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According to Hans Mol the effects of sacralization mechanisms on identity: sample of menzil tariqa

Year 2021, Volume: 2021 Issue: 44, 49 - 82, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.878296

Abstract

The individual is subject to continuous change from the moment of birth, which is also the case for all types of communities. With the effects of change, the identity of both the individual and the community in which the individual is located, and ultimately, the identity of the society is formed.
Religion occupies an important place among many values in the formation and protection of individual and social identity. Among the theories dealing with the interaction between religion and identity, Hans Mol's identity theory is among the most important theories to examine religion-based communities. From this point of view, in this study, the identity formation of the Menzil Naqshbandi, which is a Sufi movement, is discussed in the context of Hans Mol's identity theory.
The basic search for who he is is one of the most basic and complex issues that occupy the mind of human beings. “Who am I?” Is a question that needs to be answered or a situation that must be accepted in order to reveal that everybody is an individual and valuable to a community. To the extent that he can answer this question, a person becomes knowledgeable about himself and introduces himself to other people. In the process of identity formation, religious values are prioritized for the individual and if the identity is formed in this way, this identity is evaluated as a religious-spiritual identity. It can be said that the more effective the religion, which is among the indispensable values in human life, is in the formation of identity, the more influential identities are on religion. In this respect, the belief acquired is not only important among the values that can form an identity, but also has this importance in the protection and maintenance of identity.
Since the early 1970s, many sociologists have studied the interaction of religion and identity in many different countries and cultures, often independently of each other and without knowledge of each other. While Hans Mol's religion-identity model is used as a framework for the interpretation of data, it has been accepted as a method in the formation and protection of a religious group's identity. A general, social-scientific draft of a theory of religion has been developed in which anthropological, psychological, sociological, and historical approach elements are combined to be used in studies on religion. The survival of a universal religion depends on the ability to meet and balance the needs of all three levels of identity -personal, group, and social.
However, in the analysis of religious formations, the fact that a systematic, comprehensive, and sociological approach to religious events is incomplete, inconsistent, or irrelevant, together with the influence of religious values. Accordingly, identity theory is based on the determination that religions, religious formations, communities, groups, whether primitive or modern, similarly sanctify their identities in the process of identity formation. According to Mol, religion, that is the sacralization of identity, directly contributes to the formation of an identity in which religious values prevail with four mechanisms of which functionality is observed during the sacralization process. These mechanisms called objectification, ritual, commitment and myth are the building blocks of identity formation. In the thesis of Mol, which is built on the basis of this thought, the first phase, objectification, is the fact that an abstract value becomes concrete, in other words, becomes visible. The second stage, commitment, means an emotional commitment to any focus of identity. In the third stage of sacralization, the rituals of the group that do not have to carry religious values appear. At the last phase of the sacralization process, where everything can be considered sacred, myths are formed around the value attributed to sacredness. Myths are generally considered as miracles peculiar to religious groups.

