Sağlık Harcamaları, Hükümet Etkinliği ve Beklenen Yaşam Süresi: OECD Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar

Year 2021, , 65 - 97, 20.12.2021

Halim Tatlı , Doğan Barak

https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.735419

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Sağlık sonuçlarını etkileyen birçok farklı etken vardır. Bu etkenlerden bazıları sağlık sonuçlarını iyileştirirken bazıları ise sağlık sonuçlarını kötüleştirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 2002-2019 dönemi için 35 OECD (Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü) ülkesinde yönetişim göstergelerinden olan hükümet etkinliğinin yanında kişi başına gelirin, kişi başına sağlık harcamalarının ve eğitimin beklenen yaşam süresi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda serilerin durağanlık özellikleri Pesaran (2007) tarafından önerilen CIPS (yatay kesitsel genişletilmiş Im, Pesaran, Shin) testi ile incelenmiştir. Durbin-Hausman (D-H) testi ile değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki incelenmiş ve uzun dönem katsayı tahminleri için Panel ARDL tahmincilerinden Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup (PMG) metodu uygulanmıştır. D-H eşbütünleşme testi, beklenen yaşam süresi, kişi başına gelir, kişi başına sağlık harcamaları, hükümet etkinliği ve eğitim arasında uzun dönemde ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. PMG tahmincisi, beklenen yaşam süresini iyileştirmede kişi başına gelirin, kişi başına sağlık harcamalarının, hükümet etkinliğinin ve eğitimin olumlu etkisi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar ampirik çalışmaların sonuçlarını doğrular niteliktedir. 

Keywords

Beklenen yaşam süresi, sağlık harcamaları, hükümet etkinliği, Panel ARDL Yöntemi

Health Expenditure, Government Effectiveness and Life Expectancy: New Evidence from OECD Countries

Abstract

There are many different factors that affect health outcomes. Some of these factors improve health outcomes, while others worsen health outcomes. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of per capita income, per capita health expenditures and education on life expectancy, as well as government effectiveness, which is one of the governance indicators in 35 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) countries for the period 2002-2019. For this purpose, the stationarity properties of the series is examined with the CIPS (cross-sectionally augmented Im-Pesaran-Shin (CIPS)) test proposed by Pesaran (2007). The long-term relationship between the variables is examined with the Durbin-Hausman (D-H) test and the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method, one of the Panel ARDL estimators, was applied for long-term coefficient estimations. The D-H cointegration test revealed a long-term relationship between life expectancy, per capita income, per capita health expenditures, government effectiveness, and education. The PMG estimator found that per capita income, per capita health expenditures, government effectiveness and education has a positive impact on improving life expectancy. The results obtained confirm the results of empirical studies.

Keywords

life expectancy, health expenditures, government effectiveness, panel ARDL approach

