Öz
The chronicle of the changing interpretations of the Deutorenomy in Western exegesis begins with a dictum by Jerome (340-420) and elaborate commentary in ‘De Tobia’ of Ambrose of Milan (340-397). They were the first authoritative Western theologians who strove to harmonize the sacred text with the ecclesiastical regarding on usury. Jerome contended that the prohibition of usury among brothers in Deuteronomy had been universalized by the prophets and the New Testament. Rabanus Maurus (784-856) declared that the Law, as exhibit in Deuteronomic prohibition, contains as a brother not only one who was born of the same parents or was belong to same nation, but also essentially whoever is of the same faith and who participates in the same logos. In the eyes of the Popes, especially Innocent 3 (1198-1216) required the punishment of all usurers, Jewish as well as christian, clerical as well as secular. In the fifteenth century some theologians and jurists defended the taking of usury from enemies for reasons of brotherly love. In the case of God’s enemies, usury is lawfully because this is not done for the sake of the gain but for the sate of faith.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bentham, J. (1974). Defense of Usury, Clarendon Press, New York.
- De Rover, R. (1948). Money, Banking and Credit in Mediaeval Bruges, Cambridge.
- Dempsey, B.W.S.J. (1948). Interest and usury, D.Dobson, London.
- Donald, D.W.A. (1975). Compound Interest and Annuities, Heineman Publisher, London.
- Dudden, F.H. (1935). The life and times of St. Ambrose, The Clarendon press, Oxford.
- Duns, S.J. (1963). Philosophical writings. a selection, Nelson Publ., Edinburgh.
- Evans, C.R. (2002). Mediaeval commentaries on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, Leiden.
- Kelly, J.N.D. (1975). Jerome: his life, writings, and controversies, Duckworth, London.
- KMŞ Kutsal Kitap (2004). Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi, İstanbul.
- Morino, C. (1959). Church and state in the teaching of St. Ambrose, Catholic University of America Press, Washington.
- McInerny, R. (1992). Aquinas On Human Action: A Theory Of Practice, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, Washington.
- Mumhy, F.X. (1952). A monument to Saint Jerome; essays on some aspects of his life, works, and influence, Cardinal Tisserant Publ., New York, Sheed & Ward.
- Noth, M. (1981). The Deutoronomistic History, Sheffield Press, New York.
- Pica, J.N. (1962). The Banking and Finance Among Jews in Renaissance Italy, Bloch Pub, New York
- Rover, R. (1974). Business banking, and economic thought in late medieval and early modern Europe, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Ryn, F.W. (1924). Usury and Usury Laws, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
- Shatzmiller, J. (1990). Shylock Reconsidered: Jews Moneylending and Medieval Society, University of California Pres.
- Wiesen, D.S. (1964). St. Jerome as a satirist; a study in Christian Latin thought and letters, Cornell University Press, New York.
- Yıldırım, M.H. (2010). Yahudi ve Hıristyan Kaynaklarında Tanrı İmgesi, İstanbul.
Öz
Tevrat’ın besinci kitabı olan Tesniye’nin Batıdaki degisen yorumlarının tarihsel sırasına göre kaydının tutulması, Jerome’nin (340-420) mütalaasıyla ve Milan’lı Ambrose’nin ayrıntılı yorumlarının da bulundugu ‘De Tobia’ isimli kitabıyla baslamıstır. Jerome ve Ambrose, tefecilik konusunda kutsal metinler ile kilise hukugunu uyumlu kılmaya çalısan ilk yetkili ve güvenilir Batılı ilahiyatçılardır. Jerome, Tesniye’nin kardesler arasına getirdigi tefecilik yasagının, nebiler ve Yeni Ahit tarafından evrensellestirilmis olmasından çok hosnut kalmıstır. Rabbanus Maurus (784-856), Tesniye’de sergilenen tefecilik yasasının dayandıgı kardes anlayısının, yalnızca aynı ana ve babadan olan veya aynı ulusu olusturan kimseleri kapsamadıgını, bununla birlikte esas olarak aynı inanca sahip olan ve aynı söze baglanan kisileri içine aldıgını bildirmistir. Papaların gözünde, özellikle de 3. Innocent’in (1198-1216) bakıs açısına göre, İsrailli ya da hristiyan olduguna bakılmaksızın, din görevlisi olan ya da diye bir ayrım yapılmaksızın, bütün tefecilerin toplanarak cezalandırılması gerekmektedir. On besinci asra gelindiginde ise, bazı ilahiyatçılar ve hukukçular, kardeslige özgü sevgiden dolayı düsmanlardan faiz alınması gerektigini açıkça savunmaya baslamıslardır. Tanrının düsmanları söz konusu oldugunda, her fazladan para kazanç maksadını tasımak yerine inancın ugruna alındıgı için, bütünüyle yasal görünmüstür.
Kaynakça
- Bentham, J. (1974). Defense of Usury, Clarendon Press, New York.
- De Rover, R. (1948). Money, Banking and Credit in Mediaeval Bruges, Cambridge.
- Dempsey, B.W.S.J. (1948). Interest and usury, D.Dobson, London.
- Donald, D.W.A. (1975). Compound Interest and Annuities, Heineman Publisher, London.
- Dudden, F.H. (1935). The life and times of St. Ambrose, The Clarendon press, Oxford.
- Duns, S.J. (1963). Philosophical writings. a selection, Nelson Publ., Edinburgh.
- Evans, C.R. (2002). Mediaeval commentaries on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, Leiden.
- Kelly, J.N.D. (1975). Jerome: his life, writings, and controversies, Duckworth, London.
- KMŞ Kutsal Kitap (2004). Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi, İstanbul.
- Morino, C. (1959). Church and state in the teaching of St. Ambrose, Catholic University of America Press, Washington.
- McInerny, R. (1992). Aquinas On Human Action: A Theory Of Practice, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, Washington.
- Mumhy, F.X. (1952). A monument to Saint Jerome; essays on some aspects of his life, works, and influence, Cardinal Tisserant Publ., New York, Sheed & Ward.
- Noth, M. (1981). The Deutoronomistic History, Sheffield Press, New York.
- Pica, J.N. (1962). The Banking and Finance Among Jews in Renaissance Italy, Bloch Pub, New York
- Rover, R. (1974). Business banking, and economic thought in late medieval and early modern Europe, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Ryn, F.W. (1924). Usury and Usury Laws, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
- Shatzmiller, J. (1990). Shylock Reconsidered: Jews Moneylending and Medieval Society, University of California Pres.
- Wiesen, D.S. (1964). St. Jerome as a satirist; a study in Christian Latin thought and letters, Cornell University Press, New York.
- Yıldırım, M.H. (2010). Yahudi ve Hıristyan Kaynaklarında Tanrı İmgesi, İstanbul.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Ekim 2011 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 30 Ekim 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2011 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
E-posta: sbedergi@ibu.edu.tr