Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanımı Çerçevesinde Rusya'nın Gürcistan, Kırım ve Ukrayna Müdahaleleri

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 28, 229 - 245, 30.11.2023

Esra Eroğuz

https://doi.org/10.47129/bartiniibf.1332479

https://izlik.org/JA64SN62PR

Abstract

Rusya’nın son müdahalesinin yarattığı Ukrayna Krizi ile birlikte uluslararası hukuk yeniden sorgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Uluslararası hukukta kuvvet kullanımı üzerinden yapılan bu sorgulama devletlerin çeşitlenen müdahale gerekçeleri üzerinden ilerlemektedir. Uluslararası hukukta kuvvet kullanımının belirli istisnaları olmasına rağmen zamanla devletlerin kuvvet kullanma nedenleri çeşitlenmiştir. İşte bu çalışma, Rusya’nın Gürcistan, Kırım ve Ukrayna müdahalelerinin gerekçelerine odaklanacaktır. Dolayısıyla, çalışma ilk olarak kuvvet kullanımının değişen içeriği üzerinde duracak, sonrasında ise Rusya özelinde, yapılan üç müdahalenin nedenleri üzerinden bir karşılaştırma yapacaktır.

Keywords

Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma , Rusya , Gürcistan , Kırım , Ukrayna

Russia's Interventions in Georgia, Crimea and Ukraine in the Framework of the Use of Force in International Law

https://izlik.org/JA64SN62PR

Abstract

The Ukrainian Crisis, triggered by Russia's latest intervention, has prompted a renewed examination of international law. This scrutiny revolves around the diverse justifications employed by states for the use of force within the realm of international law. Despite the existence of certain exceptions allowing the use of force, the reasons behind states' employment of such measures have evolved over time, becoming more multifaceted. The present study aims to focus on the rationales behind Russia's interventions in Georgia, Crimea, and Ukraine. Consequently, the investigation will initially delve into the changing nature of the use of force, followed by a comparative analysis of the reasons underlying Russia's three interventions, all within the framework of academic discourse.