References

• Abdulganiyu, S., & Tijjani, M. (2021). Healthcare Expenditure and Life Expectancy in Africa: A Panel Study. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 1-9.
• Ahmad, R., & Hasan, J. (2016). Public health expenditure, governance and health outcomes in Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 50(1), 29-40.
• Ahmed, A., Uddin, G. S., & Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass energy, technological progress and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from selected European countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, 90, 202-208.
• Akinlo, A. E., & Sulola, A. O. (2019). Health care expenditure and infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(1), 168-178.
• Al‐Azri, M., Al‐Mamari, F., & Mondal, S. (2020). Healthcare expenditure and health outcome nexus: Exploring the evidences from Oman. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), e2329.
• Ali, A., & Ahmad, K. (2014). The impact of socio-economic factors on life expectancy for sultanate of Oman: An empirical analysis. MPRA_paper_70871.pdf, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/70871/
• Alimi, O. Y., & Ajide, K. B. (2020). The role of institutions in environment–health outcomes nexus: empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Change and Restructuring, 1-48.
• Ampon-Wireko, S. (2020). The role of governance and health expenditure on health outcome: Empirical evidence from selected emerging economies. Journal of Health and Medical Research, S(5), 48-48.
• Anser, M. K., Apergis, N., & Syed, Q. R. (2021). Impact of economic policy uncertainty on CO2 emissions: evidence from top ten carbon emitter countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.
• Arthur, E., & Oaikhenan, H. E. (2017). The effects of health expenditure on health outcomes in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). African Development Review, 29(3), 524-536.
• Asemane, Z., Emamgholipour, S., & Rshidian, A. (2015). Governance and public health outcome in OPEC countries. Int J Rev Life Sci, 5(10), 855-60.
• Atasoy, B. S. (2017). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis across the US: Evidence from panel mean group estimators. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 731-747.
• Baltagi, Badi H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Barenberg, A. J., Basu, D., & Soylu, C. (2017). The effect of public health expenditure on infant mortality: evidence from a panel of Indian states, 1983–1984 to 2011–2012. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(10), 1765-1784.
• Baş, H., & Kocakaya, M. E. (2020). Identifying the relationship between health expenditures and life expectancy at birth: A Cointegration analysis for MENA countries. In Multidimensional perspectives and global analysis of universal health coverage (pp. 285-308). IGI Global.
• Blazquez-Fernández, C., Cantarero-Prieto, D., & Pascual-Saez, M. (2017). Health expenditure and socio-economic determinants of life expectancy in the OECD Asia/Pacific area countries. Applied Economics Letters, 24(3), 167-169.
• Bokhari, F. A., Gai, Y., & Gottret, P. (2007). Government health expenditures and health outcomes. Health economics, 16(3), 257-273.
• Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
• Chan, E. Y., Cheng, D., & Martin, J. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on excess mortality, life expectancy, and years of life lost in the United States. PloS one, 16(9), e0256835.
• Chen, Z., Ma, Y., Hua, J., Wang, Y., & Guo, H. (2021). Impacts from economic development and environmental factors on life expectancy: A comparative study based on data from both developed and developing countries from 2004 to 2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8559.
• Chireshe, J., & Ocran, M. K. (2020). Health care expenditure and health outcomes in sub‐Saharan African countries. African Development Review, 32(3), 349-361.
• Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence. Working Paper 12352, https://www.nber.org/papers/w12352.
• Çağlayan-Akay, E., & Oskonbaeva, Z. (2021). Socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health outcomes: The case of transition economies. Problemy Ekorozwoju, 16(2), 94-107.
• Danish, -, Ulucak, R. (2020). How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS economies. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 136504.
• Davies, N. M., Dickson, M., Smith, G. D., Van Den Berg, G. J., & Windmeijer, F. (2018). The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(2), 117-125.
• Doucouliagos, C., Hennessy, J., & Mallick, D. (2021). Health aid, governance and infant mortality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 184(2), 761-783.
• Dünya Bankası (2019). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
• Farag, M., Nandakumar, A. K., Wallack, S., Hodgkin, D., Gaumer, G., & Erbil, C. (2013). Health expenditures, health outcomes and the role of good governance. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 13(1), 33-52.
• Gallet, C. A., & Doucouliagos, H. (2017). The impact of healthcare spending on health outcomes: A meta-regression analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 179, 9-17.
• Hu, B., & Mendoza, R. U. (2013). Public health spending, governance and child health outcomes: revisiting the links. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 14(2), 285-311.
• Ibukun, C. O. (2021). The role of governance in the health expenditure–health outcomes nexus: insights from West Africa. International Journal of Social Economics. 48(4), 557-570
• Issa, H., & Ouattara, B. (2005). The effect of private and public health expenditure on infant mortality rates: does the level of development matters. Economics Department, University Of Wales Swansea, United Kingdom. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.63.9133&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Jaba, E., Balan, C. B., & Robu, I. B. (2014). The relationship between life expectancy at birth and health expenditures estimated by a cross-country and time-series analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, 108-114.
• Kafili, V., & Ghasemzade, M. (2019). The role of good governance in the influence of government expenditure on health. The Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 23(4), 137-161.
• Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: A Summary of Methodology, Data and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430
• Kim, T. K., & Lane, S. R. (2013). Government health expenditure and public health outcomes: A comparative study among 17 countries and implications for US health care reform. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(9), 8-13.
• Kiross, G. T., Chojenta, C., Barker, D., & Loxton, D. (2020). The effects of health expenditure on infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel data analysis. Health economics review, 10(1), 1-9.
• Klomp, J., & De Haan, J. (2008). Effects of governance on health: A cross‐national analysis of 101 countries. Kyklos, 61(4), 599-614.
• Langnel, Z., & Buracom, P. (2020). Governance, health expenditure and infant mortality in sub‐Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 32(4), 673-685.
