Endülüs İlmî Geleneğinde Bir Ailenin Portresi: Benû Belekâyuş

Öz

Belkâyuş ailesi 4/10. Yüzyılda Endülüs ilmî hayatında rol almış önemli bir ailedir. Belekâyuş ailesinin atası Kont Julianos’un Müslümanların İber Yarımadası’nı fetih sürecindeki (92/711) stratejik rolü ve soyunun İslam’a katılımı ile başlayan süreç, sonraki nesillerde ilmî bir çizgide devam etmiştir. Eyyûb b. Süleyman (326/938), ilim tahsili için Doğu’ya seyahat etmiş ve Irak Malikî ekolünün önemli temsilcisi Ebû İshâk İsmâîl b. İshâk el-Cehdamî el-Ezdî’den (282/896) ders almıştır. Elde ettiği bilgi ve kitaplarla Endülüs’e dönen Eyyûb, Bakî b. Mahled’in (276/889) savunduğu yenilikçi fıkhî görüşlere destek olmuştur. Oğlu Süleyman b. Eyyûb (377/987), hem öğrenci yetiştirmiş hem de Malikî mezhebinin geleneksel görüşlerine karşı eserlerin aktarımında önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. Ailenin üçüncü nesil temsilcisi Ahmed b. Süleyman (388/998) ise bu mücadelelerin hafiflediği bir dönemde yaşamış, ancak yenilikçi yaklaşımları desteklemeye devam etmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Belekâyuş ailesi, Endülüs’te geleneksel ve yenilikçi fıkıh görüşleri arasındaki mücadelede aktif bir rol oynamış, ancak Bakî b. Mahled kadar ön plana çıkmamıştır. Bu durum, aileye dair bilgilerin günümüze sınırlı şekilde ulaşmasının başlıca nedenlerinden biridir. Bu makale, Endülüs ilmî hayatında önemli bir yere sahip olan Belekâyuş ailesinin tarihini ve entelektüel etkisini incelemektedir. Araştırma, İslam biyografi ve bibliyografi eserleri ile dönemsel kaynaklar ve güncel çalışmalardan elde edilen veriler ışığında, bu ailenin Endülüs’teki ilmî ve fıkhî gelişmelere katkısını ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslam Tarihi
• Endülüs
• Mâlikîlik
• Benû Belekâyuş
• Red Geleneği

A Portrait of a Family in Andalusi Intellectual Tradition: The Banū Balakāyush

Abstract

The Balakāyush family was an important participant in the intellectual life of al-Andalus during the 4th/10th century. The process began with their ancestor, Julian, who played a strategic role during the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (92/711) and whose lineage embraced Islam. Subsequent generations pursued scholarly paths. Ayyūb b. Sulaymān (326/938) traveled east to study and received lessons from Judge Abū Ishāq Ismāʿīl b. Ishāq al-Djahdamī al-Azdī (282/896), a prominent representative of the ʿIrāqī Mālikī school. Upon returning to al-Andalus with the knowledge and books he acquired, Ayyūb supported the innovative jurisprudential views advocated by Baqī b. Makhlad (276/889). His son, Sulaymān b. Ayyūb (377/987), not only trained students but also played a critical role in transmitting works that challenged traditional Mālikī views. The third-generation representative, Ahmad b. Sulaymān (388/998), lived during a period when these struggles had subsided, but he continued to support innovative approaches. Ultimately, the Balakāyush family actively participated in the conflict between traditional and innovative jurisprudential perspectives in al-Andalus, though they did not achieve the prominence of figures like Baqī b. Makhlad. This limited their recognition and the availability of information about the family today. This article examines the history and intellectual impact of the Balakāyush family, who held a significant place in Andalusi intellectual life. Based on data from Islamic biographical and bibliographical works, as well as contemporary sources and current works, the research explores this family’s contribution to scholarly and jurisprudential developments in al-Andalus.

