Diplomatik Anlaşmazlıklar Bağlamında Angela Merkel Dönemi Almanya’nın Çin Politikasına Sosyal İnşacı Yaklaşım

Ahmet Ziya Akın

Araştırma Makalesi

Social Constructivist Approach to Germany-China Relations in the Merkel Era Within the Context of Political Disputes

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 420 - 445, 30.11.2021

Ahmet Ziya Akın

Öz

During the Cold War period, the foreign policy axis of the Federal Republic of Germany was conducted with the Western relations and transatlantic relations collaterally, this relations had a determinative effect on Germany-China relations. After the unification of East and West Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany raised as an independent state in the international political scene, which brought along discussions on the redefinition of Germany's identity, national interest, and security strategies in foreign policy. When the aforementioned transformations are evaluated from the perspective of Social Constructivism theory, it is possible to say that the foreign policy line of Germany towards China shaped “based on norms and values” since the Merkel period. This study aims to present an evaluation within the framework of the Social Constructivist theory by focusing on the major political crises between Germany and China during the Merkel period. Additionally, In Germany's foreign policy towards China, Merkel’s foreign policy preferences which is differs from previous governments examined around Germany's foreign policy discussions in this study. Accordingly, the shifts of concepts such as identity, interest, and values and the effects of this shift on foreign policy preferences evaluated during the times when the tension increased in Germany-China relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Germany, China, Strategic Partnership, Identitiy, Constructivism

