Çalışan Annelerin İş-Aile Çatışmasıyla Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada sırasıyla temel kavramlardan yola çıkılarak iş-aile çatışmasının tanımı yapılmakta, iki-yönlülüğü, nedenleri ve sonuçları irdelenmektedir. Ardından Carver, Scheier ve Weintraub’un geliştirdiği başa çıkma modeli açıklanarak çalışan annelerin uyguladığı başa çıkma yöntemlerinin iş-aile çatışmasını ve aile-iş çatışmasını yönetmedeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın ampirik bulguları literatürle paralellik sergileyen sonuçlar içermektedir. Örneğin iş-aile çatışması (İAÇ) ve aile-iş çatışması (AİÇ) arasındaki karşılıklı ilişki ve AİÇ’in İAÇ üzerindeki etkisinin İAÇ’ın AİÇ üzerindeki etkisinden fazla oluşu, uluslararası literatürde elde edilen sonuçlarla benzerlik göstermektedir. Çalışan annelerin kullandığı başa çıkma yöntemleri de çatışmanın türüne göre farklılık göstermektedir. İAÇ’ın yönetiminde etkili olduğu görülen tek strateji boyutu fonksiyonel olmayan stratejilerdir. AİÇ’in yönetiminde ise problem-odaklı, duygu odaklı ve fonksiyonel olmayan stratejilerin hepsi anlamlı azalışlar sağlamıştır.

Keywords

• İş-Aile Çatışması
• Aile-İş Çatışması
• Başa Çıkma Stratejileri
• Çalışan Anne

A Field Study on Coping Strategies of Working Mothers for Work-Family Conflict

Abstract

In this study, based on the basic concepts, the definition of work-family conflict is made and its bi-directionality, causes and consequences are examined. Next, the coping model developed by Carver, Scheier and Weintraub is explained and the effects of coping methods applied by working mothers on managing work-family conflict and family-work conflict are examined. The empirical findings of the study contain results that are in line with the literature. For example, the interrelationship between work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC) and the fact that the effect of FWC on WFC is greater than the effect of WFC on FWC is similar to the results obtained in the international literature. Coping methods used by working mothers also differ according to the type of conflict. The only strategy dimension that appears to be effective in the management of WFC is dysfunctional strategies. Problem-focused, emotion-focused, and dysfunctional strategies all provided significant reductions in the management of FWC.

Keywords

• Work-Family Conflict
• Family-Work Conflict
• Coping Strategies
• Working Mother

References

1. Acar, A. B. ve Dündar, G. (2008). İşyerinde Psikolojik Yıldırmaya (Mobbing) Maruz Kalma Sıklığı ile Demografik Özellikler Arasındaki İlişkinin Incelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 111-120.
2. Ağargün, M. Y., Beşiroğlu, L., Kıran, Ü. K., Özer, Ö. A. ve Kara, H. (2005). COPE (Başa Çıkma Tutumlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği): Psikometrik Özelliklere İlişkin Bir Ön Çalışma. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 6(4), 221-226.
3. Aguinis, H., Henle, C. A. ve Ostroff, C. (2009). Endüstri ve Örgüt Psikolojisinde Ölçüm. Editörler: Anderson, N., Öneş, D. S., Kepir Sinangil, H. ve C. Viswesvaran, Endüstri, Iş ve Örgüt Psikolojisi El Kitabı I. Cilt: Örgüt Psikolojisi, (ss. 35-61), İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
4. Akpınar-Sposito, C. (2013). Career Barriers for Women Executives and the Glass-ceiling Syndrome: The Case Study Comparison between French and Turkish Women Executives. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75(3), 488-497.
5. Anand, A. ve Vohra, V. (2020). Alleviating Employee Work-Family Conflict: Role of Organizations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 28(2), 313-332.
6. Aryee, S., Luk, V., Leung, A. ve Lo, S. (1999). Role Stressors, Interrole Conflict, and Well-being: The Moderating Influence of Spousal Support and Coping Behaviors among Employed Parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 259-278.
7. Aycan, Z. (2008). İş ve Özel Yaşam Dengesi. 17. Kalite Kongresi. http://www.kalder.org/Images/etkinliklerimiz/17kksunumlar/PROF.DR.ZEYNEP%20AYCAN.pdf. 24-26 Kasım 2008. İstanbul. (Erişim tarihi: 11.08.2010).
8. Aycan, Z. ve Eskin, M. (2005). Relative Contributions of Childcare, Spousal Support, and Organizational Support in Reducing Work-Family Conflict for Men and Women: The Case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 453-471.