References

  • BIRD, J. (2017). Din Sosyolojisi Nedir, (Çev. A. Taştan & D. Dereli), İstanbul: Lotus Yayınevi.
  • BIRD, J. (2017). Din Sosyolojisi Nedir, (Çev. A. Taştan & D. Dereli), İstanbul: Lotus Yayınevi.
  • CAREY, L. B. (2009). “The Sacralization of Identity: An Interfaith Spiritual Care Paradigm for Chaplaincy in a Multifaith Context”, (ed.) D. Schipani, Interfaith Spiritual Care, Canada: Pandora Press.
  • CAREY, L. B. (2009). “The Sacralization of Identity: An Interfaith Spiritual Care Paradigm for Chaplaincy in a Multifaith Context”, (ed.) D. Schipani, Interfaith Spiritual Care, Canada: Pandora Press.
  • DARENDE, Ö. F. (2019). “Sekülerleşme Paradigmasına Metaforik Yaklaşımlar”, Sekülerleşme Tartışmaları, (Ed. M. A. Kirman & V. Ertit), Ankara: Kadim Yayınları.
  • ELHÜSEYNİ, M. M. (2016). Ehl-i Tasavvuf, Semerkand.
  • ELHÜSEYNİ, M. M. (2016). Ehl-i Tasavvuf, Semerkand.
  • ELIADE, M. (1959). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • ERKAL, M. (2004). Sosyoloji, İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • ERTİT, V. (2019). Sekülerleşme Teorisi, Ankara: Liberte.
  • GENTILE, E. (2006). Politics as Religion, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • MIHCIOĞLU, A. (2019). “Plazada Tasavvuf Mümkün mü?”, Mostar, Yıl: 15, Sayı: 175.
  • MIHCIOĞLU, A. (2019). “Plazada Tasavvuf Mümkün mü?”, Mostar, Yıl: 15, Sayı: 175.
  • MOL, H. (1976). Identity and the Sacred: A Sketch for a New Social Scientific Theory of Religion, London: Blackwell.
  • MOL, H. (1978a). “Introduction”, Identity and Religion: International, Cross-Cultural Approaches, (Ed.) Hans Mol, London: SAGE Publications.
  • MOL, H. (1979). "The Origin and Function of Religion: A Critique of, and Alternative to, Durkheim's Interpretation of the Religion of Australian Aborigines", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 18, No.4, December, 379-389.
  • MOL, H. (1979a). “The Identity Model of Religion: How It Compares with Nine Other Theories of Religion and How It Might Apply to Japan”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 6/1-2, March-June.
  • MOL, H. (1983). Meaning and Place: An Introduction to the Social Scientific Study of Religion, New York: Pilgrim Press.
  • MOL, H. (1983a). The Fixed and the Fickle: Religion and Identity in New Zealand, New Zealand: Pilgrims South Press Dunedin.
  • MOL, H. (1985). Faith and Fragility: Religion and Identity in Canada, London: Gr Welch Co Ltd.
  • MOL, H. (1986). “Religion and Identity: A Dialectic Interpretation of Religious Phenomena”,V.C. Hayes, Identity and World Religions. Selected proceedings of the fifteenth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Netly, Adelaide: Wakefield Press.
  • MOL, H. (1986). “Religion and Identity: A Dialectic Interpretation of Religious Phenomena”,V.C. Hayes, Identity and World Religions. Selected proceedings of the fifteenth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Netly, Adelaide: Wakefield Press.
  • MOL, H. (1992). “New Perspectives from Cross-Cultural Studies”, 90-103, (Ed.) P.E. Hammond, The Sacred in a Secular Age: Toward Revision in the Scientific Study of Religion, Berkeley: University of California Press, USA.Mol, H. (1982). The Firm and the Formless: Religion and Identity in Aboriginal Australia, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  • MOL, H. (1992). “New Perspectives from Cross-Cultural Studies”, 90-103, (Ed.) P.E. Hammond, The Sacred in a Secular Age: Toward Revision in the Scientific Study of Religion, Berkeley: University of California Press, USA.Mol, H. (1982). The Firm and the Formless: Religion and Identity in Aboriginal Australia, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  • MOL, H. (2021). Kimlik ve Kutsal: Yeni Bir Sosyal Bilimsel Din Teorisi, (Çev. Ö. F. DARENDE & A. TAŞTAN), Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları.
  • ÖZBOLAT, A. (2014). “Kutsallaşma Sürecine Tipolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Ziyaret Fenomeni Örneği”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, 2014 / 70, 121-138.
  • ÖZBOLAT, A. (2018). “Şeyh Uçmaz Mürit Uçurur”: Kutsallaştırma Zihniyeti ve Din”, 167-188, Zihniyet ve Din, (Ed. A. Özbolat & A. Yapıcı), Adana: Karahan Yayınevi.
  • POWELL, A. J. (2017). Hans Mol and the Sociology of Religion, London: Routledge.
  • QUINN, P. M. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, California EU: Sage Publications Inc.
  • SEYİDOĞLU, H. (2009). Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yazma El Kitabı, Gelişrtirilmiş 10. Baskı, İstanbul: Güzem yayınları.
  • SINHA, M. K. (1975). A Comparison of Glock's Dimensions of Religiosity, The Ways of Yoga and the Mechanisms of Sacralization, McMaster University, MA Thesis.
  • SWATOS, W. H. & CHRISTIANO, K. J. (1999). “Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept”, Sociology of Religion, 60: 3, ss. 209-228.
  • TAŞTAN, A. (1996). Kimlik ve Din- Kayseri’den Yurtdışına İşçi Göçü Olayının Kültürel Boyutu, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
  • USTA, N. (1997). Menzil Nakşiliği, Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma, Ankara: Töre Yayıncılık.
  • USTA, N. (1997). Menzil Nakşiliği, Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma, Ankara: Töre Yayıncılık.
  • WILSON, B. R. (1982). Religion in Sociological Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • YILDIRIM, A. & ŞİMŞEK, H. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.