Keywords

• Islamic History
• Andalus
• Mālikī School
• Banū Balakāyush
• Tradition of Refutation

References

1. Aguilera Pleguezuelo, José. Estudios de Las Normas e Instituciones Del Derecho Islámico En Al-Andalus. Ediciones Guadalquivir, 2000.
2. Atçeken, İsmail Hakkı. “Septe (Ceuta) Kontu Julianus ve Endülüs’ün Fethinde Müslümanlara Yardımlarıyla İlgili Tartışmalar.” Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 16 (2003): 29–51.
3. Bagdādī, Abū Bakr Ahmad b. ʿAlī b. Thābit al-Khatīb. Tārīkh Bagdād. 14 vols. Bayrūt, n.d.
4. Brockopp, Jonathan E. Muhammad’s Heirs: The Rise of Muslim Scholarly Communities, 622–950. Cambridge University Press, n.d.
5. Brockopp, Jonathan E. “Rereading the History of Early Mālikī Jurisprudence.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 118, no. 2 (1998): 233–38.
6. Brockopp, Jonathan E. “Sahnūn b. Saʽīd.” In Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists, edited by Oussama Arabi, David Powers, and Susan A. Spectorsky. Leiden, 2013.
7. Bulliet, Richard W. Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History. Harvard University Press, 1979.
8. Carrasco, Carlos Martínez. “El Último Patricio Romano de Spania. Una Relectura de La Figura Del «conde Don Julián».” In II Jornadas Interdisciplianres de Derecho, Historia y Arqueología De Roma a Bizancio: El Territorio En El Sureste Hispano, edited by R. Rodríguez López and J. Vizcaíno Sánchez. Almería, 2014.