9. Bartolomé, F. ve Evans, P. A. L. (1979). Professional Lives versus Private Lives: Shifting Patterns of Managerial Commitment. Organizational Dynamics, 7(4), 3-29.
10. Bayramoğlu, G. (2018). İş/Aile Sınırı Teorisi Bağlamında Kadın Akademisyenlerin İş/Yaşam Dengesinin Sağlanmasına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(68), 1722-1744.
11. Bellavia, G. M. ve Frone, M. R. (2005). Chapter 6: Work-Family Conflict. Editörler: Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K. ve M. R. Frone, Handbook of Work Stress, (ss. 113-147), California: Sage Pub.
12. Biagetti, M. ve Scicchitano, S. (2011). A Note on the Gender Wage Gap among Managerial Positions Using a Counterfactual Decomposition Approach: Sticky Floor or Glass Ceiling? Applied Economics Letters, 18(10), 939-943.
13. Bilodeau, J., Marchand, A. ve Demers, A. (2020). Psychological Distress Inequality between Employed Men and Women: A Gendered Exposure Model. SSM-Population Health, 11, 100626.
14. Bongelli, R., Fermani, A., Canestrari, C., Riccioni, I., Muzi, M., Bertolazzi, A. ve Burro, R. (2022). Italian Validation of the Situational Brief Cope Scale (I-Brief Cope). Plos One, 17(12), e0278486.
15. Brambila-Tapia, A. J. L., Martínez-Arriaga, R. J., González-Cantero, J. O., González-Becerra, V. H., Reyes-Domínguez, Y. A., Ramírez-García, M. L. ve Macías-Espinoza, F. (2023). Brief COPE Short Version (mini-COPE): A Proposal of Item and Factorial Reduction in Mexican Population. Healthcare, 11(8).
16. Brief, A. P. ve Nord, W. R. (1990). Work and the Family. Editörler: Brief A. ve W. Nord, Meanings of Occupational Work, (ss. 203-232), Lexington: Lexington Books.
17. Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman D. M., Clarkson, F. E. ve Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex-Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 28(2), 59-78.
18. Burke, R. J. ve Greenglass, E. R. (2001). Hospital Restructuring, Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Burnout among Nursing Staff. Psychology and Health, 16(5), 583-594.
19. Byron, K. (2005). A Meta-analytic Review of Work-Family Conflict and Its Antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169-198.
20. Campbell Clark, S. (2000). Work/Family Border Theory: A New Theory of Work/Family Balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770.
21. Carnero, M. A., Martinez, B. ve Sanchez-Mangas, R. (2010). Mobbing and Its Determinants: The Case of Spain. Applied Economics, 42(29), 3777-3787.
22. Carver, C. S. (1997). You Want to Measure Coping but Your Protocol’s Too Long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100.
23. Carver, C. S. ve Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View. Psychological Review, 97, 19-35.
24. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. ve Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing Coping Strategies: A Theoretically Based Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.
25. Collins, C. (2020). Who to Blame and How to Solve It: Mothers' Perceptions of Work-Family Conflict across Western Policy Regimes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(3), 849-874.
26. Christofides, L. N., Polycarpou, A. ve Vrachimis, K. (2013). Gender Wage Gaps, ‘Sticky Floors’ and ‘Glass Ceilings’ in Europe. Labour Economics, 21, 86-102.
27. Dayıoğlu, M. ve Kırdar, M. G. (2010). Türkiye’de Kadınların İşgücüne Katılımında Belirleyici Etkenler ve Eğilimler. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı ve Dünya Bankası Refah ve Sosyal Politika Analitik Çalışma Programı Çalışma Raporu. Sayı: 5, Ankara. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/403561468311115746/pdf/754670NWP0Box300Participation0Women.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 26.01.2012).
28. Dizaho, E. K., Salleh, R. ve Abdullah, A. (2016). The Impact of Work-Family Conflict on Working Mothers’ Career Development: A Review of Literature. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10(11), 328-334.
