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SUSTAINABLE VISITOR MANAGEMENT IN PROTECTED AREAS: STRATEGIES AND TOOLS

Year 2016, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 118 - 131, 22.04.2016

Abstract

National parks and other protected areas which
are rich in natural and cultural resources values and offering economic
recreational opportunities, more demanding with each passing day. More
recreational uses negatively affect the resource values and visitor
satisfaction. For the last 30 years in developed countries, visitor management
has been discussed within the framework of sustainability. Visitor management
frameworks based on recreational carrying capacity analyses have been developed
and visitor management plans have been established. Visitor management
strategies defined in these plans and have been developed the appropriate
management tools in accordance with this strategies. In this study; visitor
management strategies and management tools were examined and a unique
classification system was developed. And also the issues were discussed on a
national scale and presented proposals

References

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  • Anonim, 2016d. 2873 Sayılı Milli Parklar Kanunu. www.milliparklar.gov.tr
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  • Anonymous. 2002. Public Participation in Protected Area Management Best Practice Prepared for: The Committee on National Parks and Protected Area Management, Benchmarking and Best Practices Program, Prepared By; Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Avustralya ve Yeni Zellanda.
  • Beunen, R., Regnerus, H. D., and Jaarsma, C. F. 2008. Gateways as a Means of Visitor Management in National Parks and Protected Areas. Tourism Management, 29(1), 138-145.
  • Buckley, R. 2003. Pay To Play İn Parks: an Australian Policy Perspective on Visitor Fees in Public Protected Areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(1), 56-73.
  • Cahill, K.L., Marion, J.L. and Lawson, S.R. 2007. Enhancing the Interpretation of Stated Choice Tradeoff Analysis Through the Application of A Verbal Protocol Assessment. Journal of Leisure Research;Second Quarter.39, 2.
  • Chavez, D. 1996. Mountain Biking: Direct, İndirect, and Bridge Building Management Styles. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 14: 21-35.
  • Cırık, U. 2007. Milli Parklar ve Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planları. Planlama 2007(1):45–50.
  • Cifuentes M., 1992. Determinacion de Capacidad de Carga Turistica en Areas Protegidas. Catıe, Turrialba, Costa Rica
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  • Cullinane, S., Cullinane, K. 1999. Attitudes Towards Traffic Problems and Public Transport in The Dartmoor and Lake District National Parks. Journal of Transport Geography, 7(1), 79-87.
  • Doğan, Y. 2006. Alan kılavuzları, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/alan-kilavuzlari-4928260 (16 Ağustos 2006)
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  • Eaton, B. and Holding, D. 1996. The Evaluation of Public Transport Alternatives to The Car iİn British National Parks. Journal of Transport Geography, 4(1), 55-65.
  • Farrell, T. A. and Marion, J. L. 2000. Camping İmpact Management at Isle Royale National Park: An Evaluation of Visitor Activity Containment Policies From The Perspective of Social Conditions.
  • Göktuğ, T. H., Yıldız, N. D., Demir, M. and Bulut, Y. 2013. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum-Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 44(2), 195-206.
  • Göktuğ, T.H. 2011. Dilek Yarımadası Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, Erzurum
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  • Graham, R., Nilsen, P. And Payne, R. J. 1988. Visitor management in Canadian National Parks. Tourism Management, 9(1), 44-61.
  • Greist, D. 1975. Risk Zone Management: A Recreation Area Management System and Method of Measuring Carrying Capacity. Journal of Forestry. 73: 711-714.
  • Gül, A., and Akten, M. 2005. Korunan Doğal Alanlarda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesi ve Kavramsal Yaklaşımlar. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, 8-10.
  • Gündüz, S. and Akpınar, N. 2002. Koruma-kullanım İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Beynam Muhafaza Ormanı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 344- 351.
