Elit Düzeyde Sporcular ile Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Düzeyleri

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı elit sporcuların ve spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaş, spor yaşı, cinsiyet ile egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerinin incelenerek değerlendirilmesidir.

Yöntem: Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılı güz döneminde Gazi üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde eğitimine devam eden öğrenciler ile Türkiye Atletizm Federasyonu’nda lisanslı olarak spor yapan sporcular oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan 19- 25 yaş grubundaki katılımcılar, hafta en az 4 gün egzersiz yapmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Araştırmada, elit sporcuların egzersiz bağımlılıkları, spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerin düzeylerinden anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Elit sporcuların yaş grubu ve spor yaşı ile egzersiz bağımlılık düzeyi arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Cinsiyete göre ise erkek sporcuların egzersiz bağımlılığı puanlarının anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Sonuç: Elit sporcuların bağımlı grup, spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin ise az riskli grupta yer aldığı saptanmıştır. Buna göre, egzersiz bağımlılığı ile egzersize daha çok maruz kalma arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu söyleyebilir. Yıllar boyunca düzenli ve artan şiddetteki antrenmanlar uzun yılların sonunda bağımlılığı artırabildiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bağımlılık,Üniversite Öğrencileri,Elit Sporcular

Exercise Addiction Levels among Elite Level Athletes and Students of Sports Sciences Faculty

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the age, sport age, sex and exercise addiction levels of elite athletes and sports sciences faculty students. 

Method: The work group of the research consists of students who study at Gazi University Faculty of Sport Sciences during fall semester of 2018-2019 academic years and licensed sports athletes in the Athletics Federation of Turkey. Participants in the 19 to 25 years age group exercise for at least 4 days a week. "Personal Information Form" prepared by the researchers and Exercise Dependence Scale” were used as data collection tools. 

Results: The exercise addiction levels of the elite athletes were found to be significantly higher than the levels of sports science faculty students. There was positive directional significant difference at moderate level between the age group and sport age of the elite athletes and their level of exercise addiction. In accordance with gender, the exercise addiction scores of the male athletes were significantly higher.. 

Conclusion: The elite athletes were in dependent group and the students of the sports sciences faculty were in the low-risk group. According to this, it can be said that there is a strong relationship between exercise addiction and more exposure to exercise. Regular exercise and exercise at increasing intensity level over the years can increase addiction at the end of many years.  

Keywords

• Exercise,Addiction,University Students,Elite Athletes

References

1. 1. Ögel, Kültegin. Uyuşturucu Maddeler Ve Bağımlılık. İletişim, 1997.
2. 2. De Coverley Veale, D. M. W. "Exercise Dependence." British Journal Of Addiction 82.7 1987; 735-740.
3. 3. Özer, Kamil. Fiziksel Uygunluk. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 2001.
4. 4. Adams, Jeremy, And Robert J. Kirkby. "Excessive Exercise As An Addiction: A Review." Addiction Research & Theory (2002).
5. 5. Hausenblas, Heather A., And Danielle Symons Downs. "Exercise Dependence: A Systematic Review." Psychology Of Sport And Exercise 3.2 2002; 89-123.
6. 6. Szabo, Attila, Et Al. "Focus: Addiction: Methodological And Conceptual Limitations İn Exercise Addiction Research." The Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine 88.3 2015; 303.
7. 7. BIRCHER, Julianna, et al. Exercise addiction and personality: a two-decade systematic review of the empirical literature (1995-2015). Baltic Journal of Sports and Health Sciences, 2017; 3.106: 19-33.
8. 8. Allegre, Benjamin, Et Al. Definitions And Measures Of Exercise Dependence. Addiction Research & Theory, 2006; 14.6: 631-646.