Hans Mol’a göre kutsallaşma mekanizmaları ve kimlik üzerine etkileri: menzil tarikatı örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 2021 Issue: 44, 49 - 82, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.878296

Abstract

Birey doğduğu andan itibaren süreklilik gösteren değişime maruz kalır ki bu durum her türlü topluluk için de farklı derecelerde söz konusudur. Değişimin etkileri ile birlikte hem bireyin hem de bireyin içinde bulunduğu topluluk ve toplumun kimliği oluşmaktadır. Bireysel ve toplumsal kimliğin oluşumunda ve korunmasında birçok değer arasında din önemli bir yer işgal etmektedir. Din-kimlik etkileşimini ele alan kuramlar arasında Hans Mol’un kimlik kuramı din temelli toplulukları inceleme noktasında en önemli kuramlar arasında bulunmaktadır. Buradan hareketle, bu çalışmada, bir sufi tarikatı olan Menzil Nakşiliğinin kimlik oluşumu Mol’un kimlik kuramı bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Mol’a göre, kimliğin kutsallaşması olan din, kutsallaşma sürecinde işlevselliği gözlemlenen dört mekanizma ile dinî değerlerin galebe çaldığı bir kimliğin oluşumuna doğrudan katkı sağlamış olmaktadır. Nesnelleşme, ritüel, bağlılık ve mit olarak adlandırılan bu mekanizmalar kimlik oluşumunun yapı taşlarıdır. Dolayısıyla din, mitleri, ritüelleri ve duygu temelli bağlılıkları, istikrarlı bir kimlik duygusu sağlayan her şeyi güçlendiren aşkın bir dünya görüşüne sığdırabilir. Bununla birlikte, modernleşme ile görülen değişimden en çok etkilenen kurumlar arasında yer alan din ile ilgili birçok teori üretilirken, dinin toplumsal öneminin azalacağı yönündeki varsayımı ile sekülerleşme teorisi en çok tartışılanlar arasında yer almaktadır. Türkiye merkez olmak üzere birçok farklı ülkede müntesibi bulunan Menzil Tarikatının mevcut kimliklerini edinme sürecinde, var olduğu düşüncesinden hareketle kutsallaşma mekanizmalarının belirlenmesi ve meydana gelen kimliğin yorumlanması bu çalışmanın temel konusudur. Sonuç itibarıyla, belirli bir örneklem grubuyla görüşme tekniği ve katılım yöntemi uygulanan bu çalışmada, tasavvufî değerlerle oluşan Menzil kimliğinin aynı zamanda seküler bir kimlikle de belli bir oranda bütünleşme ve uyumluluk sağladığı gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • BIRD, J. (2017). Din Sosyolojisi Nedir, (Çev. A. Taştan & D. Dereli), İstanbul: Lotus Yayınevi.
  • BIRD, J. (2017). Din Sosyolojisi Nedir, (Çev. A. Taştan & D. Dereli), İstanbul: Lotus Yayınevi.
  • CAREY, L. B. (2009). “The Sacralization of Identity: An Interfaith Spiritual Care Paradigm for Chaplaincy in a Multifaith Context”, (ed.) D. Schipani, Interfaith Spiritual Care, Canada: Pandora Press.
  • CAREY, L. B. (2009). “The Sacralization of Identity: An Interfaith Spiritual Care Paradigm for Chaplaincy in a Multifaith Context”, (ed.) D. Schipani, Interfaith Spiritual Care, Canada: Pandora Press.
  • DARENDE, Ö. F. (2019). “Sekülerleşme Paradigmasına Metaforik Yaklaşımlar”, Sekülerleşme Tartışmaları, (Ed. M. A. Kirman & V. Ertit), Ankara: Kadim Yayınları.
  • ELHÜSEYNİ, M. M. (2016). Ehl-i Tasavvuf, Semerkand.
  • ELHÜSEYNİ, M. M. (2016). Ehl-i Tasavvuf, Semerkand.
  • ELIADE, M. (1959). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • ERKAL, M. (2004). Sosyoloji, İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • ERTİT, V. (2019). Sekülerleşme Teorisi, Ankara: Liberte.
  • GENTILE, E. (2006). Politics as Religion, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • MIHCIOĞLU, A. (2019). “Plazada Tasavvuf Mümkün mü?”, Mostar, Yıl: 15, Sayı: 175.
  • MIHCIOĞLU, A. (2019). “Plazada Tasavvuf Mümkün mü?”, Mostar, Yıl: 15, Sayı: 175.
  • MOL, H. (1976). Identity and the Sacred: A Sketch for a New Social Scientific Theory of Religion, London: Blackwell.
  • MOL, H. (1978a). “Introduction”, Identity and Religion: International, Cross-Cultural Approaches, (Ed.) Hans Mol, London: SAGE Publications.
  • MOL, H. (1979). "The Origin and Function of Religion: A Critique of, and Alternative to, Durkheim's Interpretation of the Religion of Australian Aborigines", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 18, No.4, December, 379-389.