29. Dünya Bankası. (2006). Turkey Labor Market Study, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region. Report No. 33254-TR. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Resources/361616-114320150009/Labor_Study.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2013).
30. Eagle, B. W., Miles, E. W. ve Icenogle, M. L. (1997). Interrole Conflicts and the Permeability of Work and Family Domains: Are There Gender Differences? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 168-184.
31. Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender Roles and Women’s Achievement-related Decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(2), 135-172.
32. Edwards, J. R. ve Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms Linking Work and Family: Clarifying the Relationship between Work and Family Constructs. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178-199.
33. Edwards, J. R. ve Rothbard, N. P. (2004). Chapter 11: Work and Family Stress and Well-being: An Integrative Model of Person-Environment Fit within and between the Work and Family Domains. Editörler: Kossek, E. E. ve S. J. Lambert, Work and Life Integration: Organizational, Cultural, and Individual Perspectives, (ss. 211-242), London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
34. Ercan, H. (2011). Türkiye’deki Mesleki Görünüm. Ankara: ILO Yayınları. http://www.ilo.org/public/turkish/region/eurpro/ankara/areas/turkiyedemeslekigorunum.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2013)
35. Fine, C. (2011). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Yanılsaması: Zihnimiz, Toplum ve Nörocinsiyetçilik Nasıl Fark Yaratıyor? Çev.: Tanrıyar, K., İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
36. Folkman, S. (1982). An Approach to the Measurement of Coping. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 3(1), 95-107.
37. Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An Analysis of Coping in a Middle-aged Community Sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219-239.
38. Frone, M. R., Russell, M. ve Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict: Testing a Model of the Work-Family Interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65-78.
39. Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K. ve Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and Testing an Integrative Model of the Work-Family Interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 145-167.
40. Gençöz, F., Gençöz, T. ve Bozo, Ö. (2006). Hierarchical Dimensions of Coping Styles: A Study Conducted with Turkish University Students. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(5), 525-534.
41. Goode, W. J. (1960). A Theory of Role Strain. American Sociological Review, 25, 483-496.
42. Goodstein, F. D. (1994). Institutional Pressures and Strategic Responsiveness: Employer Involvement in Work-Family Issues. The Academy of Management Journal, 37(2), 350-382.
43. Gowan, M. A., Riordan, C. M. ve Gatewood, R. D. (1999). Test of a Model of Coping with Involuntary Job Loss Following a Company Closing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 75-86.
44. Greenhaus, J. H. (2008). Innovations in the Study of the Work-Family Interface: Introduction to the Special Section. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(3), 343-348.
45. Greenhaus, J. H. ve Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
46. Greenhaus, J. H. ve Powell, G. N. (2006). When Work and Family Are Allies: A Theory of Work-Family Enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72-92.
47. Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M. ve Shaw, J. D. (2003). The Relation between Work-Family Balance and Quality of Life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510-531.
48. Haar, J. M. (2006). The Downside of Coping: Work-Family Conflict, Employee Burnout and the Moderating Effects of Coping Strategies. Journal of Management and Organization, 12(2), 146-159.
49. Haar, J. M., Spell, C. S., O’Driscoll, M. P. ve Dyer, S. L. (2003). Examining the Relationship between Work-related Factors and Work-family-related Factors on Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 98-114.