  • Güngör, E. 2005. Kastamonu – Bartın Küre Dağları Milli Parkı’nın Optimum Yönetim Stratejisinin Belirlenmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın.
  • Haas, G., Driver, B., Brown, P. and Lucas, R. 1987. Wilderness Management Zoning. Journal of Forestry. 85: 17-22.
  • Hammitt, W.E. and Cole, D.N. 1998. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 361p.
  • Hatiboğlu, Z. 1993. Temel Yönetim ve Organizasyon, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul
  • Heywood, J. 1985. Large Recreation Group and Party Size Limits. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 3: 36-44.
  • Huhtala, A. and Pouta, E. 2008. User Fees, Equity and The Benefits of Public Outdoor Recreation Services. Journal of Forest Economics, 14(2), 117-132.
  • Itami, R. M. 2002. Estimaring Capacities For Pedestrian Walkways and Viewing Platforms. A Consultant Report To Parks Victoria. GeoDimensions Pty Tld., 22 Dunstan Avenue, Brunswick, 23 pp.
  • Köroğlu, Ö., Köroğlu, A. and Alper, B. 2012. Doğaya Dayalı Gerçekleştirilen Turizm Faaliyetleri İçerisinde Turist Rehberlerinin Rolleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme.
  • Krug, W. 2001. Private Supply of Protected Land in Southern Africa: A Review of Markets, Approaches, Barriers And İssues. In Workshop Paper, World Bank/OECD International Workshop on Market Creation for Biodiversity Products and Services, Paris (Vol. 25).
  • Lawson, S. R., Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A. and Wang, B. 2003. Proactive Monitoring and Adaptive Management of Social Carrying Capacity in Arches National Park: An Application of Computer Simulation Modeling. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(3), 305-313.
  • Leclerc, D. and Martin, J. N. 2004. Tour Guide Communication Competence: French, German and American Tourists' Perceptions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(3), 181-200.
  • Leung, Y. F. and Marion, J. L. 2000. Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness: A state-of- knowledge review. Cole, DN, McCool, SF, Borrie, WT, O’Loughlin, J.,(comps), Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Change, 5.
  • Leuschner, W. A., Cook, P. S., Roggenbuck, J. W. and Oderwald, R. G. 1987. A Comparative Analysis for Wilderness User Fee Policy. Journal of leisure research, 19(2), 101.
  • Lindberg, K. and Halpenny, E. 2001. Protected Area Visitor Fees: Overview.Generating Revenue Through Ecotourism For Marine Protected Areas İn Belize. A report of the Summit Foundation, International Ecotourism Society and Programme for Belize.
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  • Manfredo, M. J. 1992. Influencing Human Behavior: Theory And Applications in Recreation, Tourism, and Natural Resources Management. Sagamore Publishing.
  • Manning, R. 1999. Crowding and Carrying Capacity in Outdoor Recreation: From Normative Standards to Standards of Quality. Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 323-34.
  • Manning, R. E. and Lime, D. W. 2000. Defining and Managing The Quality of Wilderness Recreation Experiences
  • Manning, R. 2001. Programs That Work. Visitor Experience and Resource Protection: A Framework for Managing The Carrying Capacity of National Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(1), 93-108.
  • Manning, R. E. 2002. How much is too much? Carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. In Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas. conference proceedings (pp. 306-313).
  • Manning, R., and Lawson, S. 2002. Carrying Capacity As “Informed Judgement”: The Values of Science and The Science of Values. Environmental Management, 30, 157-168.
  • Manning, R. 2003. Emerging Principles for Using İnformation/Education in Wilderness Management. International Journal of Wilderness, 9(1), 20-27.
  • Marion, J. L. 1998. Recreation Ecology Research Findings: Implications For Wilderness And Park Managers. In Proceedings of The National Outdoor Ethics Conference (Pp. 188-196).
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KORUNAN ALANLARDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR ZİYARETÇİ YÖNETİMİ: STRATEJİLER VE ARAÇLARIN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2016, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 118 - 131, 22.04.2016