9. 9. Taranis, Lorin, Stephen Touyz, And Caroline Meyer. "Disordered Eating And Exercise: Development And Preliminary Validation Of The Compulsive Exercise Test (CET)." European Eating Disorders Review 19.3 2011; 256-268.
10. 10. Ogden, Jane, David Veale, And Zelda Summers. "The Development And Validation Of The Exercise Dependence Questionnaire." Addiction Research 5.4 1997; 343-355.
11. 11. Griffiths, M. D., A. Szabo, And A. Terry. "The Exercise Addiction İnventory: A Quick And Easy Screening Tool For Health Practitioners." British Journal Of Sports Medicine 39.6 2005; E30-E30.
12. 12. Mónok, Kata, Et Al. "Psychometric Properties And Concurrent Validity Of Two Exercise Addiction Measures: A Population Wide Study." Psychology Of Sport And Exercise 13.6 2012; 739-746.
13. 13. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub, 2013.
14. 14. Veale, David. "Does Primary Exercise Dependence Really Exist." Exercise Addiction: Motivation For Participation İn Sport And Exercise 1995; 1-5.
15. 15. Meyer, Caroline, Et Al. "Compulsive Exercise And Eating Disorders." European Eating Disorders Review 19.3 2011; 174-189.
16. 16. Allegre, Benjamin, Et Al. "Definitions And Measures Of Exercise Dependence." Addiction Research & Theory 14.6 2006; 631-646.
17. 17. Kokkinos, Peter, And Jonathan Myers. "Exercise And Physical Activity: Clinical Outcomes And Applications." Circulation 122.16 2010; 1637-1648.
18. 18. Berczik, Krisztina, Et Al. "Exercise Addiction: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, And Etiology." Substance Use & Misuse47.4 2012: 403-417.
19. 19. Cunningham, Hayley E., Silas Pearman III, And Timothy D. Brewerton. "Conceptualizing Primary And Secondary Pathological Exercise Using Available Measures Of Excessive Exercise." International Journal Of Eating Disorders 49.8 2016; 778-792.
20. 20. De La Vega, Ricardo, Et Al. "Exercise Addiction İn Athletes And Leisure Exercisers: The Moderating Role Of Passion." Journal Of Behavioral Addictions 5.2 2016; 325-331.
21. 21. Li, Menglong, Jingsong Nie, And Yujia Ren. "Effects Of Exercise Dependence On Psychological Health Of Chinese College Students." Psychiatria Danubina 27.4 2015; 0-419.
22. 22. Lichtenstein, Mia B., Et Al. "Exercise Addiction İn Men İs Associated With Lower Fat-Adjusted Leptin Levels." Clinical Journal Of Sport Medicine 25.2 2015; 138-143.
23. 23. Maraz, Aniko, Et Al. "An Empirical İnvestigation Of Dance Addiction." Plos One 10.5 2015; E0125988.
24. 24. Silberstein, Lisa R., Et Al. "Behavioral And Psychological İmplications Of Body Dissatisfaction: Do Men And Women Differ?." Sex Roles 19.3-4 1988; 219-232.
25. 25. Szabo, Attila, Et Al. "Exercise Addiction İn Spanish Athletes: Investigation Of The Roles Of Gender, Social Context And Level Of İnvolvement." Journal Of Behavioral Addictions 2.4 2013; 249-252.
26. 26. Weinstein, Aviv, Gavriel Maayan, And Yitzhak Weinstein. "A Study On The Relationship Between Compulsive Exercise, Depression And Anxiety." Journal Of Behavioral Addictions 4.4 2015; 315-318.
27. 27. Glasser, William. "Positive Addiction." (1976).
28. 28. Ségolène, Poulnais, And Gorwood Philip. "Which Sports Are More At Risk Of Physical Exercise Addiction: A Systematic Review." Addictive Behaviors (2018).
29. 29. Davis, Caroline, And John Fox. "Excessive Exercise And Weight Preoccupation İn Women." Addictive Behaviors 18.2 1993; 201-211.
30. 30. Frederick, Christina M., And Craig S. Morrison. "Social Physique Anxiety: Personality Constructs, Motivations, Exercise Attitudes, And Behaviors." Perceptual And Motor Skills 82.3 1996; 963-972.
