SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ
Öz
Bu çalışma, sosyal girişimcilik aktivitesi ile ülkelerin ulusal kültürü arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2015 Küresel Girişimcilik İzleme (GEM) çalışmasından elde edilen Sosyal Girişimcilik Etkinliği (SEA) endeksleri, iki boyutta (Başlangıç aşamasında yeni başlayan girişimciler arasında genel sosyal girişimcilik aktivitesinin ortalama yaygınlık oranı (SEA-SU-BRD) ve halen faaliyet göstermekte olan bir sosyal girişimcilik faaliyetine liderlik eden bireylerin ortalama yaygınlık oranı (SEA-OP-BRD)) ülkelerin sosyal girişimcilik faaliyetinin bir göstergesi olarak kullanılmıştır. Ülkeler arası kültürel karşılaştırma yapmak için Hofstede, GLOBE projesi ve Schwartz’ın oluşturduğu üç kültürel çerçeveden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırılmak istenen ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmak için korelasyon analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre elde edilen en önemli sonuç üç kültürel çerçevenin boyutları ile SEA-SU-BRD’nin ilişkisinin bulunamamasıdır. Yine az sayıda alt boyutun SEA-OP-BRD ile ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Bu bağlamda girişimcilik kültüründen bahsedildiği gibi bir sosyal girişimcilik kültüründen bahsetmenin oldukça zor olduğu söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei–Skillern, J. (2006). Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 30(1), 1-22.Bercovitch, J., & Elgström, O. (2011). Culture and International Mediation. J. Bercovitch içinde, Theory and Practice of International Mediation: Selected Essays (s. 228-246). New York: Routledge.Beugelsdijk, S., & Welzel, C. (2018). Dimensions and Dynamics of National Culture: Synthesizing Hofstede With Inglehart. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(10), 1469–1505.Bosma, N., Schøtt, T., Terjesen, S., & Kew, P. (2016). Special Topic Report Social entrepreneurship. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association: https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2015-report-on-social-entrepreneurship adresinden alındı.Coker, K. K., Flight, R. L., & Valle, K. N. (2017). Social Entrepreneurship: The Role of National Leadership Culture. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 125-139.Cronk, L. (2017). Culture’s Influence on Behavior: Steps Toward a Theory. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 11(1), 36-52.Davidsson, P. (1995). Culture, Structure and Regional Levels of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 7(1),41-62.Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. (1997). Values, Beliefs and Regional Variations in New Firm Formation Rates. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(2-3),179-199.Dees, J. G. (1998, Ekim 31). The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship. https://centers.fuqua.duke.edu/case/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2015/03/Article_Dees_MeaningofSocialEntrepreneurship_2001.pdf adresinden alındı.Gampelaere, C. V. (2016). The Role Of Culture in Cross-Border M&A. S. C. Whitaker içinde, Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions (s. 139-164). New Jersey: Wiley.GLOBE. (2019, Ekim 15). About the Studies. Global Leadership & Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness: https://globeproject.com/studies adresinden alındıHayton, J. C., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Review of Behavioral Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-52.Hechavarría, D. M. (2015). The Impact of Culture on National Prevalence Rates of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 1025-1052.Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=orpc adresinden alındı.House, R. J., & Javidan, M. (2004). Overview of GLOBE. R. J. House, P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, & V. Gupta içinde, Culture, Leadership, and Organizations. The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies (s. 9-28). Thousand Oaks: Sage.Huggins, R., & Thompson, P. (2014). Culture, Entrepreneurship and Uneven Development: A Spatial Analysis. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 26(9-10), 726–752.Jaén, I., Fernández-Serrano, J., Santos, F. J., & Liñán, F. (2017). Cultural Values and Social Entrepreneurship: A Cross-Country Efficiency Analysis. M. Peris-Ortiz, F. Teulon, & D. Bonet-Fernandez içinde, Social Entrepreneurship in Non-Profit and Profit Sectors (s. 31-51). Valencia: Springer.Kedmenec, I., & Strašek, S. (2017). Are Some Cultures More Favourable For Social Entrepreneurship Than Others? Economic Research, 30(1),1461-1476.Kickul, J., & Lyons, T. S. (2012). Understanding Social Entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge.Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2000). Culture, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Global Competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4),401-416.Liñán, F., & Fernández-Serrano, J. (2014). National Culture, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Different Patterns Across The European Union. Small Business Economics, 42(4),685-701.Liñán, F., Jaén, I., & Ortega, F. J. (2015). Understanding the Role of Culture and Economic Conditions in Entrepreneurship. M. Peris-Ortiz, & J. M. Merigó-Lindahl içinde, Entrepreneurship, Regional Develeopment and culture (s. 53-74). New York: Springer.Mair, J. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead . A. Fayolle, & H. Matlay içinde, Handbook of Research on Social Entrepreneurship (s. 15-28). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44.Martin, R. L., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, 29-39.McGrath, A. R., MacMillan, I. C., Yang, E. A.