Türkiye Rize ili çay (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) üretim alanlarındaki Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)’un popülasyon yoğunluğu ve yaygınlığı

Abstract

Dünya’da çay (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), ekonomik açıdan önemli bir üründür. Bu zamana kadar birçok ilde Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)’un çay üretim alanlarına zarar verdiği ve verim kaybı olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bu çay zararlısı ile ilgili yeni bilgiler elde edilmesine rağmen, popülasyon dinamikleri hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Rize ilinde 2017-2019 yıllarında gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, Polyphagotarsonemus latus’un popülasyon yoğunluğu ve yaygınlığı belirlenmiştir. Buna göre birinci sürgün döneminde 73 çay bahçesinden, ikinci sürgün döneminde 107 çay bahçesinden ve üçüncü sürgün döneminde 97 çay bahçesinden yaprak ve sürgün örnekleri toplanmıştır. Polyphagotarsonemus latus birinci sürgün döneminde 15 bahçede, ikinci sürgün döneminde 32 bahçede ve üçüncü sürgün döneminde 81 bahçede tespit edilmiş ve tespit edildiği bahçelerde popülasyon yoğunlukları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, bu akarın yaygınlığı sürgün dönemlerine ve ilçelere göre farklılık göstermiştir. Birinci sürgün döneminde en yüksek yaygınlık Derepazarı ilçesinde (%44), ikinci sürgün döneminde Fındıklı ilçesinde (%29.9) ve üçüncü sürgün döneminde ise Güneysu ilçesinde (%99) belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, Polyphagotarsonemus latus’un Rize ilindeki çay üretim alanlarında oldukça yaygın olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

Keywords

• Polyphagotarsonemus latus
• sürgün dönemi
• bulaşma oranı
• çay
• Tarsonemidae

Project Number

TAGEM/BSAD/G/17/A2/P1/848

Population density and prevalence of Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) on tea-producing areas (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Rize, Türkiye

Abstract

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the most economically important crops worldwide. Since that time, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), commonly known as the broad mite, has emerged as a significant pest in tea-producing regions, causing considerable yield losses. Despite the increasing number of reports, our understanding of the population dynamics of this tea pest remains limited. This study aimed to determine the population density and prevalence of broad mites in Rize province, Türkiye, during the period 2017–2019. At the time of this study, plant samples were collected from 73 tea gardens during the first shoot period, 107 tea gardens during the second shoot period, and 97 tea gardens during the third shoot period. The broad mite was detected in 15 gardens during the first shoot period, in 32 gardens during the second shoot period, and in 81 gardens during the third shoot period. Population densities were subsequently determined in the gardens where the broad mite was present. According to the results, the prevalence of the mite varied by growth period and district. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Derepazarı district during the first shoot period (44%), the Fındıklı district during the second shoot period (29.9%), and the Güneysu district during the third shoot period (99%). Overall, the results showed that Polyphagotarsonemus latus is widespread in tea-producing areas of Rize Province.

Keywords

• Polphagotarsonemus latus
• shoot period
• infestation rate
• tea
• Tarsonemidae

Supporting Institution

TAGEM

Project Number

TAGEM/BSAD/G/17/A2/P1/848

Thanks

We would like to thank General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, the Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, General Directorate of ÇAYKUR and Kamuran AYGÜN for supporting every stage of the study.

References

1. Akyazı R., Ueckermann E.A., Soysal M., Akyol D., 2016. Population dynamics of mites (Acari) on Diospyros kaki Thunb. and Diospyros lotus L. (Ebenaceae) trees in Ordu, Turkey. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 21, 1334–1345.
2. Akyazı R., Ueckermann E.A., Akyol D., Soysal M., 2017. Distribution of mite species (Acari) on persimmon trees in Turkey (Ordu), with one newly recorded mite species and one re-described species. International Journal of Acarology, 43, 563–581.
3. Akyazı R., Sekban R., Soysal M., Akyol D., Colee J., Bostan S.Z., 2019. Ecofriendly control approaches for Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on tea (Camellia sinensis L.). International Journal of Acarology, 45 (1-2), 79-89.
4. Anonymous, 1996. Estimation of crop losses due to mites. AICRP on Agricultural Acarology. Progress Report. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 6-31 p. (Access date: 21.04.2025).
5. Anonymous, 2025. http://eagri.org/eagri50/ENTO331/lecture29/tea/index.html. (Access date: 21.04.2025).
6. Banks N., 1904. Class III, Arachnida, Order 1, Acarina, four new species of injurious mites. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 12, 53–56.
7. Bathari M., Rahman S., Sharmah D., 2016. Incidence and population build up of Polyphagotarsonemus latus infesting Capsicum chinense Jacq. In relation to weather factors. International Journal of Plant Protection, 9 (2), 578-582.
8. Boller E.F., 1984. Eine einfache Ausschwemm-methode zur schellen Erfassung von Raumilben, trips und anderen K1einarthopoden im Weinbau. Zeitschr. Obstund Weinbau, 120, 249–255.