31. 31. Frederick, Christina M., And Richard M. Ryan. "Differences İn Motivation For Sport And Exercise And Their Relations With Participation And Mental Health." Journal Of Sport Behavior 16.3 1993; 124.
32. 32. Chapman, C., And J. De Castro. "Running Addiction: Measurement." Journal Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness 30 1990; 283-90.
33. 33. Demetrovics, Zs, And T. Kurimay. "Exercise Addiction: A Literature Review." Psychiatria Hungarica: A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag Tudomanyos Folyoirata 23.2 2008; 129-141.
34. 34. Karasar, Niyaz. "Bilimsel Aratrma Yntemi." Ankara: Nobel Yayn Datm 2005; 77.
35. 35. Demir, Gönül Tekkurşun; Hazar, Zekihan; Cicioğlu, Halil İbrahim. Exercise Addiction Scale (Eas): A Study Of Validity And Reliability. Kastamonu Education Journal, 2018; 26.3: 865-874.
36. 36. Büyüköztürk, Şener, Et Al. "Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri." Pegem Atıf İndeksi 2017; 1-360.
37. 37. Bavlı, Özhan, Et Al. "Investıgatıon The Exercıse Dependence Symptomps Among Dancers." International Journal Of Sports, Exercise And Training Science1.2 2015; Orjinal-Makale.
38. 38. Vardar, Erdal. "Egzersiz Bağımlılığı." Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi 21.3 2012.
39. 39. Costa, Sebastiano, Et Al. "Psychometric Examination And Factorial Validity Of The Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised İn Italian Exercisers." Journal Of Behavioral Addictions 1.4 2012; 186-190.
40. 40. İrem, U. Z., And Özhan BAVLI. "Do Regular Exercises Cause Exercise Dependence Symptom On Sedentaries?." International Journal Of Science Culture And Sport (Intjscs) 4.1 2016; 68-75.
41. 41. Cook, N. C., And St Samman. "Flavonoids—Chemistry, Metabolism, Cardioprotective Effects, And Dietary Sources." The Journal Of Nutritional Biochemistry 7.2 1996; 66-76.
42. 42. Pıerce, E. F.; Rohaly, K. A.; Frıtchley, B. Sex Differences On Exercise Dependence For Men And Women İn A Marathon Road Race. Perceptual And Motor Skills, 1997;84.3: 991-994.
43. 43. Costa, Sebastiano, Et Al. "The Role Of Age, Gender, Mood States And Exercise Frequency On Exercise Dependence." Journal Of Behavioral Addictions 2.4 2013; 216-223.
44. 44. Hamer, Mark, And Costas I. Karageorghis. "Psychobiological Mechanisms Of Exercise Dependence." Sports Medicine 37.6 2007; 477-484.
45. 45. Tekkurşun Demir G., Ve Türkeli A., ‘’Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ve Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi’’ Spor Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2019.
46. 46. Sadeq , B. J. Investigation Of The Exercise Dependence Of Athlets' Kick Boxing, Taekwondo And Muay Thai, Fırat University, Institute Of Health Sciences Department Of Physıcal Education And Sports Master Thesis. 2018.
47. 47. Masters, Kevin S., And Michael J. Lambert. "The Relations Between Cognitive Coping Strategies, Reasons For Running, İnjury, And Performance Of Marathon Runners." Journal Of Sport And Exercise Psychology 11.2 1989; 161-170.
48. 48. Polat, Cemal, And Kerem Yıldırım Şimşek. "Spor Merkezlerindeki Bireylerin Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi: Eskişehir İli Örneği."
49. 49. Pıerce, E. F.; Rohaly, K. A.; Frıtchley, B. Sex Differences On Exercise Dependence For Men And Women İn A Marathon Road Race. Perceptual And Motor Skills, 1997; 84.3: 991-994.
50. 50. Furst, David M., And Kris Germone. "Negative Addiction İn Male And Female Runners And Exercisers." Perceptual And Motor Skills77.1 1993; 192-194.