Abstract

Doğal ve kültürel kaynak değerleri bakımından zengin olan
ve halka ekonomik rekreasyonel fırsatlar sunan milli parklar ve diğer korunan
alanlar her geçen gün daha fazla talep edilmektedir. Yoğun rekreasyonel
faaliyetler ise kaynak değerlerini ve ziyaretçi memnuniyetini olumsuz yönde
etkilemektedir. Son 30 yıldır, gelişmiş ülkelerde ziyaretçi yönetimi
sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde ele alınmış, rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesi
tabanlı ziyaretçi yönetim modelleri geliştirilerek pek çok milli parkın
ziyaretçi yönetim planları oluşturulmuştur. Hazırlanan bu planlarda ziyaretçi
yönetim stratejileri tanımlanmış ve bu stratejiler doğrultusunda uygun yönetim
araçları geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada; ziyaretçi yönetim stratejileri ile
yönetim araçları incelenerek özgün bir sınıflandırma sistemi geliştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca konu ulusal boyutta tartışılarak öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • o o
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  • Anderson, D. H., Lime, D. W. and Wang, T. L. 1998. Maintaining the Quality of Park Resources and Visitor Experiences. A Handbook For Managers, University Of Minnesota.
  • Anderson, D. H. and Manfredo, M. J. 1986. Visitor Preferences for Management Actions. General Technical Report, Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, (INT-212), 314-319.
  • Anonim, 2016a.Reservations. http://www.yosemitepark.com.
  • Anonim, 2016b. Wilderness Reservation System. https://zionpermits.nps.gov
  • Anonim, 2016c. Türkiye demografisi. https://tr.wikipedia.org
  • Anonim, 2016d. 2873 Sayılı Milli Parklar Kanunu. www.milliparklar.gov.tr
  • Anonim, 2016e. Küre Dağları PAN Park oldu. www.wwf.org.tr.
  • Anonymous. 2002. Public Participation in Protected Area Management Best Practice Prepared for: The Committee on National Parks and Protected Area Management, Benchmarking and Best Practices Program, Prepared By; Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Avustralya ve Yeni Zellanda.
  • Beunen, R., Regnerus, H. D., and Jaarsma, C. F. 2008. Gateways as a Means of Visitor Management in National Parks and Protected Areas. Tourism Management, 29(1), 138-145.
  • Buckley, R. 2003. Pay To Play İn Parks: an Australian Policy Perspective on Visitor Fees in Public Protected Areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(1), 56-73.
  • Cahill, K.L., Marion, J.L. and Lawson, S.R. 2007. Enhancing the Interpretation of Stated Choice Tradeoff Analysis Through the Application of A Verbal Protocol Assessment. Journal of Leisure Research;Second Quarter.39, 2.
  • Chavez, D. 1996. Mountain Biking: Direct, İndirect, and Bridge Building Management Styles. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 14: 21-35.
  • Cırık, U. 2007. Milli Parklar ve Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planları. Planlama 2007(1):45–50.
  • Cifuentes M., 1992. Determinacion de Capacidad de Carga Turistica en Areas Protegidas. Catıe, Turrialba, Costa Rica
  • Clark, R., and Stankey, G. 1979. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum: A Framework for Planning, Management and Research. US Department of Agriculture and Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report, PNW-98. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture and Forest Service.
  • Cullinane, S., Cullinane, K. 1999. Attitudes Towards Traffic Problems and Public Transport in The Dartmoor and Lake District National Parks. Journal of Transport Geography, 7(1), 79-87.
  • Doğan, Y. 2006. Alan kılavuzları, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/alan-kilavuzlari-4928260 (16 Ağustos 2006)
  • Eagles, P. F., McCool, S. F. and Haynes, C. D. 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines For Planning and Management. IUCN, (No. 8).
  • Eaton, B. and Holding, D. 1996. The Evaluation of Public Transport Alternatives to The Car iİn British National Parks. Journal of Transport Geography, 4(1), 55-65.
  • Farrell, T. A. and Marion, J. L. 2000. Camping İmpact Management at Isle Royale National Park: An Evaluation of Visitor Activity Containment Policies From The Perspective of Social Conditions.
  • Göktuğ, T. H., Yıldız, N. D., Demir, M. and Bulut, Y. 2013. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum-Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 44(2), 195-206.
  • Göktuğ, T.H. 2011. Dilek Yarımadası Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, Erzurum
  • Graefe, A.R., Vaske J.J. and Kuss, F.R. 1984. Social Carrying Capacity: an Integration and Synthesis of Twenty Years of Research. In Leisure Science Vol. 6, No 4, pp. 395-431.
  • Graefe, A. R., Kuss, F. R. and Vaske, J. J. 1990. Visitor İmpact Management: The Planning Framework. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, DC, 105.