9. Chejne, Anwar. Historia de España Musulmana. Madrid, Cátedra, 1993.
10. Collins, Roger. Visigothic Spain 409–711. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
11. Dabbī, Abū Djaʿfar Ahmad b. Yahya al-Andalusī. Bugyat al-Multamis fī Tārīkh Ridjāl Ahl al-Andalus. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī. 2 vols. Al-Qāhira - Bayrūt, 1989.
12. Dhahabī, Abū ʿAbdullāh Shams ad-Dīn Muhammad b. Ahmad b. ʿUthmān al-Turkmānī al-Fāriqī al-Dimashqī. Tadhkirat al-Huffāz. 2 within 4 volumes. Haydar Ābād, 1956.
13. Dhahabī, Abū ʿAbdullāh Shams ad-Dīn Muhammad b. Ahmad b. ʿUthmān al-Turkmānī al-Fāriqī al-Dimashqī. Tārīkh al-Islām wafayāt al-Mashāhīr wa-l-Aʿlām. 1987, n.d.
14. Dozy, Reinhart. La Conquête de l’Andalousie Par Les Almorávides (711–1110). Brill, 1861. al-Laythī (234/848), El ‘inteligente de al-Ándalus.” Estudios Onomástico-Biográficos de al-Andalus, no. 8 (1997): 269–344.
15. Fierro, Maribel. “Proto-Mālikīs, Mālikīs and Reformed Mālikīs.” In The Islamic School of Law: Evolution, Devolution, and Progress, edited by P. Bearman, R. Peters, and F. E. Vogel. Harvard University Press, 2005.
16. Fierro, Maribel. “The Introduction of Hadīth in Al-Andalus (2nd/8th-3rd/9th Centuries).” Der Islam 66, no. 1 (1989): 68–93.
17. Harrūs, Mustafā. al-Madrasah al-Mālikiyyah al-Andalusiyyah Ilā Nihāyat al-Qarn Ath-Thālith al-Hijrī. al-Ribāt, 1418.
18. Hentati, Nejmeddinne. al-Madhhab al-Mālikī Bi-l-Garb al-Islāmī : Ilā Muntasaf al-Qarn al- Khāmis al-Hidjrī / al-Hādī ‘ashr al- Mīlādī. Tibr al-zamān, 2004.
19. Hifnāwī, Abū al-Qāsım Muhammad. Taʿrīf al-Khalaf bi-Ridjāl as-Salaf. Tūnis, 1402.
20. Humaydī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muhammad b. Futūh b. ʿAbd Allāh. Djadhwat al-Muqtabis fī Tārīkh ʿUlamāʾ al-Andalus. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf and Muhammad Bashshār ʿAwwād. 2 vols. Dār al-Garb al-Islāmī, 1429.
21. Ibn al-Faradī, Abū al-Walīd ʿAbd Allāh b. Muhammad b. Yūsuf al-Qurtubī. Tārīkh ʿUlamāʾ Al-Andalus. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī. 3 vols. 1989, n.d.
22. Ibn al-Nadīm. al-Fihrist fī Akhbār al-ʿUlamāʾ al-Musannifīn min al-Qudamāʾ Wa-l-Muhdathīn Wa-Asmāʾ Kutubihim. Tihrān, n.d.
23. Ibn al-Qūtiyya, Abū Bakr Muhammad b. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Ibrāhīm al-Andalusī. Tārīkh Iftitāh Al-Andalus. Al-Qāhira-Bayrūt, 1989.
24. Ibn Farhūn, Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī. al-Dībāj al-Mudhab fī Maʿrifat Aʿyān ʿulamāʾ al-Madhab. Bayrūt, 1999.
25. Ibn Hadjar-ʿAsqalānī, Abū al-Fadl Shihāb ad-Dīn Ahmad b. ʿAlī. Nuzhat an-Nazar fī Tawdīh Nukhbat al-Fikr fī Mustalah Ahl al-Athar. Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2015.
26. Ibn Hazm, Abū Muhammad ʿAlī b. Ahmad b. Saʿīd b. Hazm al-Andalusī. al-Ihkām fī Usūl al-Ahkām. 2 vols. Al-Qāhira, n.d.
27. Ibn Khayr al-Ishbīlī. Fahrasatu Ibn Khayr al-Ishbīlī. Dār al-Garb al-Islāmī, 2009.
28. Ibn Tāwīt, Muhammad. Tārīkhu Sabta. Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1982.
29. Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar Yūsuf an-Namarī. al-Intiqāʾ fī Fadāʾil al-Aʾimma Ath-Thalātha al-Fuqahāʾ. 1997, n.d. Khushanī, Muhammad b. al-Hārith al-. Qudātu Qurtuba. al-Qāhira-Bayrūt, 1989.
30. López Ortiz, José. “La Recepción de La Escuela Malequí En España.” Anuario de Historia Del Derecho Español, no. 7 (1930): 1–167.
31. Luisa Ávila, María. “Nuevos Datos Para La Biografía de Baqī b. Majlad.” Al-Qantara, no. 6 (1985): 321–67.
32. Luisa Ávila, María. “The Search for Knowledge: Andalusi Scholars and Their Travels to the Islamic East.” Medieval Prosopography: History and Collective Biography, no. Special Issue: Arab-Islamic Medieval Culture 23 (2002): 125–40.