Kaynakça

Adler, Emmanuel. (1997). Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics. European Journal of International Relations, 3(3), 319-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066197003003003
Andersen, Uwe. ve Woyke, Wichard. (2013). Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (7. bs). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783531184883
Arı, Tayyar. (2013). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri: Çatışma Hegemonya, İşbirliği (8.Baskı). Mkm Yayıncılık.
Ateş, Davut (2008). “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Konstrüktivizm: Ortayol Yaklaşımının Epistomolojik Çerçevesi”. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 213-235. Banchoff, Thomas F. (1996) “Historical Memory and German Foreign Policy: The Cases of Adenauer and Brandt”, German Politics and Society. 14(2): 36–53.
Banchoff, Thomas (1999b). “German Identity and European Integration”. European Journal of International Relations. 5(3). 259-289. Bauersachs, H. (2019). Wandlungsprozesse in der deutschen Auswärtigen Kulturpolitik: Eine mehrdimensionale Analyse am Beispiel der Deutschlandjahre. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25698-2
Berger, Thomas U. (1996) “Norms, Identity, and National Security in Germany and Japan”. The Culture of National Security. Norms and Identity in World Politics. Ed. Peter J. Katzenstein, New York: Columbia University Press, 317–56
Bosold, David ve Achrainer, Christian (2011). “Die Normativen Grundlagen deutscher Außenpolitik”. Deutsche Außenpolitik: Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen. Ed. Thomas Jäger, Alexander Höse, Kai Oppermann. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. 445-467.
Buzan, Buzan (1990). The European security order recast: Scenarios for the post-cold war era. Pinter Publishers.
CDU/CSU. (2007). Asien als strategische Herausforderung und Chance für Deutschland und Europa: Asienstrategie CDU/CSU Fraktion. Berlin. https://www.cducsu.de/sites/default/files/asienstrategie_web.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021 CDU/CSU/SPD. (2005). Gemeinsam für Deutschland. Mit Mut und Menschlichkeit. Koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU,CSU und SPD. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cdu.de/system/tdf/media/dokumente/05_11_11_Koalitionsvertrag_Langfassung_navigierbar_0.pdf?file=1&type=field_collection_item&id=543 Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Collins, Alan (2017). Çağdaş Güvenlik Çalışmaları (3. baskı). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
Crawford, Alan, ve Czuczka, Tony (2013). Angela Merkel: A Chancellorship Forged in Crisis. Cornwall: John Wiley & Sons Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja (2005). The Test of Strategic Culture: Germany, Pacifism and Pre-emptive Strikes. Security Dialogue, 36(3), 339-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010605057020
Dempsey, Judy (2019) “Germany looks to Asia, at China’s expense”. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/19/world/europe/19iht-germany.4.8394711.html. Erişim Tarihi: 26.Aralık.2020
Deutsche Welle (2007) "Dalay Lama Almanya'yı Fethetti" (24 Ekim 2007). https://www.dw.com/tr/dalay-lama-almanyayı-fethetti/a-2794296. Deutsche Welle, Erişim Tarihi: 26 Aralık 2020
Deutsche Welle (2020) "Hong Kong: German Minister defends China Ties" Erişim Adresi: https://www.dw.com/en/hong-kong-german-minister-defends-china-ties/a-54139198 Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
Die Bundesregierung (2016b). Gemeinsame Erklärung anlässlich der 4. Deutsch-Chinesischen Regierungskonsultationen, Presse und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung. Pekin. Erişim Adresi: https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Pressemitteilungen/BPA/2016/06/2016-06-13-regierungskonsultationen.html. Erişim Tarihi: 27 Aralık 2020
Duffield, John. S. (1998). World power forsaken: Political culture, international institutions, and German Security Policy after Unification. Stanford University Press. Berliner Morgenpost (2008) “EU-Außenkommissarin droht mit Olympia-Boykott”. (29 Mart 2008). Erişim Adresi:https://www.morgenpost.de/politik/article103161694/EU-Aussenkommissarin-droht-mit-Olympia-Boykott.html Erişim Tarihi: 6 Kasım 2020
Frederking, Brian (2003). Constructing Post-Cold War Collective Security. The American Political Science Review, 97(3), 363-378. JSTOR . Gaskarth, Jamie ve Oppermann, Kai (2019). Clashing Traditions: German Foreign Policy in a New Era. International Studies Perspectives, Vol.0 Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekz017
Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Artikel 65. Erişim Adresi: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_65.html Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Hacke, Christian (2004). Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von Konrad Adenauer bis Gerhard Schröder (2. Baskı) Ullstein.
Hacke, Christian (2008). Germany’s Foreign Policy under Angela Merkel. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS). Erişim Adresi: https://web.archive.org/web/20081023093616/https://www.aicgs.org/documents/advisor/hacke.vuln0808.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
Harnisch, Sebastian ve Maull, Hans W. (2001). Germany as a Civilian Power?: The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic. Manchester University Press. Heberer, Thomas ve Senz, Anja. (2011). Die deutsche Chinapolitik. Içinde T. Jäger, A. Höse, & K. Oppermann (Ed.), Deutsche Außenpolitik: Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen (ss. 673-692). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93023-7_28
Hopf, Ted (1998). The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23(1), s.171-200. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.1.171
Huang, Ying (2019). Die Chinapolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nach der Wiedervereinigung: Ein Balanceakt zwischen Werten und Interessen. Springer VS, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Huang, Ying (2019). Die Chinapolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nach der Wiedervereinigung: Ein Balanceakt zwischen Werten und Interessen. Wiesbaden: Springer Verlag
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1996). The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics.Columbia Univ. Press.
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1997). Tamed power: Germany in Europe. Cornell University Press.
Keyvan,Özlem Zerrin (2020) “Çin ve Almanya:21.yy’da Kapsamlı Stratejik Ortaklık” içinde Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya-I (ed.Hüseyin Bağcı,İsmail Ermağan,Burak Gümüş) Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık s.261-286
