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Miladi Dönem Öncesi Orta Asya’da İpek

Year 2005, Issue: 32, 1 - 32, 01.06.2005

Abstract

İpek, bugüne kadar yerleşmiş bir kanıya göre, M.Ö. 3000 yıllarında ve Çinliler tarafından bulunmuştur. Ancak insanlar için harikulade bir buluş olan bu malzemenin tekstilde ilk kullanımının hangi koza cinsinden olduğu ve bunu ilk bulanların gerçekten Çinliler mi olduğu kesin bilinmez. Bu yüzden yapılan bu çalışma ile amacım; ulaşabildiğim kaynaklar vasıtasıyla, Orta Asya’da ne zamandan itibaren bir Çin devleti varlığının söz konusu olduğunu araştırmak ve şayet ipek M.Ö. 3000’lerde bulunmuş ve üretilmiş ise bunun, Çinliler mi yoksa, o bölgede yaşayan diğer kavimler tarafından mı bulunduğunu araştırmak olmuştur. Bugün elimizde savaşları hakkında detaylı bilgiler yoksa da, Orta Asya’da yaşayan kavimlerin günümüze kadar taşınıp gelen ortak motiflerinde de görüldüğü gibi, birbirleriyle iletişim içinde oldukları yazılı belgeler ve bulgulardan anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hem bu bilgiler hem de, özellikle son yıllarda Çin arkeologların da yaptıkları kazılardan çıkardıkları örneklerle ilgili bilgiler dikkate alınmış, değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada Orta Asya’da yaşamış olan Türk kavimleri ve Çinliler hakkında bilgilerin yer aldığı giriş bölümünden sonra, ipek ve çeşitleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiş, ipeğin yetiştirildiği yerlerde üretimi ve ticareti ayrı ayrı başlıklarla ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra ipeğin tarihçesi adı altındaki bölümde ipek hakkında efsanevi bilgiler yer alırken, ipek hakkında araştırma ve bulgular bölümünde en eskiden günümüze kadar yapılan arkeolojik araştırmalar irdelenmiş ve mümkün olduğu kadar kronolojik bir zaman sıralaması dikkate alınarak, amaca ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Anonim, Grosse Brockhaus, Handbuch des Wissens in Zwanzig Baenden, XVII. Band
  • Anonim (1987), Çin Kültür Tarihi Sözlüğü.4
  • Arne, T.J. (1924), Die neuen Steinzeitfunde in China, Nach einem Vortraege im Wiener historischem Museum, Ostasiatische Zeitschrift,
  • Atasoy, Nurhan (2001), İpek, imperial Otoman silks and velvets, İstanbul, TEB İletişim ve Yayıncılık
  • Bartold, Wilhelm (1901), “Russische Arbeiten über Ostasien”, Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orient Sprachen, Jahrgang IV Belenitski, A.M., I.B. Bentovich, O.G. Bol'shakov (1973) Srednevekovyj gorod
  • SrednejAzii, Leningrad. Bekin, Ahmet Riza (1981), İpek Yolu, A.Ü Dil-TarihCoğrafya FakültesiYayınları, Ankara
  • Chang, Kwang-chih(1977), The Archarlogy of Ancient China, London, Yale University Pres
  • Conrady Ullstein, Weltgeschichte, Geschichte des Orients Chin-ting, Jang, (1987), Çin Kültür Tarihi Sözlüğü, Basım, Che Chiang Davis, John Francis (1936), The Chinese, London Douglas, Robert K. (1882), China, London
  • Dörel-Adebahr, Lisa (1982) Von Der Faser Zum Stoff , Hamburg Drege, Jean-Pierre – Bührer, Emil M. (1989), The Silkroad Saga, NewYork Duden (1997), Fremdwörterbuch Eberhard, Wolfram (1933) “Der Begin der Chou-Zeit” Sinica 8
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1942), “Eski Çin Kültürü ve Türkler”, A.Ü. Dil ve TarihCoğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı I
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1937), Tagungsberichte der Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde, (Leipzig, 1936, toplantı raporu) Leipzig
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1932), “Bericht über die Ausgrabungen bei An-Yang (Honan), Herausgegeben von Otto Kümmel-William Cohen, Ost Asiatische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge 8.Jahrgang, Berlin und Leipzig Eberhard, Wolfram (2000) Çin Simgeleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1995) Çin Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, Erber, Christian (1993/1994 ?) Reich an Samt und Seide, Bremen