33. Makkī, Mahmūd Alī. Ensayo Sobre Las Aportaciones Orientales En La España Musulmana y Su Influencia En La Formación de La Cultura Hispano-Árabe. Madrid, 1968.
34. Maqqarī, Ahmad at-Tilimsānī. Nafh al-Tīb Fī Gusn al-Andalus Ar-Ratīb. Edited by Ihsān ʿAbbās. 8 vols. Bayrūt, n.d.
35. Marín, Manuela. “Baqī b. Majlad y La Introducción Del Estudio Del Hadït En Al-Andalus.” Al-Qantara: Revista de Estudios Árabes 1, no. 1 (1980): 165–208.
36. Martos Quesada, Juan. “Los Libros de Cabecera Del Alfaquí Mālikí Durante El Emirato Omeya de Al-Ándalus. [The Reference Books of the Alfaqi Mālikí during the Umayyad Amīrate of al-Andalus.].” Al-Andalus Magreb, no. 4 (2021): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.25267/AAM.2021.v28.12.
37. Melchert, Christopher. “Religious Policies of the Caliphs From Al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir, A.H. 232-295/A.D. 847-908.” Islamic Law and Society 3, no. 3 (1996): 316–42.
38. Melchert, Christopher. The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9-10 Centuries C.E. Leiden-New York-Köln, 1997.
39. Muranyi, Miklos. Dirāsāt fī Masādir al-Fiqh al-Mālikī. Translated by M. R. Hanefi et al. Bayrūt, 1988.
40. Nawawī, Abū Zakariyya Yahyā b. Sharaf al-. Irshād Tullāb Al-Haqāʾiq Ilā Maʿrifat Sunan Khayr al-Khalāʾiq. Dār al-Minhādj al-Qawīm, 2019.
41. Naysābūrī, Muhammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Hākim, and Ahmad Fāris al-Salūm. Maʿrifat ʿUlūm al-Hadīth. Dāru Ibn Hazm, 2003.
42. Özdemir, Mehmet. “Hakem II.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 15. TDV Yayınları, 1997.
43. Penelas, Mayte. “Some Remarks on Conversion to Islam in al-Andalus.” al-Qantara 23, no. 1 (2002): 193–200.
44. Provençal, E. Lévi. “Mahled.” In MEB İslam Ansiklopedisi, I–XIII. İstanbul, 1940.
45. Qarāfī, Shihāb ad-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Ahmad b. Idrīs al-. Al-Ihkām fī Tamīz al-Fatāwā ʿan al-Ahkām wa-Tasarrufāt al-Qādī Wa-al-Imām. Halab, 1967.
46. Sāmirī, Khalīl Ibrāhīm al-, Tāhā Zannūn, and Nātiq Sālih ʿAbd al-Wāhid Maslūb. Tārīkh Al-ʿArab wa-Hadāratihim fī al-Andalus. Dār al-Kitāb al-DJadīd al-Muttahidah, 2000.
47. Sanīdī, Sālih b. Muhammad b. Rāshid as-. “Yulyān ve Fath al-Andalus: ʿardun Djadīd Liqadiyyatin Qadīme.” Madjallatu DJāmiat al-Imām Muhammad b. Suūd al-Islāmiyye, no. 17 (1996): 434–49.
48. Sezgin, Fuat. Geschichte Des Arabischen Schrifttums. 15 vols. Leiden, 1967.
49. Shāfiʿī, Muhammad b. Idrīs. al-Risālah. Maktabat Dār al-Turāth, 2005.
50. Shāfiʿī, Muhammad b. Idrīs. Ikhtilāf al-Hadīth. Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyyah, 1405.
51. Shāfiʿī, Muhammad b. Idrīs. Ikhtilāf al-Hadīth. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1406.
52. Shīrāzī, Abū Ishāq DJamāl-Dīn Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī b. Yūsuf, Tabaqāt al-Fuqahāʾ. Bayrūt, 1401.
53. Turkī, ʿAbd al-Madjīd. “‘At-Tamhīd’ (al-Muqaddimah Allatī Katabahā al-Muhaqqiq).” In Kitāb Adab an-Nisāʾ al-Mawsūm Bi-Kitāb al-Gāyah Wa-n-Nihāyah. Bayrūt, 1992.
54. Vazquez-Paluch, Daniel. “The Legal Thought of an Early Andalusian Jurist: ʽĪsā b. Dīnār.” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, no. 29 (2016): 425–53.
55. Watt, W. Montgomery. The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. Edinburgh University Press, 1973.
56. ʿInān, Muhammad ʿAbd Allāh. Dawlat al-Islām fī al-Andalus. 5 vols. Maktabat al-Khāndjī, 1990.
57. ʿIyād, Abū al-Fadl ʿIyād b. Mūsā b. ʿIyād al-Yahsubī al-Qādī. Tartīb Al-Madārik Wa-Taqrīb al-Masālik li-Maʿrifat Aʿlām Madhhab Mālik. Edited by Muhammad Tāwīt at-Tūnisī et al. 8 vols. Al-Rabat, 1981.