Kleaden, Eckart von (2008). Werte und Interessen. CDU/CSU Fraktion in der Deutschen Bundestag. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cducsu.de/presse/texte-und-interviews/werte-und-interessen. Erişim Tarihi: 31 Ekim 2020
Knut Kirste, ve Maull, Hans W. (1996). Zivilmacht und Rollentheorie. Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, 3(2), s.283–312.
Kundnani, Hans., ve Parello-Plesner, J. (2012). “China and Germany: Why The Emerging Special Relationships Matters For Europe” European Council On Foreign Relations. Mayıs 2012.
Kundnani, Hans (2015). The Paradox of German Power. Oxford University Press
Kurnesenko Ekaterina (2010) "China, the Dalai Lama and the Question of Soft Power" Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Central European University. Budepeşte,Macaristan
Larres, Klaus (2015). “Angela Merkel and China: Trade, the U.S., the South-China Sea, and the Continuation of 'Ostpolitik' “. CPG Online Magazine, Sayı 6, Kasım 2015. 42-51 .Erişim Adresi: http://www.cpg-online.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CPG-Online-Magazine-06-2015.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2020
Levy, Katja (2010). Der deutsch-chinesische Rechtsstaatsdialog: Die konstruktivistische Untersuchung eines außenpolitischen Instruments (1. Bakı. Nomos Verl.-Ges.
Levy, Katja (2014). Fünfzehn Jahre Deutsch-Chinesischer Rechtsstaatsdialog – Zeit für eine Positionsbestimmung. içinde China und Europa (Ed. W. Pape, S. Preuschoff, Y. Wei, ve J. Zhao). DE GRUYTER. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110313246.273
Liebert, Ulrike. (2010). “Two Projects of European Identity”. içinde Collective Identity and Democracy. The Impact of EU Enlargement, (Ed. M. Góra ve Z. Mach,) ss. 29-61). Maaß, Kurt-Jürgen. (2013). Werbung, Werte, Wettbewerb – wohin steuert die Auswärtige Kulturpolitik? IFA Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik.
Marcussen, Martin, Risse, Thomas, Engelmann-Martin, Daniella Knopf, Hans J, ve Roscher, Klaus (2001). “Constructing Europe? The Evolution of Nation-State Identities”. içinde The Social Construction of Europe (ss. 101-120). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221105.n7
Maull, Hans W. (1992). Zivilmacht Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Vierzehn Thesen fur eine neue deutsche Aussenpolitik. Europa-Archiv, 47.
Maull, Hanns W. (1990). Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers. Foreign Affairs, 69(5), 91. https://doi.org/10.2307/20044603
Maull, Hanns W. (2000). German foreign policy, Post‐Kosovo: Still a ‘civilian power?’ German Politics, 9(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644000008404589
Onuf, Nicholas G. (2013). World of Our Making: Rules and Rule In Social Theory and International Relations. Routledge.
Pamuk, Akif (2014). Kimlik ve Tarih Kimliğin İnşasında Tarihin Kullanımı. Yeni İnsan Yayınevi.
Pfetsch, Frank R. (2011). Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von Adenauer zu Merkel (2. Baskı). Wochenschau Verlag.
Ramo, Joshua C. (2007). Brand China. Foreign Policy Center. Erişim Adresi: https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/370659406.pdf. Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Reuters (2019) "China envoy raps Germany over meeting with Hong Kong activist". Reuters. 11 Eylül 2019. Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-germany-china-idUSKCN1VW1WI Erişim Tarihi:30 Aralık 2020
Ruggie, John G. (1998). What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge. International Organization, 52(4), 855-885. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550770
Schibotto, Emanuele (2014) “Germany and China Have an Emerging ‘special relationship’ which has the potential to go far beyond trade,” European Politics and Policy (blog), London School of Economics.
Schnellbach, Christoph ve Man, Joyce (2015). Germany and China: Embracing a Different Kind of Partnership? CAP Working Paper.
Schulte-Kukmann, Nicole (2005). “The German-Chinese ‘Rule of Law Dialogue’: Substantial Interaction or Political Delusion?”, (Ed. Sebastian Heilmann). China Analysis. Sayı 47/2015. http://www.chinapolitik.org/files/no_47.pdf
Sebastian Heilmann (2015), “Niche Diplomacy at Work,” Berlin Policy Journal (27 Nisan 2015).Erişim Adresi: http://berlinpolicyjournal.com/niche-diplomacy-at-work/. Erişim Tarihi:9 Ocak 2021
Spiegel, "Merkel Defies China, Says She Would Meet Dalai Lama Again" Spiegel Online Internatonal, 12 Mart 2008, https://www.spiegel.de/consent-a-?targetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Ftibet-dispute-merkel-defies-china-says-she-would-meet-dalai-lama-again-a-547029.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
Sputnik News (2019). "Çin'e ticari çıkarma yapan Merkel: Hong Kong'da yasayla garanti edilen hak ve özgürlükler korunsun" Erişim Adresi: https://tr.sputniknews.com/avrupa/201909061040109438-cine-ticari-cikarma-yapan-merkel-hong-kongda-yasayla-garanti-edilen-hak-ve-ozgurlukler-korunsun/ Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Staack, Michael (2000). Handelsstaat Deutschland: Deutsche Aussenpolitik in einem neuen internationalen System. F. Schöningh.
Staack, Michael (2007). “Deutschland als Wirtschaftsmacht”. içinde (Ed. S. Schmidt, G. Hellmann, ve R. Wolf), Handbuch zur deutschen Außenpolitik (ss. 85-97). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90250-0_5
Tibi, Bassam (2002). Europa ohne Identität? Leitkultur oder Wertebeliebigkeit (3. Baskı, aktualisierte Taschenbuchausg). Siedler.
Wagner, Wolfgang, Boekle, Henning ve Rittberger, Volker (1999). Normen und Außenpolitik: Konstruktivistische Außenpolitiktheorie. https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/47198
Waltz, Kenneth (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Wendt, Alexander (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425.
Wendt, Alexander (1994). Collective Identity Formation and the International State. American Political Science Review, 88(2), 384-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944711
Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics (1. baskı). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612183
Wendt, Alexander (2012). Uluslararası Siyasetin Sosyal Teorisi (Birinci basım : Eylül 2012, C. 4). Küre Yayınları.
Wolff, Jonas (2013). Democracy Promotion and Civilian Power: The Example of Germany’s ‘Value-Oriented’ Foreign Policy. German Politics, 22(4), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2013.853043
Woyke, Wichard (2000). Außenpolitik. Içinde U. Andersen & W. Woyke (Ed.), Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (4., völlig überarb. und aktualisierte Aufl., Lizenzausg). Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung.