• Linden, M., & Ray, D. (2017). Life expectancy effects of public and private health expenditures in OECD countries 1970–2012: Panel time series approach. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56, 101-113.
• Lone, T. A., Sheereen, Z., Dar, J. A., & Lone, P. A. (2021). Does health expenditure affect health outcomes? A cointegration based approach to the Indian healthcare system. International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 7(3), 227-240.
• Lopreite, M., & Zhu, Z. (2020). The effects of ageing population on health expenditure and economic growth in China: A Bayesian-VAR approach. Social Science & Medicine, 265, 113513.
• Luy, M., Zannella, M., Wegner-Siegmundt, C., Minagawa, Y., Lutz, W., & Caselli, G. (2019). The impact of increasing education levels on rising life expectancy: a decomposition analysis for Italy, Denmark, and the USA. Genus, 75(1), 1-21.
• Makuta, I., & O’Hare, B. (2015). Quality of governance, public spending on health and health status in Sub Saharan Africa: a panel data regression analysis. BMC public health, 15(1), 1-11.
• Manyika, W., Gonah, L., Hanvongse, A., Shamu, S., & January, J. (2019). Health financing: Relationship between public health expenditure and maternal mortality in Zimbabwe between the years 1980 to 2010. Medical Journal of Zambia, 46(1), 61-70.
• Marois, G., Muttarak, R., & Scherbov, S. (2020). Assessing the potential impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy. PLoS One, 15(9), e0238678.
• Maruthappu, M., Ng, K. Y. B., Williams, C., Atun, R., Agrawal, P., & Zeltner, T. (2015). The association between government healthcare spending and maternal mortality in the European Union, 1981–2010: a retrospective study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122(9), 1216-1224.
• Mhango, C. T., & Chirwa, G. C. (2018). Government health expenditure and health outcomes in Malawi: does governance matter?. Journal of Public Administration and Development Alternatives (JPADA), 3(1-1), 1-14.
• Nicholas, A., Edward, N. A., & Bernardin, S. (2016). The effect of health expenditure on selected maternal and child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Social Economics. 43(12), 1386-1399.
• Nketiah-Amponsah, E. (2019). The impact of health expenditures on health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Developing Societies, 35(1), 134-152.
• Novignon, J., Olakojo, S. A., & Nonvignon, J. (2012). The effects of public and private health care expenditure on health status in sub-Saharan Africa: new evidence from panel data analysis. Health economics review, 2(1), 1-8.
• OECD (2019). Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/4dd50c09-en.
• OECD (2020). https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm.
• OECD (2020). OECD Health Statistics 2020, https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-data.htm (Erişim tarihi: 06.06.2021).
• OECD (2021). Health Expenditure, https://www.oecd.org/health/health-expenditure.htm, ET:04.09.2021.
• Ojo Olusoji, O., Nwosa Philip, I., Alake Olamide, J., & Adebanji Funmilola, B. (2020). Health expenditure and life expectancy in Nigeria. Lead City Journal of the Social Sciences, 5(1), 66-71.
• Ortega, B., Sanjuán, J., & Casquero, A. (2017). Determinants of efficiency in reducing child mortality in developing countries. The role of inequality and government effectiveness. Health care management science, 20(4), 500-516.
• Osakede, U. A. (2020). Public health spending and health outcome in Nigeria: the role of governance. International Journal of Development Issues. 20(1), 95-112.
• Owumı, B., & Alfred, E. (2021). An assessment of the contribution of healthcare expenditure to life expectancy at birth in Nigeria. Journal of Public Health, 1-9.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo working paper 1229. IZA discussion paper, 1240
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
• Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias_adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
• Rahman, M. M., Khanam, R., & Rahman, M. (2018). Health care expenditure and health outcome nexus: new evidence from the SAARC-ASEAN region. Globalization and health, 14(1), 1-11.
• Rajkumar, A. S., & Swaroop, V. (2008). Public spending and outcomes: Does governance matter?. Journal of development economics, 86(1), 96-111.
• Rana, R. H., Alam, K., & Gow, J. (2020). Health expenditure and gross domestic product: causality analysis by income level. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 20(1), 55-77.
• Rauf, A., Liu, X., Amin, W., Ozturk, I., Rehman, O. U., & Hafeez, M. (2018). Testing EKC hypothesis with energy and sustainable development challenges: a fresh evidence from belt and road initiative economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(32), 32066-32080.
• Ross, C. E., & Wu, C. L. (1995). The links between education and health. American sociological review, 60(5), 719-745.
• Sango-Coker, E. Y., & Bein, M. A. (2018). The impact of healthcare spending on life expectancy: evidence from selected West African countries. African journal of reproductive health, 22(4), 64-71.
• Sunday, O. S., & Adeleye, B. M. (2017). An empirical analysis of public health expenditure on life expectancy: Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 1-17.
• Tenaw, D., & Beyene, A. D. (2021). Environmental sustainability and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: A modified EKC hypothesis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, 110897.
• The Worldwide Governance Indicators (World Bank) (2020). http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
• Ulucak, R., & Li, N. (2020). The nexus between economic globalization and human development in Asian countries: an empirical investigation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(3), 2622-2629.
• UNDP (2020). http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
• Vasishtha, G., Mohanty, S. K., Mishra, U. S., Dubey, M., & Sahoo, U. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 infection on life expectancy, premature mortality, and DALY in Maharashtra, India. BMC infectious diseases, 21(1), 1-11.
• Ventelou, B., & Abu-Zaineh, M. (2016). Medicine and democracy: The importance of institutional quality in the relationship between health expenditure and health outcomes in the MENA region. Health Policy, 120(8), 928-935.
• Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
• Woolf, S. H., Masters, R. K., & Aron, L. Y. (2021). Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data. bmj, 373.
• World Bank (2021). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN
• World Healt Organization (2020). Global Spending on Health: Weathering the storm, file:///C:/Users/Do%C4%9Fan%20BARAK/Downloads/Global%20Spending%20on%20Health%20-%20Weathering%20the%20Storm%20(2020).pdf (Erişim tarihi: 06.06.2021).
• Yaqub, J. O., Ojapinwa, T. V., & Yussuff, R. O. (2012). Public health expenditure and health outcome in Nigeria: The impact of governance. European Scientific Journal, 8(13), 189-201.
• Yetim, B., İlgün, G., Çilhoroz, Y., Demirci, Ş., & Konca, M. (2020). The socioeconomic determinants of health expenditure in OECD: An examination on panel data. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 1-5.