Türkiye’de Belirlenen Bağ Virüs Hastalıklarının Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Önemi

Öz

Türkiye bağcılığı sosyoekonomik anlamda en önemli ürün gruplarının arasında yer almaktadır. Bağlarda birçok zararlı organizma grubu özellikle de virüs enfeksiyonları bitkiyi zayıflatıp, verim ve kalitesinde azalmalara yol açtığından karantina ve sertifikasyonda başı çekmektedir. Son yarım asırda ülke bağ virüs araştırmalarında önemli çalışmalar yapılmış ve özellikle son 20 yılda virüslerin tanımı, karakterizasyonu ve mücadele yöntemleri alanında önemli ilerlemeler kat edilmiştir. Türkiye bağ yetiştiriciliği yapılan alanlarında şu ana kadar viral hastalıklara neden olan yaklaşık 23 virüs ve 5 viroidin varlığı belirlenmiştir. Arabis Mosaic Virüs (ArMV), Grapevine Fanleaf Virüs (GFLV), Grapevine Fleck Virüs (GFkV), Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses (GLRaV-1, GLRaV-3) ve Grapevine Virüs A (GVA) en yaygın bağ virüsleri arasında yer almaktadır. Grapevine Virüs B (GVB), Grapevine Pinot Gris Virüs (GPGV), Grapevine Roditis Leaf Discoloration-Associated Virüs (GRLDaV), Grapevine Rupestris Stem Pitting-Associated Virüs (GRSPaV) ve Grapevine Syrah Virüs 1 (GSyV-1) gibi önemli viral etmenler de ülkede rapor edilmiştir. Türkiye’de bağ virüslerinin teşhisinde otsu-odunsu konukçulara indeksleme ve serolojik testler gibi geleneksel analiz yöntemlerinin yanında, moleküler analiz yöntemleri ve son dönemde yeni nesil dizileme teknolojisi (Next Generation Sequencing-NGS) gibi DNA dizileme tekniklerinin kullanımı ile teşhis ve karakterizasyon çalışmaları oldukça hızlanmıştır. Bu derlemede Türkiye’de bağ virüslerinin tarihsel gelişimi, oluşturduğu hastalıklar ve ekonomik önemi hakkında kısa bilgilere yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Türkiye
• bağcılık
• asma
• virüs

Historical Development and Importance of Grapevine Viruses for Turkish Vineyards

Abstract

Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the major fruit crop with high socioeconomic importance for Turkey. Many harmful organism groups especially viruses cause significant diseases and lead to crop losses, reducing fruit quality and plant vigour and shorten the longevity of vines. So, quarantine and certification programs are implemented strictly for viruses. In the past fifty years, especially in last twenty years, important advances have been performed in the field of grapevine virus research, including characterization of pathogens and control measurements. So far, 23 viruses and 5 viroids have been reported to occur in the Turkish vineyards. Arabis Mosaic Virus (ArMV), Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV), Grapevine Fleck Virus (GFkV), Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses (GLRaV-1, GLRaV-3), Grapevine Virus A (GVA) have been remarked as the most common viruses. In addition, some novel grapevine viruses such as Grapevine Virus B (GVB), Grapevine Pinot Gris Virus (GPGV), Grapevine Roditis Leaf Discoloration-Associated Virus (GRLDaV), Grapevine Rupestris Stem Pitting-Associated Virus (GRSPaV) and Grapevine Syrah Virus 1 (GSyV-1) have been identified recently. Diagnosis and characterization studies of grapevine viruses have accelerated considerably with next generation sequencing techniques based on DNA sequencing techniques in the country besides conventional techniques such as woody indexing, herbaceous indexing, serological and molecular methods. In this review, historical development, caused diseases and economic importance of grapevine viruses in Turkey was summed up.

