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PROPAGANDA AND MYSTICISM: ENGLAND’S MESOPOTAMIA OPERATION AND KÛT'ÜL AMÂRE SIEGE ACCORDING TO THE WAR ILLUSTRATED

Year 2022, Issue: 24, 285 - 299, 01.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.33431/belgi.1065156

Abstract

The War Illustrated magazine, which debuted on August 22, 1914 and began publishing in London, was released by William Berry, who would later dismiss the publishing rights of The Daily Telegraph. The War Illustrated, which began just after the British entering the First World War and continued to be published until 1919, is at the top of the list of military / visual publications with a great reputation in British press history, reaching a record circulation for that period of 750,000. The War Illustrated, which presented a unique panorama of England's major military activities in the First World War with photographs and illustrations, presents a projection of the activities of Ottoman military units in Mesopotamia at the same time as giving a broad place to military developments in the Middle East. In fact, the Mesopotamian campaign aimed at defending the domain of Britain from the Syrian to the Iranian border was carried out mostly in the conflicts in Iraqi territory. As it is known, the military advance of the British army from Basra to Baghdad, which was administered from the headquarters in India, directed the Ottoman Empire to an intensive defense strategy aiming to maintain its presence. In addition, Küt’ül Amâre, which was regarded as a great defeat in British military history, revealed the need for a more serious military presence for England to be able to hold on to the Middle East geography in the First World War. At this point, the military strategies developed by the British army against the Ottoman army in the Mesopotamian operation, the risks and decisions taken by the important military figures in this operation will be tried to be examined in the case of the unique collection provided by The War Illustrated magazine.

References

  • BİRN, Donald S., “The War of Words, The British Council and Cultural propaganda in the 1930’s”, Peace and Change, Vol. 14, No. 2, (1989), ss.176-190.
  • COHEN, Stuart, “Mesopotamia in British Strategy, 1903-1914”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, (Apr., 1978), ss. 171-181.
  • DANE, Edmund, British Campaigns in the Nearer East 1914-1918, From the Outbreak of War With Turkey to the Taking of Jerusalem, Hodder and Strouhgton, London, New York, Toronto, (t.y.).
  • DAVİS, Paul Kevin, British-Indian Strategy and Policy in Mesopotamia November 1914-April 1916, PhD Thesis, Kings College The University of London, 1981.
  • DYER, Gwynne, The Mesopotamia Campaign to the Fall of Kut-El Amara: November 1914-April 1916, Master Thesis, Rice University, 1966.
  • GARDNER, Nicolas, “British Prestige and the Mesopotamia Campaigne, 1914-1916”, The Historian, Vol. 77, No. 2, (Summer 2015), ss.269-289.
  • https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda (Erişim, 20.09.2017).
  • KAYMAZ, İhsan Ş., Musul Sorunu Emperyalizm ve Kürtler, Kaynak Yayınları, İstanbul, 2014.
  • KENT, Marian, “Great Britain and the End of the Ottoman Empire”, içinde, (Edt.) Marian Kent, Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, Frank Cass, London, 1996, ss. 165-199.
  • KLİMAN, Aaron S., “Britain’s War Aims in the Middle East in 1915”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 3, The Middle East, (Jul., 1968), ss.237-251.
  • LASSWELL, Harold D, Propaganda Technique in the World War, Peter Smith, New York, 1938.
  • MARQUİS, Alice Goldfarb, “Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany During the First World War”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 3, (Jul., 1978), ss. 467-498.
  • MARTİN, Michele, Images at War: Illustrated Periodicals and Constructed Nations, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2006.
  • PUTNİS, Peter &Kerry McCallum, “Reuters, Propaganda-Inspired News, and the Australian Press During the First World War”, Media History, Vol. 19, No. 3, (2013), ss. 284-304.
  • ROGAN, Eugene, The Fall of the Ottomans, The Great War in the Middle East, Basic Books, New York, 2015.
  • SABİS, Ali İhsan, Harp Hatıralarım Birinci Cihan Harbi, c. 2, Nehir Yayınları, İstanbul, 1990.
  • SAKİN, Serdar, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Irak Cephesinde Osmanlı Devleti ile İngiltere Arasındaki Çarpışmalar (1915)”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, C. 4, S. 7, (Kış 2010), ss. 133-152.
  • SANDERS, M. L., “Wellington House and British Propaganda During the First World War”, The Historical Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, (Mar., 1975), ss. 119-146.
  • SAYGI, Tarık, İngiliz Generali Townshend ve Türkler, Paraf Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • SWAYNE, Martin, In Mesopotamia, Hodder and Stoughton, London, New York, Toronto, 1917.
  • THOMSON, William Fletcher, “Propaganda and the Civil War, The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 46, No. 1, (Autumn, 1962), ss. 21-31.
  • TUNCER, Hüner, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Sonu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı, Kaynak Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • TÜRKMEN, Zekeriya, “Birinci Dünya Harbinde Irak Cephesinde Türk-İngiliz Mücadelesi”, içinde, (Edt.) Zekeriya Türkmen, 1914’ten 2014’e 100’üncü Yılında Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nı Anlamak Uluslararası Sempozyum, 20-21 Kasım 2014, İstanbul, Harp akademileri Basımevi, ss. 381-435.
  • Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates, “ The British Occupation of Mesopotamia, 1914-1922”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, (2007), ss. 349-377.
  • UMAR, Ömer Osman, “İngiltere’nin Irak Politikası (1900-1918)”, içinde, (Haz.) Orhan Neçare, Kut’ül Amâre Zaferi’nin 100. Yılı Münasebetiyle I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Irak Cephesi Uluslararası Sempozyumu 28-29 Nisan 2016, Mardin, Bildiriler, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara, 2016, ss. 559-603.