  • Falke, von Otto (1913), Kunstgeschichte der Seiden Weberei, Tübingen Franke, Otto (1904) Beitraege aus chinesischen Quellen zur Kenntnisder Türkvölker und Skythen Zentralasiens
  • Franke, Otto (1930), Geschichte des Chinesischen Reiches, I Band, Leipzig Feddersen, von Martin (1957) Chinesisches Kunstgewerbe, Braunschweig Grousset, Rene (1980), Bozkır İmparatorluğu, Çeviren, Reşat Uzmen, İstanbul Grosse Brockhaus (1934), Handbuch des Wissens in Zwanzig Baenden, XVII.
  • Band, (Schra-Spu) Leipzig Haussig, Hans Wilhelm(1954-2001) Die Geschichte der Zentralasiens und der Seidenstrasse in Vorislamischer Zeit, Darmstadt Hermann, Albert (1936), “Wo lag Serinda” , Ostasiatische Zeitschrift 1920/22,
  • Neunter Jahrgang, Berlin Heyd, W. (2000) Yakın_Doğu Ticaret Tarihi, Çeviren: Ord. Prof. Enver Ziya Karal, T.T.K. Basımevi, Ankara
  • Kageyama, Etsuko (2003) www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/index.html Karlgren, B. (1944) (1945), Some weapons and tools of the Yin dynasty (Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, No. 17, 101-144, Stockholm(1945), A.Ü. Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt II, Sayı 3, Mart-Nisan
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  • Klein, Ludwig (1926), Nutzpflanzen der Landwirtschaft und des Gartenbaues, Heidelberg. Koppers, Wilhelm (1941), Etnolojiye Dayanan Cihan Tarihinin Işığı Altında İlk Türklük ve İlk İndo-Germenlik, Belleten, c. 5
  • Lyovushkina, Svetlana V (1995/1996), Silk Road Art and Archaeology (4) “On the History of Sericulture in Central Asia, TheInstitute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura, Japan
  • Mackenzie, Finlay (1961), Chinese Art, Spring Books, London Mugi, Che (1989), The Silkroad Past and Present, Beijing Mühlmann, W. (1938), Methodik der Völkerkunde, Stuttgard Nai, Hsia )1974), New Archaeological Findsin China, Foreign Language Pres Peking
  • Needham F.R.S, Joseph (1954), Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge at the University Press
  • Ögel, Bahattin (1991), İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara Rebel, Hans (1927), China als Ursprungsland der Edelseide, Wiener Beitraege zur Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Asiens, Bd. II Richthofen, F. V. China, Band I,
  • Ritter, Carl (1838), Erdkunde, VIII, Berlin Rosthorn, A. von (1937) Die Archaeologische Forschung in China, “Anthropos”, XXXII
  • Sickmann, Laurance/ Soper, Alexander (1981) The Art and Architecture of China,Penguin Books, King-sport Press, Tennessee
  • Silbermann, Henri (1897), Die Geschichte der Seidenkultur, des Seidenhandels und der Seiden- webekunst von İhren Anfaengen bis auf die Gegenwart, Leipzig
  • Simonenko, Alexander (2001), “Chinese and East Asian Elements in Sarmation Culture of the North Pontic Region “ Silkroad Art and Archaeology, Kamakura, Japan
  • Strassen, Dr. Otto (1926) “Die vierfüssler, Insekten undSpinnenkerfe”, Brehms Tierleben, Allgemeine Kunde des Tierreiches, Institut Leipzig Sylwan, Vivi (1937), Silk from the Yin Dynasty, The Museum of Far Eastern Antiqities (Ostasiatiska Samlingarna), Bulletin No 9, Stockholm
  • Tezcan, Hülya (1993) Atlaslar Atlası, Yapı-Kredi Koleksiyonları 3, İstanbul Yatsenko, A. Sergei (2001) “The Costume of the Yuech-Chihs / Kushans and its Archaeology Kamakura, Japan
  • Yokohari, K. (1992) “On the Kucha silk and Kashgar silk encountered in the Turfan documents,
  • BAOM 13, (with English summary) Yokohari, K (2001) “Realization of Samit and its development”, in K. Nagasawa and K. Yokohari, Dyeing and weaving history of Silk Road, Tokyo
  • Walk, L. (1937) Aufdeckung über die Religion Altchinas, “Reichspost” Die Quelle, Sayı VIII

