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Wetland flora diversity in Afyon (Türkiye): Karamuk, Eber-Akşehir and Karakuyu

Year 2026, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 55 - 73, 16.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1647589
https://izlik.org/JA33HG37LS

Abstract

Wetland flora diversity in Afyon (Türkiye): Karamuk, Eber-Akşehir and Karakuyu 1

Ümit Subaşı*1, Fatoş Şekerciler Subaşı1

ORCID: 0000-0002-8003-6227; 0000-0003-2085-2668

1 Bitey Eğitim Çevre ve Danışmanlık, Cevizlidere Mah. 1226 Sok No :14/3 Ankara, Türkiye


Abstract
The aim of the present study is to examine the flora of Eber-Akşehir, Karakuyu and Karamuk Wetlands and its surrounding area in Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye. The two-year study (2016-2018) examined the plant samples collected in the region and determined that there are 93 families, as well as 491 taxa belonging to 323 genera. The largest families, in terms of the number of taxa included, are Asteraceae (56), Fabaceae (39) and Lamiaceae (38). The Jaccard index indicated the greatest degree of overlap between Eber-Akşehir and Karakuyu, potentially due to the higher taxon number and more extensive land cover in Eber-Akşehir. The lowest degree of overlap was observed between the Karakuyu and Karamuk wetlands. The following phytogeographic regions were identified: 37 taxa (7.5%) East Mediterranean, 67 taxa (13.6%) Irano-Turanian, 31 taxa (6.3%) Mediterranean, 56 taxa (11.4%) Euro-Siberian and 300 taxa (61.1%) are cosmopolitan and/or their phytogeographical regions are unknown.

Keywords: wetlands flora, karamuk, eber-akşehir, karakuyu



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Afyon (Türkiye) sulak alan flora çeşitliliği: Karamuk, Eber-Akşehir ve Karakuyu

Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin Afyonkarahisar ilindeki Eber-Akşehir, Karakuyu ve Karamuk Sulak Alanları ve çevresinin florasını incelemektir. İki yıllık çalışmada (2016-2018) bölgeden toplanan bitki örnekleri incelenmiş ve 323 cinse ait 93 familya ve 491 takson olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dahil edilen takson sayısı bakımından en büyük familyalar Asteraceae (56), Fabaceae (39) ve Lamiaceae'dir (38). Jaccard indeksi, Eber-Akşehir ile Karakuyu arasında muhtemelen daha yüksek takson sayısı ve Eber-Akşehir'deki daha geniş arazi örtüsü nedeniyle en büyük örtüşme derecesini göstermiştir. En düşük örtüşme derecesi Karakuyu ve Karamuk sulak alanları arasında gözlenmiştir. Fitocoğrafik bölgelerin dağılımı şu şekildedir: 37 takson (%7,5) Doğu Akdeniz, 67 takson (%13,6) İran-Turan, 31 takson (%6,3) Akdeniz, 56 takson (%11,4) Avrupa-Sibirya ve 300 takson (%61,1) ise kozmopolit olup fitocoğrafik bölgeleri bilinmemektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler: sulak alan florası, karamuk, eber-akşehir, karakuyu