Keywords

• Turkey
• vineyards
• grapevine
• viruses

References

1. Ağaoğlu, Y.S., G. Söylemezoğlu, B. Marasalı, M. Çalışkan, A. Ergül ve C. Türkben, 1998. Bazı yerli ve yabancı kökenli üzüm çeşitlerinin poliakrilamid jel elektroforez tekniği ile tane kökenli izoenzimlerden yararlanılarak ayrımları. 4. Bağcılık Sempozyumu, Yalova, s:145-151.
2. Akbaş, B. and G. Erdiller, 1993. Researches on grapevine virus diseases and determination of their incidences in Ankara. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 22(2-3):55-64.
3. Akbaş, B. ve G. Erdiller, 1998. Karaman, Konya ve Nevşehir ili bağ alanlarında görülen virüs hastalıkları. Türkiye 8. Fitopatoloji Kongresi, s:21-25.
4. Akbaş, B., B. Kunter and D. Ilhan, 2007. Occurrence and distribution of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1, 2, 3 and 7 in Turkey. Journal of Phytopathology 155:122-124.
5. Akbaş, B., B. Kunter and D. Ilhan, 2009. Influence of leafroll on local grapevine cultivars in agroecological conditions of central Anatolia region. Horticultural Science 36(3):97-104.
6. Akdoğan, M., 1956. Kısa boğum=bulaşık soysuzlaşma. Sakarya Ziraat Mücadele Enstitüsü, Halk Broşürleri No:5, s:1-6.
7. Al Rwahnih, M., S. Daubert, D. Golino and A. Rowhani, 2009. Deep sequencing analysis of rnas from a grapevine showing Syrah decline symptoms reveals a multiple virus infection that includes a novel virus. Virology 387:395-401. 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.028.
8. Alabi, O.J., L.F. Casassa, L.R. Gutha, R.C. Larsen, T. Henick-Kling, J.F. Harbertson and R.A. Naidu, 2016. Impacts of grapevine leafroll disease on fruit yield and grape and wine chemistry in a wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar. Plos One 11(2).