9. Bora T., Karaca İ., 1970. Kültür Bitkilerinde Hastalık ve Zararın Ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No 167, s. 43.
10. Bulut E., Göçmen H., 2000. Pests and their natural enemies on greenhouse vegetables in Antalya. In: IOBCWPRS working group “Integrated control in protected crops, mediterranean climate. Proceedings of the Meeting; Bulletin OILB-SROP., 23, 33–37.
11. Calvo F.J., Knapp M., van Houten Y.M., Hoogerbrugge H., Belda J.E., 2015. Amblyseius swirskii: What made this predatory mite such a successful biocontrol agent?. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 65, 419-433. doi:10.1007/s10493-014-9873-0.
12. Can M., Çobanoğlu S., 2010. Studies on the determination of mite (Acari) species and their hosts of greenhouse vegetables in Kumluca, Antalya. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 23, 87–92.
13. Chen Z., Chen X., 1989. An analysis of the world tea fauna. Journal of Tea Science, 9, 13–22.
14. Çobanoğlu S., 1995. Some new Tarsonemidae (Acarina, Prostigmata) species of Turkish fauna. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 19, 87–94.
15. Denmark H.A., 1980. Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks). FDACS-DPI Bureau of Entomology Circular No. 213, 2 p.
16. Diler H., Yazıcı G., Saçtı Z., Yücel C., Barış A., 2022. Survey of mite species of tea plantations in Rize. Bitki Koruma Bülteni / Plant Protection Bulletin, 62 (3), 37-49.
17. Duarte M.V.A., Venzon M., Bittencourt M.C.D., Rodriguez-Cruz F.A., Pallini A., Janssen A., 2015. Alternative food promotes broad mite control on chilli pepper plants. Biocontrol, 60, 817-825. doi:10.1007/s10526-015-9688-x.
18. Fasulo T.R., 2022. Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Arachnida: Acari: Tarsonemidae). EDIS. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN340.
19. Gerson U., 1992. Biology and control of the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 13, 163-178.
20. Hamasaki R.T., Shimabuku R., Nakamoto S.T., 2008. Guide to Insect and Mite Pests of Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Hawaii. Insect Pests, IP-28, 15 p.
21. Hazarika L.K., Bhuyan M., Hazarika B.N., 2009. Insect Pests of Tea and Their Management. Annual Review of Entomology, 54, 267-284. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093359.
22. Kethran M.R., Sun Y.Y., Khan S., Baloch S., Wu L.L., Lu T.T., Yang Y., Hu Z., Salam A., Iqbal S., Ali S., 2014. Effect of Different Sowing Dates on Insect Pest Population of Chillies (Capsicum annuam L). Biology Agriculture and Healthcare, 4 (25), 196-214.
23. Kowsika S., 2022. Major Mite Pests of Tea and Their Management. Just Agriculture, 2 (11), 1-6.
24. LeFors J.A., 2018. Seasonal Phenology, Distribution and Treatments for Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) on Primocane-fruiting Blackberries (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus) in Arkansas. Graduate Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from, 97 p. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2730.
25. Lindquist E.E., 1986. The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmatidae). A morphological, phylogenetic, and systematic revision, with a reclassification of family – group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 136, 1-517.
26. Lopez L., Smith H.A., Hoy M.A., Cave R.D., 2017. Dispersal of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on high-tunnel bell peppers in presence or absence of Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Journal of Insect Science, 17 (1), 1–7. doi:10.1093/jisesa/iew095.
27. Mamun M.S.A., Iyengar A.V K., 2010. Integrated approaches to tea pest management in south India. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Technology, 6 (4), 27-33.
28. Monika J., 2014. Evaluation of chilli hybrids for resistance against mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae). M. Sc. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar, 76 p.
29. Özman-Sullivan S.K., Öcal H., Mıcık M., 2006. Mites of tea plantations in Turkey. VIII. European Congress of Entomology, Sept 2006, Izmir, 45 p.
30. Özman-Sullivan S.K., Öcal H., Mıcık M., 2007. Occurence of mite species in tea plantations in Turkey. XVI International Plant Protection Congress; Oct 2007; Glasgow, Scotland, 2, 764–765.
31. Peña J.E., Campbell C.W., 2005. Broad mite. EDIS. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH020 (13 September 2005). (Access date: 21.04.2025).
32. Perring T.M., Farrar C.A., Oldfıeld G.N., 1996. Sampling Techniques. In: Eriophyid Mites-Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Lindquist, E.E., Sabelis, M.W., Bruin, J. (Eds.). Elsevier Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 367-376 p.