References

  • [1] Heino, J., Alahuhta, J., Bini, L. M., Cai, Y., Heiskanen, A. S., Hellsten, S., … Angeler, D. G. (2021). Lakes in the era of global change: Moving beyond single-lake thinking in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biological Reviews, 96(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12648
  • [2] Geijzendorffer, I., Chazée, L., Gaget, E., Galewski, T., Guelmami, A., Perennou, C., Davidson, N., & McInnes, R. (2018). Mediterranean wetlands outlook 2: Solutions for sustainable Mediterranean wetlands. Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention. Retrieved February 27, 2024, from https://medwet.org/publications/med-wetlands-outlook-2-2018/
  • [3] Lehner, B., Liermann, C. R., Revenga, C., Vörösmarty, C., Fekete, B., Crouzet, P., … Wisser, D. (2011). High-resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(9), 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1890/100125
  • [4] Perennou, C., Gaget, E., Galewski, T., Geijzendorffer, I., & Guelmami, A. (2020). Evolution of wetlands in the Mediterranean region. In Water resources in the Mediterranean region (pp. 297–320). Elsevier.
  • [5] Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2025). Sulak alanlar. Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr
  • [6] Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). İklim verileri. Retrieved December 10, 2024, from https://www.mgm.gov.tr
  • [7] Davis, P. H. (1965–1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vols. 1–9). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [8] Davis, P. H., Mill, R. R., & Tan, K. (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 10). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [9] Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., Başer, K. H. C., & Hedge, I. C. (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 11). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [10] Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M., & Webb, D. A. (1964–1980). Flora Europaea (Vols. 1–5). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [11] Rechinger, K. H. (1965–1977). Flora Iranica. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
  • [12] Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M. T. (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul, Türkiye: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları.
  • [13] Brummitt, R. K., & Powell, C. E. (1992). Authors of plant names. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • [14] Raunkiaer, C. (1934). The life-forms of plants and their bearing on geography. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
  • [15] IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List categories and criteria (Version 3.1). Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN Species Survival Commission.
  • [16] Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., & Adıgüzel, N. (2000). Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı (Eğrelti ve Tohumlu Bitkiler). Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği.
  • [17] Jaccard, P. (1908). Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 44, 223–270.
  • [18] Akçiçek, E. (2003). Flora of Kumalar Mountain (Afyon). Turkish Journal of Botany, 27(5), 383–420.
  • [19] Kargıoğlu, M. (2003). The flora of Ahırdağı (Afyonkarahisar) and its environs. Turkish Journal of Botany, 27(5), 357–381.
  • [20] Kocabıyık, T., Serteser, A., & Kargıoğlu, M. (2009). Emir Dağları (Afyonkarahisar) güney yarısı florası. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 2(33), 1–20.
  • [21] Koyuncu, O., Ataşlar, E., Tokur, S., Erten, M. E., & Ardıç, M. (2008). The flora of Balıkdamı wetland and its surroundings (Sivrihisar, Eskişehir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany, 32(3), 227–241.
  • [22] Urziceanu, M., Anastasiu, P., Rozylowicz, L., & Şesan, T. E. (2021). Local-scale impact of wind energy farms on rare, endemic, and threatened plant species. PeerJ, 9, e11390. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11390.
  • [23] Bozyel, D., Pelit, N. B., & Şenol, S. G. (2021). A new record from the Mediterranean temporary wetland habitats, for flora of Turkey: Crassula vaillantii. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 14(3), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.763528.
  • [24] Yücel, E. 1987. Eber Gölü ve Yaban Ördekleri. Tabiat ve İnsan Dergisi, 21(4), 34-39.

Wetland flora diversity in Afyon (Türkiye): Karamuk, Eber-Akşehir and Karakuyu

Year 2026, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 55 - 73, 16.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1647589
https://izlik.org/JA33HG37LS

Abstract

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to examine the flora of Eber-Akşehir, Karakuyu and Karamuk Wetlands and its surrounding area in Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye. The two-year study (2016-2018) examined the plant samples collected in the region and determined that there are 93 families, as well as 491 taxa belonging to 323 genera. The largest families, in terms of the number of taxa included, are Asteraceae (56), Fabaceae (39) and Lamiaceae (38). The Jaccard index indicated the greatest degree of overlap between Eber-Akşehir and Karakuyu, potentially due to the higher taxon number and more extensive land cover in Eber-Akşehir. The lowest degree of overlap was observed between the Karakuyu and Karamuk wetlands. The following phytogeographic regions were identified: 37 taxa (7.5%) East Mediterranean, 67 taxa (13.6%) Irano-Turanian, 31 taxa (6.3%) Mediterranean, 56 taxa (11.4%) Euro-Siberian and 300 taxa (61.1%) are cosmopolitan and/or their phytogeographical regions are unknown.

Keywords: wetlands flora, karamuk, eber-akşehir, karakuyu



----------  ----------

Afyon (Türkiye) sulak alan flora çeşitliliği: Karamuk, Eber-Akşehir ve Karakuyu

Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin Afyonkarahisar ilindeki Eber-Akşehir, Karakuyu ve Karamuk Sulak Alanları ve çevresinin florasını incelemektir. İki yıllık çalışmada (2016-2018) bölgeden toplanan bitki örnekleri incelenmiş ve 323 cinse ait 93 familya ve 491 takson olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dahil edilen takson sayısı bakımından en büyük familyalar Asteraceae (56), Fabaceae (39) ve Lamiaceae'dir (38). Jaccard indeksi, Eber-Akşehir ile Karakuyu arasında muhtemelen daha yüksek takson sayısı ve Eber-Akşehir'deki daha geniş arazi örtüsü nedeniyle en büyük örtüşme derecesini göstermiştir. En düşük örtüşme derecesi Karakuyu ve Karamuk sulak alanları arasında gözlenmiştir. Fitocoğrafik bölgelerin dağılımı şu şekildedir: 37 takson (%7,5) Doğu Akdeniz, 67 takson (%13,6) İran-Turan, 31 takson (%6,3) Akdeniz, 56 takson (%11,4) Avrupa-Sibirya ve 300 takson (%61,1) ise kozmopolit olup fitocoğrafik bölgeleri bilinmemektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler: sulak alan florası, karamuk, eber-akşehir, karakuyu

Thanks

We acknowledge to General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, Wetlands Department for providing financial support.