50. Hoobler, J. M., Wayne, S. J. ve Lemmon, G. (2009). Bosses’ Perceptions of Family-Work Conflict and Women’s Promotability: Glass Ceiling Effects. Academy of Management Journal, 52(5), 939-957.
51. Kallasmaa, T. ve Pulver, A. (2000). The Structure and Properties of the Estonian COPE Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(5), 881-894.
52. Kapsou, M., Panayiotou, G., Kokkinos, C. M. ve Demetriou, A. G. (2010). Dimensionality of Coping: An Empirical Contribution to the Construct Validation of the Brief COPE with a Greek-speaking Sample. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 215-229.
53. Keoboualapheth, S., Sabil, S. ve Wah, T. K. (2017). Mediating Effects of Coping Strategies on the Relationship between Organizational Support and Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 3(1), 22-40.
54. Kergoat, D. (2009). Cinsiyete Dayalı İşbölümü ve Cinsiyetin Toplumsal İlişkileri. Praksis, 20(2), 9-16. Kim, Y. ve Seidlitz, L. (2002). Spirituality Moderates the Effect of Stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1377-1390.
55. Knoll, N., Rieckmann, N. ve Schwarzer, R. (2005). Coping as a Mediator between Personality and Stress Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study with Cataract Surgery Patients. European Journal of Personality, 19, 229-247.
56. Kohn, P. M. ve O’Brien, C. (1997). The Situational Response Inventory: A Measure of Adaptive Coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(1), 85-92.
57. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1-21.
58. Long, B. C. (1989). Sex-role Orientation, Coping Strategies, and Self-efficacy of Women in Traditional and Nontraditional Occupations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13(3), 307-324.
59. MacDermid, S. M. (2004). Chapter 2: (Re)considering Conflict between Work and Family. Editörler: Kossek, E. E. ve S. J. Lambert, Work and Life Integration: Organizational, Cultural, and Individual Perspectives, (ss. 19-40), London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
60. Maclean, E. I., Andrew, B. ve Eivers, A. (2021). The Motherload: Predicting Experiences of Work-interfering-with-family Guilt in Working Mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30, 169-181.
61. Matthews, R. A., Bulger, C. A. ve Barnes-Farrell, J. L. (2010). Work Social Supports, Role Stressors, and Work-Family Conflict: The Moderating Effect of Age. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(1), 78-90.
62. Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L. ve Morgan, H. (1998). Explaining Organizational Responsiveness to Work-Family Issues: The Role of Human Resource Executives as Issue Interpreters. Academy of Management Journal, 41(5), 580-592.
63. Monat, A. ve Lazarus, R. S. (1977). Stress and Coping: An Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press.
64. Morgan, H. ve Milliken, F. J. (1992). Keys to Action: Understanding Differences in Organizations’ Responsiveness to Work-and-Family Issues. Human Resource Management, 31(3), 227-248.
65. Muller, L. ve Spitz, E. (2003). Multidimensional Assessment of Coping: Validation of the Brief COPE among French Population. Encephale, 29(6), 507-518.
66. Neal, M. B. ve Hammer, L. B. (2007). Working Couples Caring for Children and Aging Parents: Effects on Work and Well-being. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
67. Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S. ve McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and Validation of Work-Family Conflict and Family-Work Conflict Scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
68. Nomaguchi, K. M. (2009). Change in Work-Family Conflict among Employed Parents between 1977 and 1997. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(1), 15-32.
69. Pearlin, L. I. ve Schooler, C. (1978). The Structure of Coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19(1), 2-21. Pelizzon, S. M. (2009). Kadının Konumu Nasıl Değişti? Feodalizmden Kapitalizme. Çev.: Sadi, İ. E. ve C. Somel, İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi.