  • MOL, H. (1979a). “The Identity Model of Religion: How It Compares with Nine Other Theories of Religion and How It Might Apply to Japan”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 6/1-2, March-June.
  • MOL, H. (1983). Meaning and Place: An Introduction to the Social Scientific Study of Religion, New York: Pilgrim Press.
  • MOL, H. (1983a). The Fixed and the Fickle: Religion and Identity in New Zealand, New Zealand: Pilgrims South Press Dunedin.
  • MOL, H. (1985). Faith and Fragility: Religion and Identity in Canada, London: Gr Welch Co Ltd.
  • MOL, H. (1986). “Religion and Identity: A Dialectic Interpretation of Religious Phenomena”,V.C. Hayes, Identity and World Religions. Selected proceedings of the fifteenth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Netly, Adelaide: Wakefield Press.
  • MOL, H. (1986). “Religion and Identity: A Dialectic Interpretation of Religious Phenomena”,V.C. Hayes, Identity and World Religions. Selected proceedings of the fifteenth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Netly, Adelaide: Wakefield Press.
  • MOL, H. (1992). “New Perspectives from Cross-Cultural Studies”, 90-103, (Ed.) P.E. Hammond, The Sacred in a Secular Age: Toward Revision in the Scientific Study of Religion, Berkeley: University of California Press, USA.Mol, H. (1982). The Firm and the Formless: Religion and Identity in Aboriginal Australia, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  • MOL, H. (1992). “New Perspectives from Cross-Cultural Studies”, 90-103, (Ed.) P.E. Hammond, The Sacred in a Secular Age: Toward Revision in the Scientific Study of Religion, Berkeley: University of California Press, USA.Mol, H. (1982). The Firm and the Formless: Religion and Identity in Aboriginal Australia, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  • MOL, H. (2021). Kimlik ve Kutsal: Yeni Bir Sosyal Bilimsel Din Teorisi, (Çev. Ö. F. DARENDE & A. TAŞTAN), Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları.
  • ÖZBOLAT, A. (2014). “Kutsallaşma Sürecine Tipolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Ziyaret Fenomeni Örneği”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, 2014 / 70, 121-138.
  • ÖZBOLAT, A. (2018). “Şeyh Uçmaz Mürit Uçurur”: Kutsallaştırma Zihniyeti ve Din”, 167-188, Zihniyet ve Din, (Ed. A. Özbolat & A. Yapıcı), Adana: Karahan Yayınevi.
  • POWELL, A. J. (2017). Hans Mol and the Sociology of Religion, London: Routledge.
  • QUINN, P. M. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, California EU: Sage Publications Inc.
  • SEYİDOĞLU, H. (2009). Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yazma El Kitabı, Gelişrtirilmiş 10. Baskı, İstanbul: Güzem yayınları.
  • SINHA, M. K. (1975). A Comparison of Glock's Dimensions of Religiosity, The Ways of Yoga and the Mechanisms of Sacralization, McMaster University, MA Thesis.
  • SWATOS, W. H. & CHRISTIANO, K. J. (1999). “Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept”, Sociology of Religion, 60: 3, ss. 209-228.
  • TAŞTAN, A. (1996). Kimlik ve Din- Kayseri’den Yurtdışına İşçi Göçü Olayının Kültürel Boyutu, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
  • USTA, N. (1997). Menzil Nakşiliği, Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma, Ankara: Töre Yayıncılık.
  • USTA, N. (1997). Menzil Nakşiliği, Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma, Ankara: Töre Yayıncılık.
  • WILSON, B. R. (1982). Religion in Sociological Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • YILDIRIM, A. & ŞİMŞEK, H. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ömer Faruk Darende 0000-0003-2622-0565

Abdulvahap Taştan 0000-0002-1227-1735

Publication Date April 30, 2021
Submission Date February 10, 2021
Acceptance Date March 25, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2021 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Darende, Ö. F., & Taştan, A. (2021). Hans Mol’a göre kutsallaşma mekanizmaları ve kimlik üzerine etkileri: menzil tarikatı örneği. Bilimname, 2021(44), 49-82. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.878296