-Y., & Tsai, W. (1992). Does Culture Endure, or Is It Malleable? Issues for Entrepreneurial Economic Development. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(6),441-458.McGrath, R. G., & MacMillan, I. C. (1992). More Like Each Other Than Anyone Else? A Cross-Cultural Study of Entrepreneurial Perception. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(5),419-429.McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C., & Scheinberg, S. (1992). Elitists, risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualists? An Exploratory Analysis of Cultural Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(2),115-135.Minkov, M. (2013). Cross-Cultural Analysis: The Science and Art of Comparing the World's Modern Socities and Their Culture. London: Sage.Mitchell, R. K., Smith, B., Seawright, K. W., & Morse, E. A. (2000). Cross-Cultural Cognitions and the Venture Creation Decision. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(5),974-993.Morris, M. H., Davis, D. L., & Allen, J. W. (1994). Fostering Corporate Entrepreneurship: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of the Importance of Individualism versus Collectivism. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1), 65-89.Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.Nicholls, A. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press.Nicholls, A., & Cho, A. H. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship: The Structuration of a Field. A. Nicholls içinde, Socıal Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change (s. 99-118). New York: Oxford University Press.Pathak, S., & Muralidharan, E. (2014). Collectivism and Trust: Influence On Socıal And Commerical Entrpreneurship. Babsons College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, (s. 1-24). London.Puumalainen, K., Syrjä, P., Sjögrén, H., & Barraket, J. (2015). Comparing Social Entrepreneurship Across Nations: An Exploratory Study of İnstitutional Effects. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(4),276–287.Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Y. içinde, Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications (Cross Cultural Research and Methodology) (s. 85-119). California: Sage.Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work . Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48 (1), 2347 .Short, J. C., Moss, T. W., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). Research In Social Entrepreneurship: Past Contrıbutıons and Future Opportunıties. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(2), 161-194.Stephan, U., & Uhlaner, L. M. (2010). Performance-based vs Socially Supportive Culture: A Cross-national Study of Descriptive Norms and Entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8),1347–1364.Thomas, A. S., & Mueller, S. L. (2000). A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2),287-301.Triandis, H. C., & Suh, E. M. (2002). Cultural Influences on Personality. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 53(1), 133-60.Waddock, S. A., & Post, J. E. (1991). Social Entepreneurs and Catalytic Change. Public Administration Review, 51(5), 393-401.Zahra, A. S., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O., & Shulman, J. M. (2009). A Typology of Social Entrepreneurs: Motives, Search Processes and Ethical Challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519-532.Zhao, X., Li, H., & Rauch, A. (2012). Cross-Country Differences in Entrepreneurial Activity: The Role of Cultural Practice and National Wealth. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 6(4), 447–474 .
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
Türkçe
Konular
-
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Sema Yiğit
*
0000-0003-4497-7529
Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi
16 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi
25 Ekim 2019
Kabul Tarihi
16 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2020 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3
APA
Yiğit, S. (2020). SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 641-658. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448
AMA
1.Yiğit S. SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ. ASBİ. 2020;20(3):641-658. doi:10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448
Chicago
Yiğit, Sema. 2020. “SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ”. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 20 (3): 641-58. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448.
EndNote
Yiğit S (01 Eylül 2020) SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 20 3 641–658.
IEEE
[1]S. Yiğit, “SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ”, ASBİ, c. 20, sy 3, ss. 641–658, Eyl. 2020, doi: 10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448.
ISNAD
Yiğit, Sema. “SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ”. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 20/3 (01 Eylül 2020): 641-658. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448.
JAMA
1.Yiğit S. SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ. ASBİ. 2020;20:641–658.
MLA
Yiğit, Sema. “SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ”. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 20, sy 3, Eylül 2020, ss. 641-58, doi:10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448.
Vancouver
1.Sema Yiğit. SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİKTE ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ. ASBİ. 01 Eylül 2020;20(3):641-58. doi:10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448