PROPAGANDA VE MİSTİSİZM: THE WAR ILLUSTRATED’A GÖRE İNGİLTERE’NİN MEZOPOTAMYA HAREKÂTI VE KÛT’ÜL AMÂRE KUŞATMASI

Year 2022, Issue: 24, 285 - 299, 01.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.33431/belgi.1065156

Abstract

İlk sayısı 22 Ağustos 1914 tarihinde çıkan ve Londra’da yayın hayatına başlayan The War Illustrated, daha sonraki yıllarda The Daily Telegraph gazetesinin de yayın haklarını eline alacak olan William Berry tarafından çıkarılmıştır. İngiltere’nin Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na girmesinin hemen ardından başlayıp 1919 yılına kadar yayınlanmaya devam eden The War Illustrated 750.000 gibi o dönem için rekor bir tiraja ulaşarak İngiliz basın tarihinde büyük üne sahip askeri/görsel alanda yayınlanan dergilerin başında gelmektedir. İngiltere’nin Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndaki önemli askeri faaliyetlerinin fotoğraf ve çizimlerle anlatıldığı benzersiz bir panorama sunan The War Illustrated Ortadoğu’daki askeri gelişmelere geniş bir yer vermesiyle aynı zamanda Osmanlı askeri birliklerinin Mezopotamya’daki faaliyetlerinin izdüşümünü sunmaktadır. Esasen İngiltere’nin etki alanını Suriye’den İran sınırına kadar olan bölgede tahkim etme amacını taşıyan Mezopotamya Harekâtı, daha çok Irak topraklarında yaşanan çarpışmalarla yürütülmüştür. Bilindiği üzere, Hindistan’daki karargâhtan sevk ve idare edilen İngiliz ordusunun Basra’dan başlayarak Bağdat’a kadar olan ilerleyişi bölgedeki varlığını sürdürmeyi amaçlayan Osmanlı Devleti’ni yoğun bir savunma stratejisine sevk etmiştir. Bunun yanında İngiliz askeri tarihçiliğinde büyük bir yenilgi olarak kabul edilen Kût’ül Amâre olayı Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda İngiltere’nin özellikle Ortadoğu coğrafyasında tutunabilmesi için daha ciddi bir askeri varlığa olan ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu noktada, İngiltere ordusunun Mezopotamya Harekâtında Osmanlı Ordusu’na karşı geliştirdiği askeri stratejiler, bu harekâtta görev alan önemli askeri şahsiyetlerin aldıkları riskler ve kararlar The War Illustrated dergisinin sağladığı eşsiz koleksiyon örneğinde incelenmeye çalışılacaktır.