Silk in Central Asia B.C

Year 2005, Issue: 32, 1 - 32, 01.06.2005

Abstract

The noble looking silk is believed to be found by the Chinese in 3000 B.C. However it is not exactly verified that this
wonderful looking textile material is actually found by the Chinese and which cocoon type was the first one to be used.
In this study, our aim is to research the existence of a Chinese state in the Central Asia during 3000 B.C and whether these tribes were the ones actually to have found and produced the silk.
Today, although not very much detailed information on their battles are in hand, findings and documents on their communicating with other communities were obtained from their common motifs. In this study, findings concerning the samples obtained from the recent excavations by the Chinese archaeologists have been taken into consideration and have been evaluated.
In the study, after the introductory part which covers information about the Chinese and the Turkish tribes who lived in middle Asia, information is given about silk and its types, while topics such as its production and trade where it was grown are treated under separate headings.
Then under the section concerning the history of silk, legendary information about silk has been given and in the section, research and findings about silk, archaeological studies from the past till now have been examined and we have tried to reach our aim while taking the chronological order into account.

References

  • Anonim, Grosse Brockhaus, Handbuch des Wissens in Zwanzig Baenden, XVII. Band
  • Anonim (1987), Çin Kültür Tarihi Sözlüğü.4
  • Arne, T.J. (1924), Die neuen Steinzeitfunde in China, Nach einem Vortraege im Wiener historischem Museum, Ostasiatische Zeitschrift,
  • Atasoy, Nurhan (2001), İpek, imperial Otoman silks and velvets, İstanbul, TEB İletişim ve Yayıncılık
  • Bartold, Wilhelm (1901), “Russische Arbeiten über Ostasien”, Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orient Sprachen, Jahrgang IV Belenitski, A.M., I.B. Bentovich, O.G. Bol'shakov (1973) Srednevekovyj gorod
  • SrednejAzii, Leningrad. Bekin, Ahmet Riza (1981), İpek Yolu, A.Ü Dil-TarihCoğrafya FakültesiYayınları, Ankara
  • Chang, Kwang-chih(1977), The Archarlogy of Ancient China, London, Yale University Pres
  • Conrady Ullstein, Weltgeschichte, Geschichte des Orients Chin-ting, Jang, (1987), Çin Kültür Tarihi Sözlüğü, Basım, Che Chiang Davis, John Francis (1936), The Chinese, London Douglas, Robert K. (1882), China, London
  • Dörel-Adebahr, Lisa (1982) Von Der Faser Zum Stoff , Hamburg Drege, Jean-Pierre – Bührer, Emil M. (1989), The Silkroad Saga, NewYork Duden (1997), Fremdwörterbuch Eberhard, Wolfram (1933) “Der Begin der Chou-Zeit” Sinica 8
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1942), “Eski Çin Kültürü ve Türkler”, A.Ü. Dil ve TarihCoğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı I
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1937), Tagungsberichte der Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde, (Leipzig, 1936, toplantı raporu) Leipzig
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1932), “Bericht über die Ausgrabungen bei An-Yang (Honan), Herausgegeben von Otto Kümmel-William Cohen, Ost Asiatische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge 8.Jahrgang, Berlin und Leipzig Eberhard, Wolfram (2000) Çin Simgeleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul
  • Eberhard, Wolfram (1995) Çin Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, Erber, Christian (1993/1994 ?) Reich an Samt und Seide, Bremen
  • Falke, von Otto (1913), Kunstgeschichte der Seiden Weberei, Tübingen Franke, Otto (1904) Beitraege aus chinesischen Quellen zur Kenntnisder Türkvölker und Skythen Zentralasiens
  • Franke, Otto (1930), Geschichte des Chinesischen Reiches, I Band, Leipzig Feddersen, von Martin (1957) Chinesisches Kunstgewerbe, Braunschweig Grousset, Rene (1980), Bozkır İmparatorluğu, Çeviren, Reşat Uzmen, İstanbul Grosse Brockhaus (1934), Handbuch des Wissens in Zwanzig Baenden, XVII.
  • Band, (Schra-Spu) Leipzig Haussig, Hans Wilhelm(1954-2001) Die Geschichte der Zentralasiens und der Seidenstrasse in Vorislamischer Zeit, Darmstadt Hermann, Albert (1936), “Wo lag Serinda” , Ostasiatische Zeitschrift 1920/22,