Diplomatik Anlaşmazlıklar Bağlamında Angela Merkel Dönemi Almanya’nın Çin Politikasına Sosyal İnşacı Yaklaşım

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 420 - 445, 30.11.2021

Ahmet Ziya Akın

Öz

Soğuk Savaş döneminde Federal Almanya’nın dış politika ekseninin genelde Batı özelde ise transatlantik ilişkilerine paralel biçimde yürütülmüş,bu durum Almanya-Çin ilişkileri üzerinde belirleyici bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. 1990 yılında Doğu ve Batı Almanya’nın birleşmesi sonrasında Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti’nin bağımsız bir devlet olarak uluslararası siyaset sahnesinde yerini alması, Almanya’nın dış politikadaki kimlik, ulusal çıkar ve güvenlik stratejilerinin yeniden tanımlanması konusundaki tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir.Bu tartışmalar ışığında, Sosyal İnşacılık kuramı perspektifinden incelendiğinde Almanya’nın Çin’e yönelik dış politikasında Merkel döneminden itibaren dış politika çizgisinin “norm ve değerler temelinde” şekillendiği söylenebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Merkel dönemindeki Almanya-Çin ilişkilerinde iki devlet arasındaki büyük siyasi krizleri merkeze alarak Sosyal İnşacı kuram çerçevesinde bir değerlendirme sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Ek olarak bu çalışmada Almanya'nın Çin’e yönelik dış politikasında Merkel'in kendinden önceki dönemlerden farklılaştığı noktalar Almanya’ya özgü dış politika tartışmaları etrafında incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Merkel dönemi Almanya’nın Çin politikasında gerilimlerin arttığı dönemlerde kimlik,çıkar ve değer kavramlarındaki değişim ve bu değişimin dış politika tercihlerine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Almanya, Çin, Stratejik Partnerlik, Kimlik, Konstrüktivizm