References

  • [1] Heino, J., Alahuhta, J., Bini, L. M., Cai, Y., Heiskanen, A. S., Hellsten, S., … Angeler, D. G. (2021). Lakes in the era of global change: Moving beyond single-lake thinking in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biological Reviews, 96(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12648
  • [2] Geijzendorffer, I., Chazée, L., Gaget, E., Galewski, T., Guelmami, A., Perennou, C., Davidson, N., & McInnes, R. (2018). Mediterranean wetlands outlook 2: Solutions for sustainable Mediterranean wetlands. Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention. Retrieved February 27, 2024, from https://medwet.org/publications/med-wetlands-outlook-2-2018/
  • [3] Lehner, B., Liermann, C. R., Revenga, C., Vörösmarty, C., Fekete, B., Crouzet, P., … Wisser, D. (2011). High-resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(9), 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1890/100125
  • [4] Perennou, C., Gaget, E., Galewski, T., Geijzendorffer, I., & Guelmami, A. (2020). Evolution of wetlands in the Mediterranean region. In Water resources in the Mediterranean region (pp. 297–320). Elsevier.
  • [5] Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2025). Sulak alanlar. Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr
  • [6] Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). İklim verileri. Retrieved December 10, 2024, from https://www.mgm.gov.tr
  • [7] Davis, P. H. (1965–1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vols. 1–9). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [8] Davis, P. H., Mill, R. R., & Tan, K. (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 10). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [9] Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., Başer, K. H. C., & Hedge, I. C. (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 11). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [10] Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M., & Webb, D. A. (1964–1980). Flora Europaea (Vols. 1–5). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [11] Rechinger, K. H. (1965–1977). Flora Iranica. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
  • [12] Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M. T. (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul, Türkiye: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları.
  • [13] Brummitt, R. K., & Powell, C. E. (1992). Authors of plant names. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • [14] Raunkiaer, C. (1934). The life-forms of plants and their bearing on geography. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
  • [15] IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List categories and criteria (Version 3.1). Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN Species Survival Commission.
  • [16] Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., & Adıgüzel, N. (2000). Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı (Eğrelti ve Tohumlu Bitkiler). Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği.
  • [17] Jaccard, P. (1908). Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 44, 223–270.
  • [18] Akçiçek, E. (2003). Flora of Kumalar Mountain (Afyon). Turkish Journal of Botany, 27(5), 383–420.
  • [19] Kargıoğlu, M. (2003). The flora of Ahırdağı (Afyonkarahisar) and its environs. Turkish Journal of Botany, 27(5), 357–381.
  • [20] Kocabıyık, T., Serteser, A., & Kargıoğlu, M. (2009). Emir Dağları (Afyonkarahisar) güney yarısı florası. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 2(33), 1–20.
  • [21] Koyuncu, O., Ataşlar, E., Tokur, S., Erten, M. E., & Ardıç, M. (2008). The flora of Balıkdamı wetland and its surroundings (Sivrihisar, Eskişehir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany, 32(3), 227–241.
  • [22] Urziceanu, M., Anastasiu, P., Rozylowicz, L., & Şesan, T. E. (2021). Local-scale impact of wind energy farms on rare, endemic, and threatened plant species. PeerJ, 9, e11390. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11390.
  • [23] Bozyel, D., Pelit, N. B., & Şenol, S. G. (2021). A new record from the Mediterranean temporary wetland habitats, for flora of Turkey: Crassula vaillantii. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 14(3), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.763528.
  • [24] Yücel, E. 1987. Eber Gölü ve Yaban Ördekleri. Tabiat ve İnsan Dergisi, 21(4), 34-39.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Botany (Other), Ecology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ümit Subaşı 0000-0002-8003-6227

Fatoş Şekerciler Subaşı 0000-0003-2085-2668

Submission Date February 26, 2025
Acceptance Date December 25, 2025
Publication Date February 16, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1647589
IZ https://izlik.org/JA33HG37LS
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Subaşı, Ü., & Şekerciler Subaşı, F. (2026). Wetland flora diversity in Afyon (Türkiye): Karamuk, Eber-Akşehir and Karakuyu. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 19(1), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1647589

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