Wakhan Koridoru’nda (Afganistan) Pamir Kırgızlarının Yaşam Biçimi, Mevcut Durumu ve Sorunları

Abstract

Wakhan Koridoru, Amuderya Nehri’nin kaynak sularını Pamir Dağları’ndaki kaynaklarına kadar takip ederek Bedahşan eyaletinden doğuya doğru uzanan, vadiler ve yüksek dağlardan oluşan dar bir panhandledir. İpek Yolu’nun en önemli kavşak noktası olan koridor, Avrupalılar ve Çinliler tarafından Arap Denizi Kıyıları üzerinden Hint Ovaları’na ulaşmak için bir ticaret yolu olarak kullanılmıştır. Afganistan’da Kırgız topluluğunun mensupları, kuzey Bedahşan Eyaletinde, Küçük ve Büyük Pamir olarak bilinen iki yerleşim yerinde yaşamaktadırlar. Hindikuş, Karakurum ve Pamir sıradağları arasındaki yüksek, açık vadiler, Pamir Düğümü olarak bilinen yeri oluşturur. Bu çalışmada Pamir Kırgızlarının Wakhan Vadisindeki yaşantısı, etno-kültürel özellikleri, mevcut ekonomik durumları ve sorunları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman ve içerik analizi metodundan yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda Pamir Kırgızları nüfusunun her yıl % 6-7 oranında azaldığı, eğitim, sağlık ve medeniyetin diğer imkânlarından mahrum bırakıldıkları, Çin ve Orta Asya’daki zamana ve siyasi gelişmelere rağmen bozulmadan korunmuş büyük bir kültürel özgünlüğe ve zenginliğe sahip oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Afganistan
• Wakhan Koridoru
• Pamir Kırgızları
• Etno-kültür
• örf ve adetler

The Lifestyle, Current Situation and Problems of Pamir Kyrgyz in the Wakhan Corridor (Afghanistan)

Abstract

The Wakhan Corridor is a narrow panhandle of valleys and high mountains that stretches eastward from Badakhshan province, following the spring waters of the Amu Darya River to its sources in the Pamir Mountains. As being the most important crossroads of the Silk Road, the corridor was used by Europeans and Chinese as a trade route to reach the Indian Plains via the Arabian Sea Coast. Members of the Kyrgyz community in Afghanistan live in two settlements known as the Lesser and Greater Pamirs in northern Badakhshan Province. The high, open valleys between the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Pamir Mountain ranges form what is known as the Pamir Knot. In this study, the life of the Pamir Kyrgyz in the Wakhan Valley, their ethno-cultural characteristics, their current economic situation and their problems are discussed. In the study, document and content analysis method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used. At the end of the research, it was concluded that the Pamir Kyrgyz population has decreased by 6-7% every year, they were deprived of education, health and other opportunities of civilization, and they had a great cultural authenticity and richness that was preserved intact despite the time and political developments in China and Central Asia.

Keywords

• Afghanistan
• Wakhan Corridor
• Pamir Kyrgyz
• ethnoculture
• customs and traditions

References

1. Ahmad, Ayaz, Sana Hussan, ve Muhammed Safiullah. “Geographic, Ethnic and Linguistic Composition of Afghanistan: Methodological rich points of Language Policy and Planning.” Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR), vol. III, no. I, 2018, ss. 215- 243.
2. Abdalieva, G. K. “Pamir Kyrgyz Silk Road.” Nauka, Novyye Tekhnologii i İnnovatsii Kyrgyzstana, no. 9, 2016, ss. 205-207.
3. Aydın, Figen. “Wakhan Koridoru ve Çin-Afganistan-Pakistan Üçlü Diyalogu.” TASAV Dış Politika ve Güvenlik Araştırmaları Merkezi Analiz, no. 38, 2021, ss. 1-4.
4. Atahanov, Avazbek. “Chto my znayem ob afganskikh kyrgyzakh.” Akipress, 15 Temmuz 2021, http://mnenie.akipress.org/unews/un_post:22692.
5. Alexiac. “A la découverte des Kirghiz d’Afghanistan.” Novastan, 5 Mayıs 2017, https://novastan.org/fr/kirghizstan/a-la-decouverte-des-kirghiz-dafghanistan/.
6. Blood, Peter R. Afghanıstan A Country Study. Federal Research Division Library of Congress, 1997.
7. Bashiri, Iraj. Central Asia: An Overview. 13 Aralık 2022, https://www.academia.edu/7858255/Central_Asia_An_Overview.
8. Bootayev, U.E. Kırgız: Etnogenez i Diaspori. Uchenym sovetom gumanitarnogo fakul’teta KRSU, 2012.