Kaynakça

Adler, Emmanuel. (1997). Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics. European Journal of International Relations, 3(3), 319-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066197003003003
Andersen, Uwe. ve Woyke, Wichard. (2013). Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (7. bs). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783531184883
Arı, Tayyar. (2013). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri: Çatışma Hegemonya, İşbirliği (8.Baskı). Mkm Yayıncılık.
Ateş, Davut (2008). “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Konstrüktivizm: Ortayol Yaklaşımının Epistomolojik Çerçevesi”. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 213-235. Banchoff, Thomas F. (1996) “Historical Memory and German Foreign Policy: The Cases of Adenauer and Brandt”, German Politics and Society. 14(2): 36–53.
Banchoff, Thomas (1999b). “German Identity and European Integration”. European Journal of International Relations. 5(3). 259-289. Bauersachs, H. (2019). Wandlungsprozesse in der deutschen Auswärtigen Kulturpolitik: Eine mehrdimensionale Analyse am Beispiel der Deutschlandjahre. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25698-2
Berger, Thomas U. (1996) “Norms, Identity, and National Security in Germany and Japan”. The Culture of National Security. Norms and Identity in World Politics. Ed. Peter J. Katzenstein, New York: Columbia University Press, 317–56
Bosold, David ve Achrainer, Christian (2011). “Die Normativen Grundlagen deutscher Außenpolitik”. Deutsche Außenpolitik: Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen. Ed. Thomas Jäger, Alexander Höse, Kai Oppermann. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. 445-467.
Buzan, Buzan (1990). The European security order recast: Scenarios for the post-cold war era. Pinter Publishers.
CDU/CSU. (2007). Asien als strategische Herausforderung und Chance für Deutschland und Europa: Asienstrategie CDU/CSU Fraktion. Berlin. https://www.cducsu.de/sites/default/files/asienstrategie_web.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021 CDU/CSU/SPD. (2005). Gemeinsam für Deutschland. Mit Mut und Menschlichkeit. Koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU,CSU und SPD. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cdu.de/system/tdf/media/dokumente/05_11_11_Koalitionsvertrag_Langfassung_navigierbar_0.pdf?file=1&type=field_collection_item&id=543 Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Collins, Alan (2017). Çağdaş Güvenlik Çalışmaları (3. baskı). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
Crawford, Alan, ve Czuczka, Tony (2013). Angela Merkel: A Chancellorship Forged in Crisis. Cornwall: John Wiley & Sons Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja (2005). The Test of Strategic Culture: Germany, Pacifism and Pre-emptive Strikes. Security Dialogue, 36(3), 339-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010605057020
Dempsey, Judy (2019) “Germany looks to Asia, at China’s expense”. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/19/world/europe/19iht-germany.4.8394711.html. Erişim Tarihi: 26.Aralık.2020
Deutsche Welle (2007) "Dalay Lama Almanya'yı Fethetti" (24 Ekim 2007). https://www.dw.com/tr/dalay-lama-almanyayı-fethetti/a-2794296. Deutsche Welle, Erişim Tarihi: 26 Aralık 2020
Deutsche Welle (2020) "Hong Kong: German Minister defends China Ties" Erişim Adresi: https://www.dw.com/en/hong-kong-german-minister-defends-china-ties/a-54139198 Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
Die Bundesregierung (2016b). Gemeinsame Erklärung anlässlich der 4. Deutsch-Chinesischen Regierungskonsultationen, Presse und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung. Pekin. Erişim Adresi: https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Pressemitteilungen/BPA/2016/06/2016-06-13-regierungskonsultationen.html. Erişim Tarihi: 27 Aralık 2020
Duffield, John. S. (1998). World power forsaken: Political culture, international institutions, and German Security Policy after Unification. Stanford University Press. Berliner Morgenpost (2008) “EU-Außenkommissarin droht mit Olympia-Boykott”. (29 Mart 2008). Erişim Adresi:https://www.morgenpost.de/politik/article103161694/EU-Aussenkommissarin-droht-mit-Olympia-Boykott.html Erişim Tarihi: 6 Kasım 2020
Frederking, Brian (2003). Constructing Post-Cold War Collective Security. The American Political Science Review, 97(3), 363-378. JSTOR . Gaskarth, Jamie ve Oppermann, Kai (2019). Clashing Traditions: German Foreign Policy in a New Era. International Studies Perspectives, Vol.0 Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekz017
Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Artikel 65. Erişim Adresi: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_65.html Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Hacke, Christian (2004). Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von Konrad Adenauer bis Gerhard Schröder (2. Baskı) Ullstein.
Hacke, Christian (2008). Germany’s Foreign Policy under Angela Merkel. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS). Erişim Adresi: https://web.archive.org/web/20081023093616/https://www.aicgs.org/documents/advisor/hacke.vuln0808.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
Harnisch, Sebastian ve Maull, Hans W. (2001). Germany as a Civilian Power?: The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic. Manchester University Press. Heberer, Thomas ve Senz, Anja. (2011). Die deutsche Chinapolitik. Içinde T. Jäger, A. Höse, & K. Oppermann (Ed.), Deutsche Außenpolitik: Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen (ss. 673-692). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93023-7_28
Hopf, Ted (1998). The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23(1), s.171-200. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.1.171
Huang, Ying (2019). Die Chinapolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nach der Wiedervereinigung: Ein Balanceakt zwischen Werten und Interessen. Springer VS, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Huang, Ying (2019). Die Chinapolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nach der Wiedervereinigung: Ein Balanceakt zwischen Werten und Interessen. Wiesbaden: Springer Verlag
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1996). The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics.Columbia Univ. Press.
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1997). Tamed power: Germany in Europe. Cornell University Press.
Keyvan,Özlem Zerrin (2020) “Çin ve Almanya:21.yy’da Kapsamlı Stratejik Ortaklık” içinde Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya-I (ed.Hüseyin Bağcı,İsmail Ermağan,Burak Gümüş) Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık s.261-286
Kleaden, Eckart von (2008). Werte und Interessen. CDU/CSU Fraktion in der Deutschen Bundestag. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cducsu.de/presse/texte-und-interviews/werte-und-interessen. Erişim Tarihi: 31 Ekim 2020
Knut Kirste, ve Maull, Hans W. (1996). Zivilmacht und Rollentheorie. Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, 3(2), s.283–312.
Kundnani, Hans., ve Parello-Plesner, J. (2012). “China and Germany: Why The Emerging Special Relationships Matters For Europe” European Council On Foreign Relations. Mayıs 2012.
Kundnani, Hans (2015). The Paradox of German Power. Oxford University Press
Kurnesenko Ekaterina (2010) "China, the Dalai Lama and the Question of Soft Power" Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Central European University. Budepeşte,Macaristan
Larres, Klaus (2015). “Angela Merkel and China: Trade, the U.S., the South-China Sea, and the Continuation of 'Ostpolitik' “. CPG Online Magazine, Sayı 6, Kasım 2015. 42-51 .Erişim Adresi: http://www.cpg-online.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CPG-Online-Magazine-06-2015.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2020
Levy, Katja (2010). Der deutsch-chinesische Rechtsstaatsdialog: Die konstruktivistische Untersuchung eines außenpolitischen Instruments (1. Bakı. Nomos Verl.-Ges.
Levy, Katja (2014). Fünfzehn Jahre Deutsch-Chinesischer Rechtsstaatsdialog – Zeit für eine Positionsbestimmung. içinde China und Europa (Ed. W. Pape, S. Preuschoff, Y. Wei, ve J. Zhao). DE GRUYTER. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110313246.273
Liebert, Ulrike. (2010). “Two Projects of European Identity”. içinde Collective Identity and Democracy. The Impact of EU Enlargement, (Ed. M. Góra ve Z. Mach,) ss. 29-61). Maaß, Kurt-Jürgen. (2013). Werbung, Werte, Wettbewerb – wohin steuert die Auswärtige Kulturpolitik? IFA Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik.
Marcussen, Martin, Risse, Thomas, Engelmann-Martin, Daniella Knopf, Hans J, ve Roscher, Klaus (2001). “Constructing Europe? The Evolution of Nation-State Identities”. içinde The Social Construction of Europe (ss. 101-120). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221105.n7
Maull, Hans W. (1992). Zivilmacht Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Vierzehn Thesen fur eine neue deutsche Aussenpolitik. Europa-Archiv, 47.
Maull, Hanns W. (1990). Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers. Foreign Affairs, 69(5), 91. https://doi.org/10.2307/20044603
Maull, Hanns W. (2000). German foreign policy, Post‐Kosovo: Still a ‘civilian power?’ German Politics, 9(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644000008404589