  • Neunter Jahrgang, Berlin Heyd, W. (2000) Yakın_Doğu Ticaret Tarihi, Çeviren: Ord. Prof. Enver Ziya Karal, T.T.K. Basımevi, Ankara
  • Kageyama, Etsuko (2003) www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/index.html Karlgren, B. (1944) (1945), Some weapons and tools of the Yin dynasty (Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, No. 17, 101-144, Stockholm(1945), A.Ü. Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt II, Sayı 3, Mart-Nisan
  • Keller, Otto (1913), Die Antike Tierwelt, II. Band, Leipzig Klein, Dorothee (1936) “Die frühen Seidengewebe auf der ChinaAusstellung in London”, Ost- Asiatische Zeitschrift , Neuer Folge 12. Jahrgang Berlin und Leipzig.
  • Klein, Ludwig (1926), Nutzpflanzen der Landwirtschaft und des Gartenbaues, Heidelberg. Koppers, Wilhelm (1941), Etnolojiye Dayanan Cihan Tarihinin Işığı Altında İlk Türklük ve İlk İndo-Germenlik, Belleten, c. 5
  • Lyovushkina, Svetlana V (1995/1996), Silk Road Art and Archaeology (4) “On the History of Sericulture in Central Asia, TheInstitute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura, Japan
  • Mackenzie, Finlay (1961), Chinese Art, Spring Books, London Mugi, Che (1989), The Silkroad Past and Present, Beijing Mühlmann, W. (1938), Methodik der Völkerkunde, Stuttgard Nai, Hsia )1974), New Archaeological Findsin China, Foreign Language Pres Peking
  • Needham F.R.S, Joseph (1954), Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge at the University Press
  • Ögel, Bahattin (1991), İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara Rebel, Hans (1927), China als Ursprungsland der Edelseide, Wiener Beitraege zur Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Asiens, Bd. II Richthofen, F. V. China, Band I,
  • Ritter, Carl (1838), Erdkunde, VIII, Berlin Rosthorn, A. von (1937) Die Archaeologische Forschung in China, “Anthropos”, XXXII
  • Sickmann, Laurance/ Soper, Alexander (1981) The Art and Architecture of China,Penguin Books, King-sport Press, Tennessee
  • Silbermann, Henri (1897), Die Geschichte der Seidenkultur, des Seidenhandels und der Seiden- webekunst von İhren Anfaengen bis auf die Gegenwart, Leipzig
  • Simonenko, Alexander (2001), “Chinese and East Asian Elements in Sarmation Culture of the North Pontic Region “ Silkroad Art and Archaeology, Kamakura, Japan
  • Strassen, Dr. Otto (1926) “Die vierfüssler, Insekten undSpinnenkerfe”, Brehms Tierleben, Allgemeine Kunde des Tierreiches, Institut Leipzig Sylwan, Vivi (1937), Silk from the Yin Dynasty, The Museum of Far Eastern Antiqities (Ostasiatiska Samlingarna), Bulletin No 9, Stockholm
  • Tezcan, Hülya (1993) Atlaslar Atlası, Yapı-Kredi Koleksiyonları 3, İstanbul Yatsenko, A. Sergei (2001) “The Costume of the Yuech-Chihs / Kushans and its Archaeology Kamakura, Japan
  • Yokohari, K. (1992) “On the Kucha silk and Kashgar silk encountered in the Turfan documents,
  • BAOM 13, (with English summary) Yokohari, K (2001) “Realization of Samit and its development”, in K. Nagasawa and K. Yokohari, Dyeing and weaving history of Silk Road, Tokyo
  • Walk, L. (1937) Aufdeckung über die Religion Altchinas, “Reichspost” Die Quelle, Sayı VIII
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA78UZ76GF
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zahide İmer This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2005
Published in Issue Year 2005 Issue: 32

Cite

APA İmer, Z. (2005). Silk in Central Asia B.C. Bilig(32), 1-32.
AMA İmer Z. Silk in Central Asia B.C. Bilig. June 2005;(32):1-32.
Chicago İmer, Zahide. “Silk in Central Asia B.C”. Bilig, no. 32 (June 2005): 1-32.
EndNote İmer Z (June 1, 2005) Silk in Central Asia B.C. Bilig 32 1–32.
IEEE Z. İmer, “Silk in Central Asia B.C”, Bilig, no. 32, pp. 1–32, June 2005.
ISNAD İmer, Zahide. “Silk in Central Asia B.C”. Bilig 32 (June 2005), 1-32.
JAMA İmer Z. Silk in Central Asia B.C. Bilig. 2005;:1–32.
MLA İmer, Zahide. “Silk in Central Asia B.C”. Bilig, no. 32, 2005, pp. 1-32.
Vancouver İmer Z. Silk in Central Asia B.C. Bilig. 2005(32):1-32.

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