9. Andret-Link, P., C. Laporte, L. Valat, V. Laval, C. Ritzenthaler, G. Demangeat, E. Vigne, P. Pfeiffer, C. Stussi-Garaud and M. Fuchs, 2004. Grapevine fanleaf virus: still a major threat to the grapevine industry. Journal of Plant Pathology 86: 183-195.
10. Atallah, S.S., M.I. Gomez, M.F. Fuchs and T.E. Martinson, 2012. Economic impact of grapevine leafroll disease on Vitis vinifera cv. cabernet franc in finger lakes vineyards of New York. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture Davis 63(1):73-79.
11. Azeri, T., 1983. Ülkemiz bağcılığında virüs sorunu ve virüssüz bağ üretim programı. Bornova Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü, İzmir, Yıllık 1(1):61-69.
12. Azeri, T., 1990. Detection of grapevine leafroll virus in different grapevine varieties by indexing. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 19(3):103-110.
13. Azeri, T. ve Y. Çiçek, 1995. Introdüksiyon ve klon seleksiyonuyla elde edilmiş bazı bağ çeşitleri ve anaçlarındaki virüs ve virüs benzeri hastalıkların saptanmasına yönelik araştırmalar. 7. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi, Eylül 1995, Adana, s:9-26-29.
14. Balthazard, J., 1993. Valeur culturale du gewürztraminer clone no : 913 guéri du virus de l’enroulement par thermothérapie. [Agricultural value of a leafroll-infected Gewürztraminer clone no : 913 sanitized by thermotherapy]. Progrès Agricole et Viticole 110:382-385.
15. Basso, M.F., T.V.M. Fajardo, H.P. Santos, C.C. Guerra, R.A. Ayub and O. Nickel, 2010. Fisiologia foliar e qualidade enológica da uva em videiras infectadas por virus. Tropical Plant Pathology, Brasilia, DF, 35(6):351-359.
16. Buzkan, N., D. Kılıç and S.C. Balsak, 2018. Distribution and population diversity of Australian grapevine viroid (AGVd) in Turkish autochthonous grapevine varieties. Phytoparasitica, 46:295-300. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s12600-018-0668-4.
17. Buzkan, N., M.K. Oztırak and S.C. Balsak, 2017. First report of grapevine virus D (GVD) in autochthonous grapevine varieties in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology 99(3):803.
18. Buzkan, N., P. La Notte, S. Karadag, A. Aktan, P. Saldarelli and A. Minafra, 2015. Detection of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus in autochthonous grapevine cultivars in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology 97(2):387-389.
19. Choueiri, E., N. Abou Ghanem and D. Boscia, 1997. Grapevine virus A and Grapevine Virus D are serologically related. Vitis 36:39-41.
20. Clingeleffer, P.R. and L.R. Krake, 1992. Response of Cabernet franc grapevine to minimal pruning and virus infection. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 43:31-37.
21. Coetzee, B., M.J. Freeborough, H.J. Maree, J.M. Celton, D. Jasper and G. Rees, 2010. Deep sequencing analysis of viruses infecting grapevines: virome of a vineyard. Virology 400:157-163.
22. Cretazzo, E., C. Padilla, J. Bota, J. Rosselló, J. Vadell and J. Cifre, 2013.Virus interference on local scale viticulture: the case of moll variety from Majorca (Spain). Scientia Agricola 70(2):125-136.
23. Cretazzo, E., C. Padilla, C. Carambula, I. Hita, E. Salmerón and J. Cifre, 2010.Comparison of the effects of different virus infections on performance of three Majorcan grapevine cultivars in field conditions. Annals of Applied Biology, Warnick, 156(1):1-12.
24. Çaglayan, K., M. Gazel and H.D. Kocabag, 2017. First report of grapevine Syrah virus 1 in grapevine in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology 99(1):303.
25. Çağlayan, K., 1997. Incidence of grapevine leafroll, grapevine virus and tomato black ring virus in the vineyards of Hatay province. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 26:121-129.
26. Çelik, H., B. Kunter, S. Selli, N. Keskin, B. Akbaş and K. Değirmenci, 2019. Kalecik karası üzüm çeşidinde klon seleksiyonu ve seçilen klonlara ait ana damızlık parselinin oluşturulması. In book: Kunter, B., Keskin, N. (ed) Current Research and Assesments for Agricultural Sciences Publisher: IVPEISBN:978-9940-540-95-1.
27. Çiğşar, I., M. Digiaro, K. Gokalp, N. Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, A. De Stradis, D. Boscia and G.P. Martelli, 2003. Grapevine deformation virus, a novel nepovirus from Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology 85(3):183-191.
28. Çiğşar, I., M. Digiaro and G.G. Martelli, 2002. Sanitary status of grapevines in south-eastern and central Anatolia (Turkey). Bull OEPP 32:471-475.
29. Di Serio, F., K. Izadpanah, M. Hajizadeh and B. Navarro, 2017. Viroids infecting the grapevine. grapevine viruses: molecular biology, diagnostics and management, pp:373-392.
30. Elçi, E., 2019. Genomic variability and recombination analysis of grapevine leaf roll associated virus-1 isolates from Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25:319-327.
31. Erdiller, G., 1982. Kısaboğum hastalığı etmeni (GFLV)’nin morfolojik, serolojik özellikleri ve standart ırklarla karşılaştırılması üzerinde araştırmalar. AÜZF Yayınları 834:58.
32. Espinoza, C., A. Vega, C. Medina, K. Schlauch, G. Cramer and P. Arce-Johnson, 2007. Gene expression associated with compatible viral diseases in grapevine cultivars. Functional and Integrative Genomics, Berlin, 7(2):95-110.
33. FAO, 2019. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data (Erişim Tarihi: 01/02/2021).