Keywords

The use of force in international law , Russia , Georgia , Crimea , Ukraine

References

• Aljazeera (2022). No other Option: Excerpts of Putin’s Speech Declaring War. Erişim Tarihi: 05 Kasım 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putins-speech-declaring-war-on-ukraine-translated-excerpts
• Alpkaya, G. (1999). NATO Müdahalesi Üzerine. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Tartışma Metinleri.
• Arend, A. C. (2003). International law and the preemptive use of military force. The Washington Quarterly, 26 (2), 89-103.
• Blank, S. J. (2008). Georgia: The War Russia Lost. Military Review, 88 (6), 39-46. BM Şartı, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ekim 2022, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1
• Bothe, M. (2003). Terrorism and the Legality of Pre-emptive Force. European Journal of International Law, 14 (2), 227-240.
• Butchard, P. (2022) Ukraine Crisis: Recognition, Military Action and International Law. House of Commons Library Research Briefing, 9470, 5-30.
• Cage, S. 12 Şubat 2008. Reuters. Russia issues new warning over Kosova independence. Erişim Tarihi: 5 Kasım 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-serbia-kosovo-idUSL1262709220080212
• Clarke, W. and Herbst, J. (1996). Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention. Foreign Affairs, 75 (2), 70-85.
• Cooper, R. H. and Juliette V. K. (Eds.). (2009). Responsibility to protect: The global moral compact for the 21st century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• CSIS. 18 Mart 2014. Crimea’s Strategic Value to Russia. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ekim 2023. https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/crimeas-strategic-value-russia
• Currie, J. (1999). NATO’s Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: Making or Breaking International Law?. Canadian Yearbook of International Law 36, 303-333.
• Çakmak, C. (2009). Rusya’nın Güney Osetya Politikası, Neo- Self Determinasyon ve UCM’nin Rolü. Bilge Strateji, 1(1), 51-70.
• Derman, G. S. and Yerkinay O. (2014). Ukrayna’da Siyasi Kriz. Journal of Black Sea Studies, 42, 11-23.
• Dudau, R. A. D. U. (2014). The Ukraine crisis: Legal and energy security impacts in the Black Sea Basin. Caspian report, 69-87.
• Ereker, F. (2004). İlkçağlardan Günümüze Haklı Savaş Kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 1 (3), 1-36.
• Evans, G. (2008). Russia, Georgia and the Responsibility to Protect. Amsterdam LF, 1, 25.
• Falk, R. Ocak 2003. Le Monde Diplomatique. Olası Irak Savaşı ve Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı. Çev: M. Çakır. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ekim 2002, http://kozmopolit.com/Ocak03/Dosya/RFalkTr.html
• Forteau, M. (2015). Rescuing Nationals Abroad. (Der.) Marc W. United Kingdom: the Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law.
• France 24. (23 Aralık 2008). Russian probe accuses Georgia of genocide. Erişim Tarihi: 8 Kasım 2022, https://www.france24.com/en/20081223-russian-probe-accuses-georgia-genocide-
• Gazzini, T. (2005). The changing rules on the use of force in international law. Manchester University Press. ICSS. (1 Aralık 2001). Responsibility to Protect Report. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ekim 2022, https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/
• Keskin, F. (2002). BM ve Kuvvet Kullanma. Avrasya Dosyası, 8(1), 149-174.
• Krisch, N. Crimea and the Limits of International Law. EJIL: Talk, 10 Mart 2014.
• Kristen E. E. (2008). Defending Nationals Abroad: Assessing the Lawfulness of Forcible Hostage Rescues. Virginia Journal of International Law, 48 (2), 452-484.
• Mammadov, H. (2014). Rus Dış Politikasında Stratejik- Zihinsel Süreklilik ve Putin’in Dış Politika Doktrini. Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi İnceleme Araştırma Dizisi,16.
• Milanovic, M. 24 Şubat 2022. EJIL Talk. What is Russia’s Legal Justification for Using Force against Ukraine?. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ekim 2022, https://www.ejiltalk.org/what-is-russias-legal-justification-for-using-force-against-ukraine/
• Murphy, S. D. (1996). Humanitarian intervention: the United Nations in an evolving world order. 21, University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Murphy, S. D. (2005). The Doctrine of Preemptive Self Defence. Vill. L. Rev., 50, 699.
• Nanda, V. P. (1991). Tragedies in Northern Iraq, Liberia, Yugoslavia and Haiti- Revisiting the Validity of Humanitarian Intervention under International Law- Part I. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 20, 305.
• O’Connell, M. E. (2002). The Myth of Preemptive Self Defence. The American Society of International Law, 1-21.
• Pingeot, L. and Obenland, W. (2014). In Whose Name?: A Critical View on the Responsibility to Protect. Global Policy Forum Report. Germany.
• Roy, A. (2013). Russia, the West, and military intervention. OUP Oxford.
• Roy, A. (2014). Russian ‘deniable’intervention in Ukraine: how and why Russia broke the rules. International Affairs, 90 (6), 1255-1297.
• Shaw, M. (2008). International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Soldatkin, V. and Osborn, A. Reuters. (30 Kasım 2021). Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine. Erişim Tarihi: 8 Kasım 2022, https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/
• Taşdemir, F. (2006) Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
• The New York Times. (1 Haziran 2022). Text of Bush’s Speech at West Point. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ekim 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/01/international/text-of-bushs-speech-at-west-point.html
• The Sydney Morning Herald. (24 Şubat 2022). Transcript of Vladimir Putin’s speech announcing ‘special military operation’ in Ukraine. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ekim 2022, https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/full-transcript-of-vladimir-putin-s-speech-announcing-a-special-military-operation-20220224-p59zhq.html
• Thomson, A. WR. (2012). Doctrine of the protection of nationals abroad: rise of the non-combatant evacuation operation. Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev., 11, 627.
• Timsit, A. vd., The Washington Post (2022). Why Crimea is so important in the Russia- Ukraine War?. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ekim 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/18/crimea-russia-ukraine-war/ UNGA. (24 Ekim 2005). Resolution 60/1, 2005 World Summit Outcome.
• UNGA. (14 Aralık 1974). Definition of Aggression General Assembly Resolution 3314. Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ekim 2022, https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/da/da.html
• UNGA. (28 Şubat 2022). 11th Emergency Special Session. Erişim Tarih: 5 Kasım 2022, https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/emergency11th.shtml
• United Nations. Erişim Tarihi: 6 Kasım 2022, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.shtml
• UNSC. Resolution /1973. (17 Mart 2011). The Security Council at its 6498th meeting. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ekim 2023, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/s/res/1973-%282011%29
• Uzun, E. (2010). Haklı Savaş Düşüncesinin Batılı Kökleri: İlkçağlardan Yirminci Yüzyıla Jus ad Bellum Kavramı, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika Dergisi, 6 (21), 19-33.
• Williamson, M. (2009). Terrorism, War and International Law. England: the Ashgate International Law Series.
• Yalçınkaya, A. (2006). Rus Reelpolitiğinin Ertelediği Sorun: Kırım. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, (8), 99-113.