References

  • BİRN, Donald S., “The War of Words, The British Council and Cultural propaganda in the 1930’s”, Peace and Change, Vol. 14, No. 2, (1989), ss.176-190.
  • COHEN, Stuart, “Mesopotamia in British Strategy, 1903-1914”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, (Apr., 1978), ss. 171-181.
  • DANE, Edmund, British Campaigns in the Nearer East 1914-1918, From the Outbreak of War With Turkey to the Taking of Jerusalem, Hodder and Strouhgton, London, New York, Toronto, (t.y.).
  • DAVİS, Paul Kevin, British-Indian Strategy and Policy in Mesopotamia November 1914-April 1916, PhD Thesis, Kings College The University of London, 1981.
  • DYER, Gwynne, The Mesopotamia Campaign to the Fall of Kut-El Amara: November 1914-April 1916, Master Thesis, Rice University, 1966.
  • GARDNER, Nicolas, “British Prestige and the Mesopotamia Campaigne, 1914-1916”, The Historian, Vol. 77, No. 2, (Summer 2015), ss.269-289.
  • https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda (Erişim, 20.09.2017).
  • KAYMAZ, İhsan Ş., Musul Sorunu Emperyalizm ve Kürtler, Kaynak Yayınları, İstanbul, 2014.
  • KENT, Marian, “Great Britain and the End of the Ottoman Empire”, içinde, (Edt.) Marian Kent, Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, Frank Cass, London, 1996, ss. 165-199.
  • KLİMAN, Aaron S., “Britain’s War Aims in the Middle East in 1915”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 3, The Middle East, (Jul., 1968), ss.237-251.
  • LASSWELL, Harold D, Propaganda Technique in the World War, Peter Smith, New York, 1938.
  • MARQUİS, Alice Goldfarb, “Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany During the First World War”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 3, (Jul., 1978), ss. 467-498.
  • MARTİN, Michele, Images at War: Illustrated Periodicals and Constructed Nations, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2006.
  • PUTNİS, Peter &Kerry McCallum, “Reuters, Propaganda-Inspired News, and the Australian Press During the First World War”, Media History, Vol. 19, No. 3, (2013), ss. 284-304.
  • ROGAN, Eugene, The Fall of the Ottomans, The Great War in the Middle East, Basic Books, New York, 2015.
  • SABİS, Ali İhsan, Harp Hatıralarım Birinci Cihan Harbi, c. 2, Nehir Yayınları, İstanbul, 1990.
  • SAKİN, Serdar, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Irak Cephesinde Osmanlı Devleti ile İngiltere Arasındaki Çarpışmalar (1915)”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, C. 4, S. 7, (Kış 2010), ss. 133-152.
  • SANDERS, M. L., “Wellington House and British Propaganda During the First World War”, The Historical Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, (Mar., 1975), ss. 119-146.
  • SAYGI, Tarık, İngiliz Generali Townshend ve Türkler, Paraf Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • SWAYNE, Martin, In Mesopotamia, Hodder and Stoughton, London, New York, Toronto, 1917.
  • THOMSON, William Fletcher, “Propaganda and the Civil War, The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 46, No. 1, (Autumn, 1962), ss. 21-31.
  • TUNCER, Hüner, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Sonu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı, Kaynak Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • TÜRKMEN, Zekeriya, “Birinci Dünya Harbinde Irak Cephesinde Türk-İngiliz Mücadelesi”, içinde, (Edt.) Zekeriya Türkmen, 1914’ten 2014’e 100’üncü Yılında Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nı Anlamak Uluslararası Sempozyum, 20-21 Kasım 2014, İstanbul, Harp akademileri Basımevi, ss. 381-435.
  • Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates, “ The British Occupation of Mesopotamia, 1914-1922”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, (2007), ss. 349-377.
  • UMAR, Ömer Osman, “İngiltere’nin Irak Politikası (1900-1918)”, içinde, (Haz.) Orhan Neçare, Kut’ül Amâre Zaferi’nin 100. Yılı Münasebetiyle I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Irak Cephesi Uluslararası Sempozyumu 28-29 Nisan 2016, Mardin, Bildiriler, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara, 2016, ss. 559-603.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Resul Babaoğlu 0000-0001-6859-0287

Publication Date July 1, 2022
Submission Date January 30, 2022
Acceptance Date April 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 24

Cite

Chicago Babaoğlu, Resul. “PROPAGANDA VE MİSTİSİZM: THE WAR ILLUSTRATED’A GÖRE İNGİLTERE’NİN MEZOPOTAMYA HAREKÂTI VE KÛT’ÜL AMÂRE KUŞATMASI”. Belgi Dergisi, no. 24 (July 2022): 285-99. https://doi.org/10.33431/belgi.1065156.

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