34. Fuchs, M., 2008. Les plantes transgéniques et la lutte contre les virus phytopathogènes: état de l’art et perspectives. Virologie 12:27-37.
35. Fuchs, M., 2020. Grapevine viruses: a multitude of diverse species with simple but overall poorly adopted management solutions in the vineyard. Journal of Plant Pathology 102:643-653, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00579-2.
36. Gazel, M. and N. Önelge, 2003. First report of grapevine viroids in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey. Plant Pathology 52:405.
37. Gazel, M., K. Caglayan, E. Elçi and L. Öztürk, 2016. First report of grapevine pinot Gris virus in grapevine in Turkey. Plant Disease 100(3). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-15-0596-PDN.
38. Giribaldi, M., M. Purrotti, D. Pacifico, D. Santini, F. Mannini, P. Caciagli, L. Rolle, L. Cavallarin, M.G. Giuffrida and C. Marzachi, 2011. A multidisciplinary study on the effects of phloem-limited viruses on the agronomical performance and berry quality of Vitis vinifera cv. Nebbiolo. Journal of Proteomics 75(1):306-315.
39. Goszczynski, D.E., G.G.F. Kasdorf and G. Pietersen, 1996. Western blots reveal that grapevine viruses A and B are serologically related. Journal of Phytopathology 144:581-583.
40. Gökalp, K., M. Digiaro, I. Çiğşar, N. Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, A. De Stradis, D. Boscia and G.P. Martelli, 2003. Properties of a previously undescribed nepovirus from south east Anatolia. Journal of Plant Pathology 85:35-41.
41. Gökçek, B., 2007. Gaziantep ili bağ alanlarında bağ sarı benek (GYSVd-1 ve GYSVd-2) hastalığının araştırılması (Doktora Tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, Adana, 94s.
42. Gutha, L.R., L.F. Casassa, J.F. Harbertson and R.A. Naidu, 2010.Modulation of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes and anthocyanins due to virus infection in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves. BMC Plant Biology, London, 10(187):1-18.
43. Gürsoy, Y.Z., Ü. Yorgancı ve S. Erkan, 1988. Horozköy ve çevresindeki bağlarda görülen virüs hastalıkları üzerinde ön çalışmalar. 3. Bağcılık ve Şarapçılık Sempozyumu, Bildiri Özetleri.
44. Ilbağı, H., P. Panailidou, E. Gagiano, G. Pietersen, V. Maliogka, N. Katis and A. Çıtır, 2020. First report of grapevine virus L in grapevine in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, 1-1.
45. Karadeniz, H., A. Yağcı, Ş. Topkaya ve Y. Yanar 2018. Tokat ili ve ilçelerinde bazı bağ virüs etmenlerinin serolojik yöntemlerle belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 58(2):103-110.
46. Kaşkaloğlu, N., 1965. Bağlarda kısa boğum hastalığı ve teşhis metotları. Zirai Mücadele Haberler Bülteni, Sayı:4.
47. Kaya, A., S. Erilmez, I.C. Paylan and S. Erkan, 2012. First report of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 in vineyards of Turkey. Plant Disease, Doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0265-PDN.
48. Kovacs, L.G., H. Hanami, M. Fortenberry and M.L. Kaps, 2001. Latent infection by leafroll agent glrav-3 is linked to lower fruit quality in French-American hybrid grapevine Vidal blanc and S. Vincent. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 52:254-259.
49. Lehoczky, J., G.Y. Sárospataki, J.C. Devergne, L. Cardin, J. Kuszala and A. Vuittenez, 1979. Caractérisation d’une Souche du Virus de la Mosaïque Jaune Crome de la Vigne (GCMV) Isolée en Hongrie de Vignes non Panachées. Nouvelle évidence d’une parenrésérologique éloignée entre ce virus et celui deas anneaux noirs de la tomate (TBRV). Annales de Phytopathologie 11:567-568.
50. Lehoczky, J. and G. Tasnady, 1971. The effect of fan leaf and chrome mosaic virus diseases on yield and the fruit sugar content of grapevine. Kiserletugyi-Kozlemenyek 64(1-3):49-64.
51. Mannini, F. and M. Digiaro, 2017. The effects of viruses and viral diseases on grapes and wine. in: Meng B., Martelli G., Golino D., Fuchs M. (eds) Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management. Springer, Cham.
52. Martell, G.P. and E. Boudon-Padieu, 2006. Directory of infectious diseases of grapevines and viruses and virus-like diseases of the grapevine: bibliographic report 1998-2004. CIHEAM. Bari, 279p.
53. Martelli, G.P., 1987. Virus and virus-like diseases of grapevine in Turkey. Rome, FAO.
54. Martelli, G.P., 2014. Directory of virus-like diseases of the grapevine and their agents. J. Plant Pathol. 96(Suppl.1):1-136. Doi:https://doi.org/10 .4454/JPP.V96I1SUP.
55. Martelli, G.P. and V. Savino, 1988. Fanleaf degeneration. In Compendium of grape diseases, ed. R.C. Pearson and A.C. Goheen, 48-49. St. Paul: APS Press.
56. Martelli, G.P., 2017. An overview on grapevine viruses, viroids and the diseases they cause. In: Meng B., Martelli G., Golino D., Fuchs M. (eds) Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management. Doi: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-57706-72 Springer,Cham
57. Martelli, G.P., 2018. Where grapevine virology is heading to. In proceedings of the 19. Congress of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG), Santiago, Chile, 9-12 April 2018.
58. McCarthy, M.G., R.M. Cirami and R.J. Van Velsen, 1989. Virus thermotherapy effects on the performance of a Muscadelle selection. Vitis 28:13-19.
