIĆ, Dino, “The Image of Ottomans in Croatian Historiography: Changing Narratives in Elementary School Textbooks in Croatia from 1980s to 2000s”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2014, 34 (3), ss. 293–302.
  • ÖZKIRIMLI, Umut, Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2010. PATAFTA, Daniel, “Croatian Franciscans at the Frontier between Christianity and Islamfromthe 15th tothe 17th Century”, Unityand Dialogu, 74, 2, 2019, ss. 195-218.
  • PAVLIČEVIĆ, Dragutin, “Težak poraz, ali ne i slom hrvatskog kraljevstva”, Anđelko Mijatović -Krbavska bitka, Zagreb Republika, 2, 2006, ss. 104-106-x.
  • RAUKAR, Tomislav, “Komunalna društva u Dalmaciji u 15. stoljeću i u prvoj polovini 16. stoljeca”, Historijski zbornik, 35 (1), 1982, ss. 43-118.
  • SMITH, Anthony D., Myths and Memories of the Nation, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1999.
  • _______, Ulusların Etnik Kökeni, Dost Kitapevi, Ankara, 2002.
  • STULLİ, Bernard, “Iz povijesti Dalmacije”, Književni Krug, Split 1992.
  • TELLİS, Winston M., “Introduction to Case Study”, The Qualitative Report, 3 (2), 1997, ss. 1-14.
  • VARGA, Szabolcs, “Croatia and Slavonia in the Early Modern Age”, Hungarian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2013, ss. 263-276.
  • VITEZ, Zorica, “Legenda O picokima u svjetlu globalne i nacionalne (kulturne) politike”, Narodne umjestnost, 44/2, 2007, ss. 11-25.
  • VJEKOSLAV, Perica, Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States, Oxford University Press, New York 2002.
  • VLAŠIĆ, Anđelko, KOVAČ, Janja, “Elements of Ottoman Legacy in the Alka of Sinj (Croatia)”, Balkanlar’da Osmanlı Mirası ve Defter-i Hâkânî, Libra, İstanbul 2015, ss. 507-528.
  • VUKUŠIĆ, Ana-Marija, “Tradicija i sjećanje: Sinjska Alka”, Narodna umjetnost: Hrvatski časopis za etnologiju i folkloristiku, 42/2, 2005, ss. 93-108.
  • WEBER, Max, Sosyoloji Yazıları, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2004.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology (Other), Historical Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fethi Nas 0000-0001-6464-5615

Publication Date December 25, 2024
Submission Date June 9, 2024
Acceptance Date October 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Nas, F. (2024). HIRVAT ULUSAL KİMLİĞİNİN İNŞASINDA OSMANLI-TÜRK İMGESİ. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 513-554. https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1606802

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