  • Graham, R., Nilsen, P. And Payne, R. J. 1988. Visitor management in Canadian National Parks. Tourism Management, 9(1), 44-61.
  • Greist, D. 1975. Risk Zone Management: A Recreation Area Management System and Method of Measuring Carrying Capacity. Journal of Forestry. 73: 711-714.
  • Gül, A., and Akten, M. 2005. Korunan Doğal Alanlarda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesi ve Kavramsal Yaklaşımlar. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, 8-10.
  • Gündüz, S. and Akpınar, N. 2002. Koruma-kullanım İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Beynam Muhafaza Ormanı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 344- 351.
  • Güngör, E. 2005. Kastamonu – Bartın Küre Dağları Milli Parkı’nın Optimum Yönetim Stratejisinin Belirlenmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın.
  • Haas, G., Driver, B., Brown, P. and Lucas, R. 1987. Wilderness Management Zoning. Journal of Forestry. 85: 17-22.
  • Hammitt, W.E. and Cole, D.N. 1998. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 361p.
  • Hatiboğlu, Z. 1993. Temel Yönetim ve Organizasyon, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul
  • Heywood, J. 1985. Large Recreation Group and Party Size Limits. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 3: 36-44.
  • Huhtala, A. and Pouta, E. 2008. User Fees, Equity and The Benefits of Public Outdoor Recreation Services. Journal of Forest Economics, 14(2), 117-132.
  • Itami, R. M. 2002. Estimaring Capacities For Pedestrian Walkways and Viewing Platforms. A Consultant Report To Parks Victoria. GeoDimensions Pty Tld., 22 Dunstan Avenue, Brunswick, 23 pp.
  • Köroğlu, Ö., Köroğlu, A. and Alper, B. 2012. Doğaya Dayalı Gerçekleştirilen Turizm Faaliyetleri İçerisinde Turist Rehberlerinin Rolleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme.
  • Krug, W. 2001. Private Supply of Protected Land in Southern Africa: A Review of Markets, Approaches, Barriers And İssues. In Workshop Paper, World Bank/OECD International Workshop on Market Creation for Biodiversity Products and Services, Paris (Vol. 25).
  • Lawson, S. R., Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A. and Wang, B. 2003. Proactive Monitoring and Adaptive Management of Social Carrying Capacity in Arches National Park: An Application of Computer Simulation Modeling. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(3), 305-313.
  • Leclerc, D. and Martin, J. N. 2004. Tour Guide Communication Competence: French, German and American Tourists' Perceptions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(3), 181-200.
  • Leung, Y. F. and Marion, J. L. 2000. Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness: A state-of- knowledge review. Cole, DN, McCool, SF, Borrie, WT, O’Loughlin, J.,(comps), Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Change, 5.
  • Leuschner, W. A., Cook, P. S., Roggenbuck, J. W. and Oderwald, R. G. 1987. A Comparative Analysis for Wilderness User Fee Policy. Journal of leisure research, 19(2), 101.
  • Lindberg, K. and Halpenny, E. 2001. Protected Area Visitor Fees: Overview.Generating Revenue Through Ecotourism For Marine Protected Areas İn Belize. A report of the Summit Foundation, International Ecotourism Society and Programme for Belize.
  • Manfredo, M. J. 1989. An İnvestigation of The Basis For External İnformation Search in Recreation and Tourism. Leisure Sciences, 11(1), 29-45.
  • Manfredo, M. J. 1992. Influencing Human Behavior: Theory And Applications in Recreation, Tourism, and Natural Resources Management. Sagamore Publishing.
  • Manning, R. 1999. Crowding and Carrying Capacity in Outdoor Recreation: From Normative Standards to Standards of Quality. Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 323-34.
  • Manning, R. E. and Lime, D. W. 2000. Defining and Managing The Quality of Wilderness Recreation Experiences
  • Manning, R. 2001. Programs That Work. Visitor Experience and Resource Protection: A Framework for Managing The Carrying Capacity of National Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(1), 93-108.
  • Manning, R. E. 2002. How much is too much? Carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. In Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas. conference proceedings (pp. 306-313).
  • Manning, R., and Lawson, S. 2002. Carrying Capacity As “Informed Judgement”: The Values of Science and The Science of Values. Environmental Management, 30, 157-168.
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There are 80 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Review Articles and Editorials
Authors

Tendü Göktuğ

Gamze Kurkut

Publication Date April 22, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Göktuğ, T., & Kurkut, G. (2016). KORUNAN ALANLARDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR ZİYARETÇİ YÖNETİMİ: STRATEJİLER VE ARAÇLARIN İNCELENMESİ. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 118-131.


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