59. Naidu, R.A., H.J. Maree and J.T. Burger, 2015. Grapevine leafroll disease and associated viruses: an unique pathosystem. Annual Review of Phytopathology, Palo alto, 53:613-634.
60. Nogay, A., M. Ağdacı ve Y.Z. Gürsoy, 1995. Marmara Bölgesinde bağlarda ve Amerikan asma anaçlıklarında görülen virüs hastalıklarının ve vektörlerinin saptanması üzerine araştırmalar. 7. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi, 26-29 Eylül 1995, Adana, s:247-251.
61. Oksal, H.D., S. Aydın ve H.M. Sipahioğlu, 2018. Malatya Bölgesi bağlarında asma yaprak kıvrılma virüsleri (GLRaVs)’nin sürveyi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 58(4):215-220.
62. Özaslan, M., S. Baloğlu ve M.A. Yılmaz, 1991. Kahramanmaraş bölgesinde lokal olarak yetiştirilen üzüm çeşitlerinde virüs hastalıkları. 6. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi, İzmir, s:401-406.
63. Özaslan, M. and M.A. Yılmaz, 1994. Virus diseases of grapevine in southeastern Anatolian region in Türkiye. 9. Cong. of The Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, Kuşadası-Aydın, Turkey, pp:425-427.
64. Özaslan, M., M.E. Güldür, S. Baloğlu and M.A. Yılmaz, 1994. Grapevine corky bark virus in Türkiye. 9. Con. of The Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, Kuşadası-Aydın, Turkey, pp:433-435.
65. Özaslan, M. ve M.A. Yılmaz, 1995. Adana, Tarsus, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa ve Adıyaman bölgelerinde yetiştirilen bağlara zarar veren virüs hastalıkları. 7. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri, 26-29 Eylül 1995, Adana, s:64.
66. Poojari, S., D.L. Moreau, D. Kahl, M. Ritchie, S. Ali and J.R. Úrbez-Torres, 2020. Disease incidence and genetic variability of economically important grapevine viruses in nova scotia. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 42(4):584-594, Doi:10.1080/07060661.2020.1730443.
67. Rüdel, M., 1985. Grapevine damage induced by particular virus vector combinations. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 24:183-185.
68. Santini, D., L. Rolle, P. Cascio and F. Mannini, 2011. Modifications in chemical, physical and mechanical properties of ‘nebbiolo’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries induced by mixed virus infection. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 32:183-189.
69. Savino, V., G.P. Martelli, A.M. D’Onghia and M.A. Yılmaz, 1987. Outbreaks and new records Turkey strawberry latent ringspot virus in grapevine. FAO Plant Protection Bull. 35(3):102-104.
70. Seddas, A., M.M. Haidar, C. Greif, C. Jacquet, G. Cloquemin and B. Walter, 2000. Establishment of a relationship between GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3 by use of monoclonal antibodies. Plant Pathology 49:80-85.
71. Tekinel, N., M.S. Dolar, Z. Nas, N. Bilgin, H. Salih, Y. Salcan, 1972. Akdeniz Bölgesi bağlarında bulaşık soysuzlaşma (fanleaf)’nın araştırılması. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 11(4):225-246.
72. Tunç, B., M. Gazel and K. Çağlayan, 2018. Hatay ve Tekirdağ illeri bağ alanlarında odun dokusunda deformasyona (rugose wood) neden olan virüslerin serolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle saptanması ve karakterizasyonu. MKÜZF Dergisi, 23(2):181-187.
73. Türkmen, Y. and F. Ertunç, 2019. Determination of grapevine leaf roll diseases infection in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Food Science and Technology 7(11):1947-1953. Doi:https://doi.org /10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1947-1953.2913.
74. Ulubaş Serçe, Ç., B. Altan, V. Bolat, M. Ayyaz, O. Çifçi, S. Önder and V.I. Maliogka, 2018. First report of grapevine roditis leaf discoloration-associated virus infecting grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Turkey. Plant Disease 102(1):256.
75. Ulubaş Serçe, Ç., S. Önder, O. Çifçi, B. Altan, Z.N. Öztürk Gökçe, E. Elçi, 2020. Studies on the prevalence of several newly-identified viruses infecting grapevines in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, Doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.12 69.14
76. Vega, A., R.A. Gutiérrez, A. Peña-Neira, G.R. Cramer and P. Arce-Johnson, 2011. Compatible GLRaV-3 viral infections affect berry ripening decreasing sugar accumulation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera. Plant Molecular Biology, Dordrecht 77(3):261-274.
77. Vuittenez, A., J. Kuszala, M. Rüdel and H. Brückbauer 1970. Détection et étude selogique du virus latent des taches annulaires du frasier (SLRSV), du virus des anneaux noires de la tomate (TBRV) et du virus des taches annulaires du framboisier (RpRSV) chez desvignes du palatinat. Annales de Phytopathologie 2:279-327.
78. Walter, B. and G.P. Martelli, 1996. Sélection clonale de la vigne : sélection sanitaire et sélection pomologique. Influence des viroses et qualité. 1ére partie : effets des viroses sur la culture de la vigne et ses produits. Bulletin de l’OIV, 69(789-790):945-971.
79. Wetzel, T., A. Beck, U. Wegener and G. Krczal, 2004. Complete nucleotide sequence of the rna1 of grapevine isolate of ArMV. Archives of Virology 149:989-995.
80. Yılmaz, M.A., M. Yurtmen, I. Çiğşar and M. Özaslan, 1997. Survey of grapevine viruses in Turkey. Proc. 12. Meeting ICVG, Lisbon, Portugal, Estac¸ a´ o Agronomica Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal, 113p