70. Reimann, M., Marx, C. K. ve Diewald, M. (2019). Work-to-family and Family-to-work Conflicts among Employed Single Parents in Germany. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 39(5), 513-531.
71. Reimann, M., Schulz, F., Marx, C. K. ve Lükemann, L. (2022). The Family Side of Work-Family Conflict: A Literature Review of Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Family Research, 34(4), 1010-1032.
72. Reitzes, D. C. ve Mutran, E. J. (1994). Multiple Roles and Identities: Factors Influencing self-esteem among Middle-aged Working Men and Women. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(4), 313-325.
73. Rotondo, D. M., Carlson, D. S. ve Kincaid, J. F. (2003). Coping with Multiple Dimensions of Work-Family Conflict. Personnel Review, 32(3), 275-296.
74. Sica, C., Novara, C., Dorz, S. ve Sanavio, E. (1997). Coping Strategies: Evidence for Cross-cultural Differences? A Preliminary Study with the Italian Version of Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (COPE). Personality and Individual Differences, 23(6), 1025-1029.
75. Siva, N. A. (1991). İnfertilitede Stresle Baş Etme, Öğrenilmiş Güçlülük ve Depresyonun İncelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Nörolojik Bilimler ve Psikiyatri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
76. Somech, A. ve Drach-Zahavy, A. (2007). Strategies for Coping with Work-Family Conflict: The Distinctive Relationships of Gender Role Ideology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(1), 1-19.
77. Sousa, C., Kuschel, K., Brito, A. ve Gonçalves, G. (2018). Work-oriented Men and Women: Similar Levels of Work-Family Conflict and Guilt Yet Different Coping Strategies. Psychological Thought, 11(2), 195-211
78. Steiner, R. S., Krings, F. ve Wiese, B. S. (2019). Remember the Children, Honey! Spouses’ Gender‐role Attitudes and Working Mothers’ Work‐to‐family Conflict. Applied Psychology, 68(2), 250-275.
79. Su, Q. ve Jiang, M. (2023). “Ideal Employees” and “Good Wives and Mothers”: Influence Mechanism of Bi-directional Work-Family Conflict on Job Satisfaction of Female University Teachers in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1166509.
80. Thoits, P. A. (1991). On Merging Identity Theory and Stress Research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54(2), 101-112.
81. Timurturkan, M. (2020). Özel Sektörde Çalışan Yönetici Kadınların Annelik Anlatıları: Deneyimler, Beklentiler ve Annelik İdeolojileri. İnsan ve Toplum, 10(1), 107-143.
82. Tomič, M. (2012). Mobbing: The Incidence of Mobbing Activities and Differences Regarding Workplace and Gender. Megatrend Review, 9(1), 243-252.
83. TÜSİAD-KAGİDER. (2008). Türkiye’de Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği: Sorunlar, Öncelikler ve Çözüm Önerileri (“Kadın-Erkek Eşitliğine Doğru Yürüyüş: Eğitim, Çalışma Yaşamı ve Siyaset” Raporunun Güncellenmesi). http://akgul.bilkent.edu.tr/Tusiad/KADINRAPOR.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2013).
84. Uluocak, Ş. ve Aslan, C. (2011). Kadın Bakış Açısından Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri. Çanakkale: Çanakkale Kitaplığı.
85. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2013). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat 39.htm. (Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2013).
86. Voydanoff, P. (2005). Consequences of Boundary-spanning Demands and Resources for Work-to-family Conflict and Perceived Stress. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 491-503.
87. Wharton, A. S. ve Erickson, R. J. (1993). Managing Emotions on the Job and at Home: Understanding the Consequences of Multiple Emotional Roles. Academy of Management Review, 18(3), 457-486.
88. Yaman Öztürk, M. (2010). Ücretli İş ve Ücretsiz Bakım Hizmeti Ekseninde Kadın Emeği: 1980’lerden 2000’lere. Editörler: Dedeoğlu, S. ve M. Yaman Öztürk, Kapitalizm, Ataerkillik ve Kadın Emeği: Türkiye Örneği, (ss. 25-78), İstanbul: Sosyal Araştırmalar Vakfı Yayınları.
89. Zetkin, C., Krupskaya, N. ve Pieck, W. (1996). Kadın Sorunu Üzerinde Seçme Yazılar ve Clara Zetkin Üzerine. 3. Baskı, Çev.: Yarkın, İ., Ankara: İnter Yayınları.