Onuf, Nicholas G. (2013). World of Our Making: Rules and Rule In Social Theory and International Relations. Routledge.
Pamuk, Akif (2014). Kimlik ve Tarih Kimliğin İnşasında Tarihin Kullanımı. Yeni İnsan Yayınevi.
Pfetsch, Frank R. (2011). Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von Adenauer zu Merkel (2. Baskı). Wochenschau Verlag.
Ramo, Joshua C. (2007). Brand China. Foreign Policy Center. Erişim Adresi: https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/370659406.pdf. Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Reuters (2019) "China envoy raps Germany over meeting with Hong Kong activist". Reuters. 11 Eylül 2019. Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-germany-china-idUSKCN1VW1WI Erişim Tarihi:30 Aralık 2020
Ruggie, John G. (1998). What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge. International Organization, 52(4), 855-885. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550770
Schibotto, Emanuele (2014) “Germany and China Have an Emerging ‘special relationship’ which has the potential to go far beyond trade,” European Politics and Policy (blog), London School of Economics.
Schnellbach, Christoph ve Man, Joyce (2015). Germany and China: Embracing a Different Kind of Partnership? CAP Working Paper.
Schulte-Kukmann, Nicole (2005). “The German-Chinese ‘Rule of Law Dialogue’: Substantial Interaction or Political Delusion?”, (Ed. Sebastian Heilmann). China Analysis. Sayı 47/2015. http://www.chinapolitik.org/files/no_47.pdf
Sebastian Heilmann (2015), “Niche Diplomacy at Work,” Berlin Policy Journal (27 Nisan 2015).Erişim Adresi: http://berlinpolicyjournal.com/niche-diplomacy-at-work/. Erişim Tarihi:9 Ocak 2021
Spiegel, "Merkel Defies China, Says She Would Meet Dalai Lama Again" Spiegel Online Internatonal, 12 Mart 2008, https://www.spiegel.de/consent-a-?targetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Ftibet-dispute-merkel-defies-china-says-she-would-meet-dalai-lama-again-a-547029.html&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
Sputnik News (2019). "Çin'e ticari çıkarma yapan Merkel: Hong Kong'da yasayla garanti edilen hak ve özgürlükler korunsun" Erişim Adresi: https://tr.sputniknews.com/avrupa/201909061040109438-cine-ticari-cikarma-yapan-merkel-hong-kongda-yasayla-garanti-edilen-hak-ve-ozgurlukler-korunsun/ Erişim Tarihi:10 Ocak 2021
Staack, Michael (2000). Handelsstaat Deutschland: Deutsche Aussenpolitik in einem neuen internationalen System. F. Schöningh.
Staack, Michael (2007). “Deutschland als Wirtschaftsmacht”. içinde (Ed. S. Schmidt, G. Hellmann, ve R. Wolf), Handbuch zur deutschen Außenpolitik (ss. 85-97). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90250-0_5
Tibi, Bassam (2002). Europa ohne Identität? Leitkultur oder Wertebeliebigkeit (3. Baskı, aktualisierte Taschenbuchausg). Siedler.
Wagner, Wolfgang, Boekle, Henning ve Rittberger, Volker (1999). Normen und Außenpolitik: Konstruktivistische Außenpolitiktheorie. https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/47198
Waltz, Kenneth (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Wendt, Alexander (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425.
Wendt, Alexander (1994). Collective Identity Formation and the International State. American Political Science Review, 88(2), 384-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944711
Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics (1. baskı). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612183
Wendt, Alexander (2012). Uluslararası Siyasetin Sosyal Teorisi (Birinci basım : Eylül 2012, C. 4). Küre Yayınları.
Wolff, Jonas (2013). Democracy Promotion and Civilian Power: The Example of Germany’s ‘Value-Oriented’ Foreign Policy. German Politics, 22(4), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2013.853043
Woyke, Wichard (2000). Außenpolitik. Içinde U. Andersen & W. Woyke (Ed.), Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (4., völlig überarb. und aktualisierte Aufl., Lizenzausg). Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung.

Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Ahmet Ziya Akın 0000-0002-8785-0213
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Kasım 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	26 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Akın, A. Z. (2021). Diplomatik Anlaşmazlıklar Bağlamında Angela Merkel Dönemi Almanya’nın Çin Politikasına Sosyal İnşacı Yaklaşım. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2), 420-445.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

_Twitter _{Google Akademik Academia.edu}

^{@DergisiBilgi} ^{Bilgi Dergisi Google Akademik Hesabı Bilgi Dergisi Academia.edu Hesabı}

Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.