33. Rodriguez-Cruz F.A., Janssen A., Pallini A., Duarte M.V.A., Pinto C.M.F., Venzon M., 2017. Two predatory mite species as potential control agents of broad mites. Biocontrol, 62, 505-513. doi:10.1007/s10526-017-9813-0.
34. Roopa M., Kumar C.T.A., 2014. Seasonal incidence of pests of capsicum in bangalore conditions of Karnataka, India. Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences, 3 (3), 203-207.
35. Shipp J.L., Wang K., 2003. Evaluation of Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari : Phytoseiidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on greenhouse tomatoes. Biological Control, 28, 271-281. doi:10.1016/s1049-9644(03)00091-4.
36. Silva A.S., Tavares S.R.S.A., Lofego A.C., Almeida E.H.N., Silva E.S., 2016. Predatory mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae) on solanaceous plants. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 21 (8), 1133-1144, (27 July 2016). https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.21.8.13.
37. Soysal M., Akyazı R., 2018. Mite species of the vegetable crops in Ordu province with first report of Amblyseius rademacheri Dosse, 1958 (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42, 265–286.
38. Tunç İ., Göçmen H., 1995. Antalya’da bulunan iki sera zararlısı Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acarina, Tarsonemidae) ve Frankliniella occidentalis (Perdange) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) üzerine notlar. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 19 (2), 101-109.
39. Uygun N, Ulusoy M.R., Karaca I., 1995. A citrus pest in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acarina: Tarsonemidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 19,1–4.
40. Vacante V., 2016. The handbook of mites of economic plants: Identification, bio-ecology and control. UK, CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO, 4YY, 397–401 p.
41. van Maanen R.E., Vila M., Sabelis W., Janssen A., 2010. Biological control of broad mites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) with the generalist predator Amblyseius swirskii. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 52, 29-34. doi:10.1007/s10493-010-9343-2.
42. Vatansever G.M., Ulusoy. R., 2002. Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Acari, Tarsonemidae)’un popülasyon gelişmesi ile Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesindeki konukçuları ve doğal düşmanları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17, 1-6.
43. Vichitbandha P., Chandrapatya A., 2011. Broad mite effects on chili shoot damage and yields. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 43 (4), 637-649.
44. Wang F., Zhu J., Zhu Y., Yan D., Dong Q., Jegede O.L., Wu Q., 2022. Complete genome sequence of a new badnavirus infecting a tea plant in China. Archives of Virology, 8 (9), 840. doi:10.1007/s00705-022-05592-7.
45. Weintraub P.G., Kleitman S., Mori R., Shapira N., Palevsky E., 2003. Control of the broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) on organic greenhouse sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum l.) with the predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). Biological Control, 27, 300-309. doi:10.1016/s1049-9644(03)00069-0.
46. Weintraub P.G., Kleitman S., Alchanatis V., Palevsky E., 2007. Factors affecting the distribution of a predatory mite on greenhouse sweet pepper. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 42, 23-35. doi:10.1007/s10493-007-9077-y.
47. Wilkerson J.L., Webb S.E., Capinera J.L., 2005. Vegetable pests II: Acari - Hemiptera–Orthoptera-Thysanoptera- http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/ broad_mite.htm. (Access date: 21.04.2025)
48. Yabaş C., Ulubilir A., 1995. Akdeniz bölgesinde biberde yeni saptanan bir zararlı Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari, Tarsonmeidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 19, 43-46.
49. Yazıcıoğlu Y., Erdoğan S., 2004. Spss Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, s 448.
50. Yurteri E., Ozcan A., Seyis F., 2019. Tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivation and breeding in Turkey: Past and present status. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 5 (2), 111-119.
51. Zeiss M.R., Den Braber K., 2001. Major diseases of tea in Vietnam. In Tea IPM Ecological Guide Published by CIDSE (Cooperation Internationale pour le Development et la Solidarite). http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/Tea_Eco-Guide.html. (Access date: 21.04.2025)
52. Zhang Z.Q., 2003. Mites of greenhouses: identification, biology and control. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, xii +, 244 p. doi:10.1079/9780851995908.0000.