Research Article

Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek

Number: 119 October 30, 2026
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Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek

Abstract

This study examines the perception of not owning a red book (title deed) in terms of social and urban integration in the shantytown areas of Bishkek. The research was conducted in four of the 47 neighbourhoods located on the outskirts of Bishkek. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was employed, encompassing surveys (416), interviews (25), and observational techniques. This janykonushes (slum) study reveals that a certain population living in informal settlements, due to their lack of official status, does not have adequate access to basic services such as education, healthcare, infrastructure (transportation, water, electricity, etc.), security, environmental health, and social amenities (children’s parks, green spaces). The field study revealed that the absence of a red book results in public exclusion and delays social integration in the city. It was concluded that the government and local authorities must work within a programme framework to find solutions related to informal settlements in order to integrate Janykonushneighborhood residents into the city. The longer solution-oriented policies and practices are delayed, the greater the risk that the integration problem will grow and become entrenched.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This research artcile is based on an unpublished thesis titled Kentle Bütünleşme Bağlamında Canıkonuşlar: Bişkek Örneği (Canıkonuşlar’ in the Context of Urban Integration: The Case of Bishkek,) prepared by Sagınay Karaeva in 2022 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Mustafa Orçan at the Department of Sociology, Institute of Social Sciences, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University. Ethics committee approval for this study was obtained from the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee (BAYEK) of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, pursuant to Decision No. 4 dated April 25, 2022.

References

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  2. Bekmambetova, A. G., and B. B. Sasykulov. “Analiz sostoyaniya obshchestvennogo transporta v g. Bishkek.” Vestnik KGUSTA, vol. 4, no. 54, 2016, pp. 9–13.
  3. Berry, John W. “Immigration, Acculturation and Adaptation.” Applied Psychology, vol. 46, no. 1, 1997, pp. 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x.
  4. Castells, Manuel. The Urban Question. Edward Arnold, 1977.
  5. De Haan, Arjan. “Social Exclusion: An Alternative Concept for the Study of Deprivation?” IDS Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 1, 1998, pp. 10–19.
  6. Derbisheva, A. Vazhnost ostanovok obshchestvennogo transporta na periferii Bishkeka: na primere novostroyki Ene-Say. Soros–Kyrgyzstan, 2019.
  7. Eshenkulova, Kishimjan. “Kırgızistan’daki Çarpık Kentleşmenin Sosyal Boyutu.” Kırgızistan Araştırmaları 2019, ed. C. Buyar, BYR Publishing House, 2019, pp. 237–256.
  8. Guest, Greg, et al. Introduction to Applied Thematic Analysis In: Applied Thematic Analysis. SAGE Publications, 2019.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Social Exclusion, Urban Sociology and Community Studies

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 30, 2026

Submission Date

July 29, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 119

APA
Karaeva, S., & Orçan, M. (2026). Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek. Bilig, 119, 35-72. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9004
AMA
1.Karaeva S, Orçan M. Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek. Bilig. 2026;(119):35-72. doi:10.12995/bilig.9004
Chicago
Karaeva, Sagınay, and Mustafa Orçan. 2026. “Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek”. Bilig, nos. 119: 35-72. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9004.
EndNote
Karaeva S, Orçan M (October 1, 2026) Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek. Bilig 119 35–72.
IEEE
[1]S. Karaeva and M. Orçan, “Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek”, Bilig, no. 119, pp. 35–72, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.12995/bilig.9004.
ISNAD
Karaeva, Sagınay - Orçan, Mustafa. “Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek”. Bilig. 119 (October 1, 2026): 35-72. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9004.
JAMA
1.Karaeva S, Orçan M. Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek. Bilig. 2026;:35–72.
MLA
Karaeva, Sagınay, and Mustafa Orçan. “Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek”. Bilig, no. 119, Oct. 2026, pp. 35-72, doi:10.12995/bilig.9004.
Vancouver
1.Sagınay Karaeva, Mustafa Orçan. Urbanization and Its Problems in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Bishkek. Bilig. 2026 Oct. 1;(119):35-72. doi:10.12995/bilig.9004

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