9. Bapaeva, Janyl-Myrza. Göç Nedeniyle Van Kırgızlarının Sosyo-Kültürel Yapısında Oluşan Değişimler: Halkbilimi Verilerine Göre Bir İnceleme. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2015.
10. CAWATERinfo. Basseyn reki Amudar’ya. 15 Aralık 2022, http://www.cawater-info.net/afghanistan/pdf/status_glaciers_amudarya_r.pdf.
11. Callahan, Ted. “The Kyrgyz of the Afghan Pamir Ride On.” Nomadic Peoples, vol. 11, no. 1, 2007, ss. 39-49.
12. Dor, Remy. Contribution a l’etude des Kirghiz du Pamir Afghan (Cahiers Turcica 1). Publications Orientalistes de France, 1975.
13. Dörre, Andrei, Hermann Kreuzman, ve Stefan Schütte, Pamirs at the Crossroads Changing challenges and perspectives. Centre for Development Studies(ZELF) Institute of Geographical Sciences Freie Universität Berlin, 2016.
14. European Asylum Support Office. Afganistan Güvenlik Durumu. Eylül 2020,https://euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/20203603_Afghanistan_Security_Situation_2020_.pdf.
15. Guseynov, Nikolay. “Pamirskiye kyrgyzy-proshloye i nastoyashcheye.” Turantoday,31 Mart 2011, https://www.turantoday.com/2011/03/nikolai-huseinovpamir-kyrgyz.html.
16. Henyar, Ershad. “Afghan Kyrgyz; An Endangered Minority on the Roof of the World.” BBCNews Farsî, 21 Kasım 2022, https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-41960351.
17. International Boundary Study. Afghanistan-U.S.S.R. Boundary. The Geographer Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research, no. 26, 1983.
18. Iloliev, Abdulmamad. The Mirdom of Wakhān in the Nineteenth Century: Downfall and Partition. Cultural Heritage and Humanities Unit of UCA, no. 12, 2021.
19. Jensen, David. Afghanistan Wakhan Mission Technical Report. United Nations Environment Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003.
20. Joldoshev, Nurbek Jakupbekovich. “Potomki Kuchluk Khana Na Kryshe Mira (Pamir).” Izvestiya NAN KR, no. 2, 2022, ss. 94-107.
21. Joldoshev, Nurbek Jakupbekovich. “A.E. Snesarev About Pamir Kyrgyzs.” Izvestiya NAN KR, no. 1, 2022, ss. 27-38.
22. Joshua Project. “Kyrgyz in Afghanistan.” 10 Aralık 2022. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12933/AF.
23. Kreutzmann, Hermann. “Ethnic minorities and marginality in the Pamirian Knot: survival of Wakhi and Kirghiz in a harsh environment and global contexts.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 169, no. 3, 2003, ss. 215-235.
24. Kokaisl, Petr. “Etnokul’turnaia spetsifika kyrgyzstanskikh i afganskikh kirgizov: sravnitel’nyi analiz.” Etnograficheskoye obozreniye, no. 3, 2015, ss. 135-154.
25. Kokaisl, Petr. Kyrgyzy V Kyrgyzstane I Za Rubezhom – Odna Kul’tura Odnogo Naroda. Uniwersytet Im Adama Mickiewicza W Poznaniu, 2013.
26. Kokaisl, Petr. “The Lifestyles and Changes in Culture of Afghan Kyrgyz and Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan.” Asian Ethnicity, vol. 14, no. 4, 2012, ss. 1-27, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262850031_The_lifestyles_and_changes_in_culture_of_Afghan_Kyrgyz_and_Kyrgyz_in_Kyrgyzstan.
27. K-News. “Istoriya, byt i nyneshneye polozheniye pamirskikh kyrgyzov v Afganistane (Foto).” 12 Aralık 2022. https://knews.kg/2012/04/19/istoriya-byit-i-nyineshnee-polojenie-pamirskih-kyirgyizov-v- afganistane-foto/.
28. Karaşev, Aziz. “Izgoi Pamira: vyzhit’ nazlo sud’be.” 20 Kasım 2022, http://www.nlkg.kg/ru/society/at-gunpoint/izgoi-pamira-vyzhit-nazlo-sudbe.
29. Kara, Füsun. “1916 Kırgız Büyük İsyanı: Ürkün.” Turkish Studies-International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, vol. 6, no. 2, Spring 2011, pp. 537-546.
30. Kodaman, Bayram. “Causes of the Urkun: The Genocide of 1916.” SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 26, 2012, ss. 21-26.
31. Latham, Ronald. The Travels of Marco Polo. Penguin Classics, 1958. 11 Ocak 2024, https://www.scasd.org/cms/lib5/PA01000006/Centricity/Domain/1482/MarcoPolo.pdf
