THE CENTER THAT COULD NOT HOLD ALL: THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL POLICIES İN FRANCE

Abstract

As the homeland of centralized unitary administration, in France the departments have been the prominent level of administration since 1804. During the II. World War, the need for region was generally accepted and even security regions inaugurated; nonetheless, the post-war welfare state policies hindered implementations in this direction. The establishment of the European Regional Development Funds in 1974 gave a new impetus for the development of region in France. As a result of both local demands and EU effect, in 1982, France initiated a radical reform in favor of regions including initiation of elected regional assemblies. The positive outcomes of the reform to overcome administrative defects paved the way for more radical developments which ended in constitutional amendment in 2003 which defines France as ‘decentralized republic’

Keywords

• France, European Union, centralization, decentralization, region

MERKEZİYETÇİLİĞİN MERKEZİNDE ADEMİ – MERKEZİLEŞME: FRANSA’ DA BÖLGESEL POLİTİKALARIN GELİŞMESİ

Abstract

Merkeziyetçi yönetimin anavatanı olan Fransa’da asli yönetim kademesi 1804 yılından beri ildir. II. Dünya savaşı esnasında ilüstü (bölge) kademesine duyulan ihtiyaç görülmüş olmasına rağmen savaş sonrasında refah devleti yönündeki uygulamalar bu yönde somut adımlar atılmasını engellemiştir. 1974 yılında AB’nin Avrupa Bölgesel Kalkınma Fonlarını ihdas etmesi içeride bölge yönündeki taleplere önemli bir ivme kazandırmıştır ve 1982 yılında iç ve dış şartların teşvik etmesi ile Fransa radikal sayılabilecek bir bölgesel reform ile seçilmiş meclisleri olan bölge kademesini idari sisteme dahil etmiştir. Hem bu reformla elde edilen olumlu sonuçlar hem de ulusaltı ve ulusüstü (AB) faktörlerin etkisiyle Fransa 2003 yılında yaptığı anayasa değişliği ile ademi merkeziyetçi cumhuriyet yönetim modelini kabul etmiştir

Keywords

• Fransa, Avrupa Birliği, merkeziyetçilik, ademi merkezileşme, bölge

References

1. Allen, David (2000), ‘Cohesion and Structural Fund’ ed: Helen Wallace and William Wallace Policy Making in the European Union. Oxford University Press.
2. Armstrong, W. Harvey (1995) ‘’ The Role and Evolution of European Community Regional Policy’’ pp: 21-57. The European Union and The Regions. Barry Jones and Michael Keating. Clarendon Press Oxford
3. Bailey, David & De Propris, Lisa (2002), ”EU Structural Funds, Regional Capabilities and Enlargement: Towards Multi-Level Governance?”, Journal of European Integration, 24: 4, 303 – 324.
4. Balme, Richard (1995), “French Regionalization and European Integration: Territorial Adaptation and Change in a Unitary State.
5. Bullmann, Udo. (1996), The Politics of the Third Level, Regional and Federal Studies, Vol.6, No.2, pp.3–19.
6. Cole, A. & Jones, G. (2005). ‘Reshaping The State: Administrative Reform and New Public Management in France’, Governance 18, 4: 567–88.
7. Cole, A. & Loughlin, J. (2003). ‘Beyond the Unitary State? Public Opinion, Political Institutions and Public Policy in Brittany’, Regional Studies 37,3: 265–76 Cole, Alastair (2008).Governing and Governance in France.Cambridge University Press.
8. Douence, Jean-Claude (1995). “The Evolution of the 1982 Regional Reforms: An Overview’’, The End of The French Unitary State Ten Yerars of Regionalization in France (1982-1992), John Loughlin and Sonia Mazey, Frank Cass, London. Downs,1995:122).

9. Dupoirier, Elisabeth (1995). “The First Regioanal Political Elites in France (1986-1992): A Profile”, The End of The French Unitary State Ten Yerars of Regionalization in France (1982-1992), John Loughlin and Sonia Mazey, Frank Cass, London.
10. Gilbert, Guy (1995). “The Finances of the French Regions in the Retrospect”, The End of The French Unitary State Ten Yerars of Regionalization in France (1982-1992), John Loughlin and Sonia Mazey, Frank Cass, London.
11. Hepburn, Eve (2008). “The Rise and Fall of a 'Europe of the Regions’’, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol. 18: 5, ss.537-555.
12. Hintjens, Helen (1991). “Regional Reform in the French Periphery: The Overseas Departments of Reunion, Martinique and Guadeloupe”, Regional & Federal Studies, 1: 1, 51 — 73
13. Jeffery, Charlie (2006). “Devolution and Social Citizenship: Which Society, Whose Citizenship?”, Territory, Democracy and Justice Regionalism and Federalism in Western Democracies, Palgrave Macmillan Press, ss.67-92.
14. Jouve, Bernard (2000). Metropolitan Government and New Forms of Legitimacy in France: The Example of Lyons, Regional and Federal Studies, Vol.10:3 ss. 45-60.
15. Keating, Michael (1995) “Europeanism and Regionalism’’ The European Union and The Regions, Ed: Barry Jones and Michael Keating, Clarendon Press Oxford.
16. Loughlin, John (2007), Subnational Government The French Experience. Palgrave Macmillan press.
17. Loughlin, John & Seiler Daniel (2001), “France: Between Centralization and Fragmentation”, Subnational Democracy in the European Union-Challenges and Opportunities by John Loughlin With the collaboration of Eliseo Aja, Udo Bullmann, Frank Hendriks, Anders Lidström, Daniel-L. Seiler ss.185- 211.
18. Mairate, Andrea (2006), “The 'Added Value' of European Union Cohesion Policy”, Regional Studies, Vol. 40: 2, ss.167- 177.
19. Mazey, Sonia (1995), “French Regions and The European Union”, The End of The French Unitary State Ten Yerars of Regionalization in France (1982-1992), John Loughlin and Sonia Mazey, Frank Cass, London.
20. Meny, Yves (1984), “Decentralisation in Socialist France: The Politics of Pragmatism”, West European Politics, Vol.7, No.1 ss.65-79.
21. Nalbant, Atilla (1997), Üniter Devlet, Bölgeseselleşmeden Küreselleşmeye, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul
22. Pasquier, Romain (2005), ''Cognitive Europeanization' and The Territorial Effects of Multilevel Policy Transfer: Local Development in French and Spanish Regions”, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol: 15: 3, ss.295-310.
23. Schmidt, Vivien (1996), From State to Market: The Transformation of French Business and Government . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
24. Shrijver, Frans J.(2004), “Electoral Performance of Regionalist Parties and Perspectives on Regional Identity in France”, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol:14: 2, ss.187-210.
25. Smith, Andy (1996), “The French Case: The Exception or the Rule?”, Regional & Federal Studies, Vol:6: 2, ss.117-130.
26. Sutcliffe, John B. (2000), “The 1999 Reform of the Structural Fund Regulations: Multi-level Governance or Renationalisation?”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol.7, No.2,ss.290–309.
27. Wagstaff, Peter (1999), Regionalism in Europe. Intellect Books.
28. Wincott, Daniel (1996), “Federalism and European Union. The Scope and Limits of Treaty of Maastricht”, International Political Science Review. Vol.17 No.4 ss.403-415.
29. Wright, Vincent and Yves Meny (1985), Centre-Periphery Relations in Western Europe.. George Allen Unwin , London