32. Lovschall, Bo. “Wakhan Corridor.” Globespots. 21 Aralık 2022. https://www.globespots.com/asia/wilderness/.
33. Munir, Muhammad, ve Muhammad Shafiq. “Geostrategic Significance of Wakhan Corridor for Afghanistan,China and Pakistan.” Social And Cultural Studies, vol. 22, no. 1, 2018, ss. 203-214.
34. Medi, Hossein, ve Sayed Fridoon Fedelle. “Distinctive Aspects of Vernacular Architecture of Wakhan Valley in Afghanistan; Influencing the Crossing Cultures and Adapting to the Harsh Climate.” Space Ontology International Journal, vol. 10, issue 4, no. 39, 2021, ss. 31-46.
35. Malik, Nadeem Shafiq. “A Historical and Socio-Economic Profile.” Pakistan Horizon, vol. 64, no. 1, 2011, ss. 53-60.
36. Malik, Hasan Yaser. “Geo-political Significance of the Wakhan Corridor for China.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2014, ss. 307-323.
37. Mishra, Charudutt, ve Anthony Fitzherbert. “War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor.” Oryx, vol. 38, no.1, 2004, ss.102-105.
38. Marschall, Tobias. “Pamir Kyrgyz Nomads On The Roof of The World.” Radio Free Europe, 29 Aralık 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/pamir-kyrgyz-nomads-onthe-roof-of-the-world-/31230067.html.
39. Nourmamadchoev Nourmamadcho. The Ismāʿīlīs of Badakhshan: History, Politics and Religion from 1500 to 1750. Degree of Ph.D, University of London, 2014.
40. Open.Kg. “Kyrgyzskaya diaspora na territorii Afganistana.” 24 Temmuz 2019, https://www.open.kg/about-kyrgyzstan/population/diaspora/34977-kyrgyzskaya-diaspora-na-territorii-afganistana.html.
41. Public Intelligence. “The Kyrgyz of Afghanistan Central Asian Cultural Intelligence for Military Operations.” 14 Aralık 2022, https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-AfghanCultures/Kyrgyz.pdf.
42. Pravitel’stvo Kyrgyzskoy Respubliki Rasporyazheniye. 17 Aralık 2022, http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/209738?cl=ru-ru.
43. National Geographic. “Yurt.” Resource Library. Encyclopedic Entry. 18 Aralık 2022, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/yurt.
44. Shackleton, David. M. Wild Sheep and Goats and their Relatives. Information Press, Oxford, UK, 1997.
45. Soelberg, Jens ve Anna K. Jäger. “Comparative ethnobotany of the Wakhi agropastoralist and the Kyrgyz nomads of Afghanistan.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, no. 12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0063-x.
46. Shkolnik, Amiram, C. Richard Taylor, Virginia Finch, ve Arieh Borut. “Why do Bedouins wear black robes in hot deserts?” Nature, no. 283, 1980, s. 373-375. https://doi.org/10.1038/283373a0.
47. Şavk, Ülkü Çelik. “Alt Ağızlar Grubu Olarak Pamir Kırgızcası.” TDD/JofEL, 2012, ss. 57-66.
48. Şimşek, Ali Rıza. Ulupamir Kırgızlarında Kuşaklar Arası Sosyo-Kültürel Değişim. Doktora Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, 2019.
49. Tashlieva, M. M. “The history of East-Pamir Kyrgyz.” ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 01 (81), 2020, ss. 667-669.
50. Turdaliyeva, Ç. D., ve Marat, A.M. “Diaspora Pamirskikh Kyrgyzov v Turtsii.” ЭО, no. 3, 2015, ss. 131-146.
51. The Encyclopedia of Crafts in WCC-Asia Pacific Region. “Traditional dress.” 18 Aralık 2022, https://encyclocraftsapr.com/traditional-dress/.
52. Tokoeva, Nargiza. Pamirskiye kyrgyzy: cherez 10–15 let oni mogut ischeznut’ 17 Aralık 2022, https://24.kg/obschestvo/55351_pamirskie_kyirgyizyi_cherez_1015_let_oni_mogut_ischeznut/.
53. Tutar, Hüseyin. “Kırgızlarda Akrabalık Terminolojisi ve Akrabalık İlişkileri.” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD), no. 6, 2007, ss. 155-169.
54. Urmanbetova, Zarina. Ulupamir Köyü Kırgız Topluluğunun Etnik Sınırlarını ve Kimliklerini Oluşturmada Göç Sürecinin Rolü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2015.
55. Zolotaya Orda. Pamirskiye kirgizy (etnogenez, Y-DNK, issledovaniye v Afganistane). 7 Aralık 2022, https://zolord.ru/news/3200.